ESA Model Research Articles

Statistical Process Monitoring Based on Ensemble Structure Analysis

Feature extraction with the aim of dimensionality reduction plays a key role in developing statistical monitoring models. The projection directions obtained from the principal component analysis U+0028 PCA U+0029, locality preserving projections U+0028 LPP U+0029, and even multi-manifold projections U+0028 MMP U+0029 algorithms all can provide useful information for fault detection given that the corresponding models are trained in an unsupervised manner. By taking advantages of all these dimensionality reduction algorithms, a novel process monitoring model based on ensemble structure analysis U+0028 ESA U+0029 is presented in this article. The ESA model takes advantage of PCA, LPP and MMP models and combines the multiple solutions within an ensemble result through Bayesian inference. In the developed ESA model, different structure features of the given dataset are taken into account simultaneously, the suitability and reliability of the ESA-based monitoring model are then illustrated through the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process.

Yeni bir Evrişimsel Sinir Ağı Modeli Kullanarak Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Görüntülerinden Akciğer Kanseri Tespiti

Akciğer kanseri, ülkemizde ve dünyada yaygın bir şekilde görülen kanser tipidir ve kansere bağlı ölümlerde ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Akciğer kanserinin erken teşhisi, hastalık seyri hakkında daha bilinçli ilerlemeyi sağlar ve hastanın sağ kalım durumu açısından hayati bir önem taşımaktadır. Son zamanlarda teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte yapay zekâ ve derin öğrenme tabanlı sistemler; Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (BT), Manyetik Rezonans (MR) vb. tıbbi görüntüleme sistemlerinden elde edilmiş verileri kullanarak hastalık teşhisinde hekimlere önemli destek sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada akciğer kanserinin BT görüntüleri kullanarak yeni bir Evrişimli Sinir Ağı (ESA) modeli önerilmiştir. Önerilen ESA modelinin sınıflandırma sonuçları, literatürde bulunan diğer ön eğitimli derin öğrenme modellerine göre daha başarılı olduğu için tercih ettiğimiz ResNeXt derin öğrenme modelinin sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Modellerin eğitimi ve test aşamaları için açık erişimli akciğer BT görüntülerinin bulunduğu bir veri seti kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, önerilen ESA modelinin %99 doğruluk oranı ile ResNeXt mimarisine göre daha yüksek performans sergilediği gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca mevcut çalışmadaki görüntülerde herhangi bir özellik çıkarımı yöntemi kullanılmadan görüntüler ham hali ile sınıflandırılmıştır. Ve önerilen ESA modelinin, literatürde yapılan benzer çalışmalarda kullanılan yöntemlere göre daha az katman sayısının olmasının yanında sınıflandırma başarısının da daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

An Action Research on Teaching the Chinese Intangible Heritage Course for the Learners of College English

To help college students learn and further spread Chinese culture, we carry out a 12-week action research, based on 
 98 learners of college English through the methods of interviews, questionnaires and tests, to design a proper teaching model 
 on Chinese intangible cultural heritage learning. The results are as follows: Compared with the traditional model, the ESA 
 (Engagement-Study-Activate) model better satisfies the learners; furthermore, the ESA model can significantly improves the 
 learners’ cross-cultural communication ability, especially on the aspects of cultural knowledge and communicative skills. Lastly, 
 two important study issues are raised for the action research in the next round.

Changing state interest group systems: replicating and extending the ESA model

Changing state interest group systems: replicating and extending the ESA model

The Analysis of Interplanetary Shocks Associated with Six Major Geo-Effective Coronal Mass Ejections during Solar Cycle 24

A Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is an ejection of energetic plasma with magnetic field from the Sun. In traversing the Sun-Earth distance, the kinematics of the CME is immensely important for the prediction of space weather. The objective of the present work is to study the propagation properties of six major geo-effective CMEs and their associated interplanetary shocks which were observed during solar cycle 24. These reported CME events produced intense geo-magnetic storms (Dst > 140 nT). The six CME events have a broad range of initial linear speeds ~600 - 2700 km/sec in the LASCO/SOHO field of view, comparing two slow CMEs (speed ~579 km/sec and 719 km/sec), three moderate speed CMEs (speed ~1366, 1571, 1008 km/sec), and one fast CME (speed ~2684 km/sec). The actual arrival time of the reported events is compared with the arrival time calculated using the Empirical Shock Arrival model (ESA model). For acceleration estimation, we utilize three different acceleration-speed equations reported in the previous literatures for different acceleration cessation distance (ACD). In addition, we compared the transit time estimated using the second-order speed of CMEs with observed transit time. We also compared the observed transit time with transit time obtained from various shock arrival model. From our present study, we found the importance of acceleration cessation distance for CME propagation in interplanetary space and better acceleration speed for transit time calculation than other equations for CME forecasting.

