Escalation Of Consumption Research Articles

Research on the Social E-commerce Marketing Model Based on SICAS Model in China

With the appearance of the Internet and the further escalation of consumption, a growing number of individuals paid attention to expressing their emotions by commenting, sharing, interacting and so on, for spiritual satisfaction when they were shopping rather than barely pursuing the efficiency. As a result, deeply composed with the social media technologies and the e-commerce, social e-commerce is round the corner. Based on the previously theoretical research and the SICAS consumption model, this paper analyzed the decision-making process of consumers in the era of social e-commerce in detail at first and afterward creatively put forward the ICES marketing strategy model of social e-commerce. Finally we took Red, a social e-commerce company as the subject investigated, using the proposed marketing strategy model to analyze the marketing strategies of Red. The result illustrates that this marketing model has high applications’ value and it can be used for reference for the domestic and foreign social electricity supplier enterprises.

Continuous exposure to dizocilpine facilitates escalation of cocaine consumption in male Sprague–Dawley rats

BackgroundAlthough the escalation of cocaine consumption is a hallmark of cocaine dependence, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie this change in behavior are not well understood. MethodsThis study used an extended access version of the drug self-administration procedure to explore how N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in escalation of cocaine consumption. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n=59) were first trained to self-administer cocaine (0.33mg/infusion, i.v.) under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. After training, rats were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic minipumps filled with vehicle or the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, dizocilpine (0.2 or 0.4mg/kg/d), and subsequently allowed to self-administer cocaine in 2h or 6h self-administration sessions. ResultsIn the 6h groups, vehicle-treated rats escalated cocaine self-administration across 15 self-administration sessions; rats treated with dizocilpine escalated cocaine self-administration at a greater rate and to a greater degree. Rats that self-administered cocaine during 2h sessions did not escalate consumption of cocaine under any treatment condition. Discontinuation of dizocilpine treatment in the 6h access condition led to a substantial decrease in cocaine consumption, down to pre-escalation levels, and then control rates of escalation thereafter. Despite large differences in intake under the FR1 schedule, post-escalation break point under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement did not differ between groups. ConclusionThese data suggest that glutamate tone through NMDA receptors can play a dynamic role in regulating cocaine intake and escalation of consumption.

Cocaine Dose and Self-Administration History, but Not Initial Cocaine Locomotor Responsiveness, Affects Sensitization to the Motivational Effects of Cocaine in Rats

Cocaine addiction is a significant and complex disease. Part of this complexity is caused by the variability of the drug experience early in drug use (initial responsiveness, amount of use, etc.). In rats, individual differences in initial cocaine responsiveness and cocaine self-administration history both predict the development of cocaine sensitization, a putative mechanism contributing to the development of cocaine addiction. Here, we sought to determine the role of these factors and cocaine dose on the development of sensitization to cocaine's motivational effects during the earliest stages of self-administration. Rats were classified as either low or high cocaine responders (LCRs or HCRs, respectively) based on acute cocaine-induced locomotor activity (10 mg/kg i.p.) before learning to self-administer cocaine (0.6 mg/kg/infusion i.v.) under a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. After acquisition, rats self-administered cocaine (0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg/infusion) under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement either immediately or after an additional five FR1 sessions (0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg/infusion). No LCR/HCR differences in sensitization were observed. However, regardless of LCR/HCR classification, exposure to the higher dose of cocaine produced sensitization to cocaine's motivational effects on the PR schedule (i.e., increased break points) and an escalation of consumption on the FR schedule. Thus, our results reveal a novel model for studying escalation and sensitization very early after acquisition and suggest that sensitization may be important in the earliest stages of the cocaine addiction process.

Continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, LY235959, facilitates escalation of cocaine self-administration and increases break point for cocaine in Sprague–Dawley rats

Although escalation of consumption is an important characteristic of cocaine dependence, the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon have not been fully described. In this study, we used male, Sprague–Dawley rats to measure the effects of acute and continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, LY235959, on cocaine self-administration behavior under various schedules of reinforcement and access conditions. Single ICV infusions of LY235959 (0.03–0.3 μg/5 μl) produced dose-dependent and statistically significant decreases in the number of cocaine infusions earned under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. In a second experiment, vehicle or LY235959 (0.2–0.3 μg/day) was continuously administered ICV to rats via surgically-implanted subcutaneous osmotic minipump/intracranial cannula assemblies. Both vehicle- and LY235959-treated rats significantly escalated cocaine self-administration over the 10 long access sessions; however, rats treated with LY235959 escalated cocaine self-administration faster and to a greater degree than vehicle-treated rats. There was a statistically significant increase in cocaine infusions earned under the PR schedule in LY235959-treated rats, but not vehicle-treated rats, after 10 long access cocaine self-administration sessions. These data support the hypothesis that escalation of cocaine consumption is mediated by hypo-glutamatergic tone in the central nervous system and this facilitation of escalation is associated with an increase in motivation to respond for cocaine.

Portfolio Choice with Consumption Growth and Variance Targets

This paper explores portfolio allocation when individuals target the mean and variance of consumption growth. These consumption targets lead to an optimal mix of equity which depends on the equity risk premium, the rate of return on riskless bonds, the desired rate of escalation of consumption and the tolerance of the individual for risk.