Prediction of shock arrival times from CME and flare data.

This paper presents the Shock ARrival Model (SARM) for predicting shock arrival times for distances from 0.72 AU to 8.7 AU by using coronal mass ejections (CME) and flare data. SARM is an aerodynamic drag model described by a differential equation that has been calibrated with a dataset of 120 shocks observed from 1997 to 2010 by minimizing the mean absolute error (MAE), normalized to 1 AU. SARM should be used with CME data (radial, earthward or plane-of-sky speeds), and flare data (peak flux, duration, and location). In the case of 1 AU, the MAE and the median of absolute errors were 7.0 h and 5.0 h respectively, using the available CME/flare data. The best results for 1 AU (an MAE of 5.8 h) were obtained using both CME data, either radial or cone-model-estimated speeds, and flare data. For the prediction of shock arrivals at distances from 0.72 AU to 8.7 AU, the normalized MAE and the median were 7.1 h and 5.1 h respectively, using the available CME/flare data. SARM was also calibrated to be used with CME data alone or flare data alone, obtaining normalized MAE errors of 8.9 h and 8.6 h respectively for all shock events. The model verification was carried out with an additional dataset of 20 shocks observed from 2010 to 2012 with radial CME speeds to compare SARM with the empirical ESA model [Gopalswamy et al., 2005a] and the numerical MHD-based ENLIL model [Odstrcil et al., 2004]. The results show that the ENLIL's MAE was lower than the SARM's MAE, which was lower than the ESA's MAE. The SARM's best results were obtained when both flare and true CME speeds were used.

Modelos de avaliação externa de escolas em estabelecimentos públicos e privados de educação pré-escolar

A década de 1980, profícua em alterações políticas, sociais e económicas vieram reformar o papel do estado (Climaco, 2006) e o modo como este se relaciona com os cidadãos. A Avaliação Externa de Escolas (AEE) decretada pela Lei nº31/2002, de 20 de dezembro, emerge após a implementação de diversos projetos nacionais e de inspiração internacional e promove a avaliação dos estabelecimentos de educação pré-escolar e dos ensinos básico e secundário. Porém, a ela estão associadas políticas de prestação de contas, accountability e a responsabilização (Afonso, 2009), bem como a autonomia das escolas, a melhoria das escolas, o desenvolvimento profissional docente (Alves & Flores, 2011) e os movimentos das escolas eficazes. Simultaneamente, as escolas privadas recorrem a processos de avaliação interna e externa como forma de responder às necessidades dos seus clientes e, se possível, superar as suas expectativas, fidelizando assim os seus clientes. Qual o impacto e os efeitos do modelo de AEE utilizado pela IGEC nos estabelecimentos públicos e do Modelo de Avaliação da Qualidade (MAQ) nos estabelecimentos privados de educação pré-escolar? Quais os principais objetivos a que se propõem? Quais são os resultados obtidos ao nível curricular, pedagógico e organizacional? Recorrendo a uma metodologia qualitativa (Bogdan & Bicklen, 1999) de análise documental e de análise de conteúdo (Esteves, 2006) de entrevistas a diretores e educadores de infância das redes pública e privada de educação pré-escolar pode-se inferir que a melhoria é, sem dúvida, o objetivo principal e comum a todos os inquiridos, as avaliações externas conduzidas pelo Instituto da Segurança Social são mais frequentes e produzem maior impacto nas instituições do que aquelas conduzidas pela IGEC aos estabelecimentos públicos. Os dados recolhidos sugerem também efeitos organizacionais, como na admissão de docentes de todas as áreas de ensino, nomeadamente educadores de infância, nos órgãos de decisão da rede pública – na realidade, as educadores de infância assumem um maior reconhecimento não só do seu trabalho como da sua profissão por parte da comunidade mas também por parte dos docentes de outros graus de ensino. Os efeitos curriculares apontados são sentidos na aplicabilidade dos mesmos documentos orientadores (Orientações Curriculares para a Educação Pré-escolar, Metas de Aprendizagem, Projeto Educativo de Escola) em ambas as redes (pública e privada) e, finalmente, efeitos pedagógicos uma vez que as educadoras de infância assumiram o ajustamento das suas práticas à existência de novos documentos como as planificações, registos de avaliação de atividades e de aprendizagens dos alunos, que, estão cada mais uniformizados e semelhantes nas redes pública e privada. Este é, de facto, o efeito mais positivo apontado às AEE pelos educadores de infância de ambas as redes (Rodrigues, 2013).

Three‐dimensional test particle simulation of the 17–18 March 2013 CME shock‐driven storm

AbstractThree‐dimensional test particle simulation of energetic electrons (hundreds of keV to MeV), including both an initially trapped population and continuously injected population, driven by the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global MHD model coupled with Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupler/Solver boundary conditions, is performed for the 17 March 2013 storm. The electron trajectories are calculated and weighted using the ESA model for electron flux versus energy and L. The simulation captures the flux dropout at both GOES 13 and GOES 15 locations after a strong CME (coronal mass ejection)‐shock arrival which produced a Dst = −132 nT storm, and recovery to the prestorm value later, consistent with GOES satellite measurements. This study provides the first 3‐D test particle simulation combining the trapped and injected populations. The result demonstrates that including both populations in the simulation is essential to study the dynamics of the outer radiation belt over the typical day‐long timescale of ring current development, main phase, and early recovery phase.

Regional TEC dynamic modeling based on Slepian functions

In this work, the three-dimensional state of the ionosphere has been estimated by integrating the spherical Slepian harmonic function and Kalman filter. The spherical Slepian harmonic functions have been used to establish the observation equations because of their properties in local modeling. Spherical harmonics are poor choices to represent or analyze geophysical processes without perfect global coverage but the Slepian functions afford spatial and spectral selectivity. The Kalman filter has been utilized to perform the parameter estimation due to its suitable properties in processing the GPS measurements in the real-time mode. The proposed model has been applied to the real data obtained from the ground-based GPS observations across some portion of the IGS network in Europe. Results have been compared with the estimated TECs by the CODE, ESA, IGS centers and IRI-2012 model. The results indicated that the proposed model which takes advantage of the Slepian basis and Kalman filter is efficient and allows for the generation of the near-real-time regional TEC map.

Improved Troposphere Blind Models Based on Numerical Weather Data

The troposphere blind model RTCA MOPS is the minimum operational performance standard for global positioning systems. With a standard deviation of 2.3% of the ZTD, it enables us to mitigate the main part of the tropospheric effect on GNSS signals. Nevertheless, the comparison of RTCA MOPS with modern troposphere models like the ESA model or GPT2 shows the limitation of RTCA MOPS and points out the potential of modern troposphere blind models based on climatological series derived from numerical weather data. The ESA model profits from a more advanced wet delay model and a higher spatial resolution. GPT2 shows the smallest mean bias on surface level in comparison to ray-tracing and IGS data and profits from additional mapping function coefficients – especially if the user is interested in tropospheric delay at low elevation angles. A revision of GPT2 - called GPT2w - combines the benefits of both aforementioned models. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Navigation.

Interest groups and health care reform across the United States

Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction: Interests and Health Policy 1. Health Care and Organized Interests in the United States 2. The Theory and Structure of Health Interest Communities in the States 3. State Pharmacy Assistance Programs as Innovations 4. The Politics of Managing Managed Care 5. Universal Health Care in the States 6. Conclusion: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Influence in the ACA Policy Environment Appendix 2.1: Descriptions of Health Interest Organization Subguilds Appendix 2.2: States Ranked by Health Interest Group Density Appendix 2.3: Density by Subguild, Raw Numbers in 1998 Appendix 2.4: Data Source for Political Action Committes Appendix 3.1: List of Data Sources Appendix 3.2: Estimation of Annual Interest Group Measures Using the ESA Model Appendix 4.1: Data Sources of Dependent Variables Appendix 4.2: Managed Care Regulation Descriptive Statistics Appendix 4.3: Definitions and Sources of Independent Variables Appendix 5.1: Sources of Dependent Variables Appendix 5.2: Sources of Independent Variables References Index

Exploiting Wikipedia for cross-lingual and multilingual information retrieval

In this article we show how Wikipedia as a multilingual knowledge resource can be exploited for Cross-Language and Multilingual Information Retrieval (CLIR/MLIR). We describe an approach we call Cross-Language Explicit Semantic Analysis (CL-ESA) which indexes documents with respect to explicit interlingual concepts. These concepts are considered as interlingual and universal and in our case correspond either to Wikipedia articles or categories. Each concept is associated to a text signature in each language which can be used to estimate language-specific term distributions for each concept. This knowledge can then be used to calculate the strength of association between a term and a concept which is used to map documents into the concept space. With CL-ESA we are thus moving from a Bag-Of-Words model to a Bag-Of-Concepts model that allows language-independent document representations in the vector space spanned by interlingual and universal concepts. We show how different vector-based retrieval models and term weighting strategies can be used in conjunction with CL-ESA and experimentally analyze the performance of the different choices. We evaluate the approach on a mate retrieval task on two datasets: JRC-Acquis and Multext. We show that in the MLIR settings, CL-ESA benefits from a certain level of abstraction in the sense that using categories instead of articles as in the original ESA model delivers better results.

Geographic Map of Sustainability in Italian Local Systems

Dallara A. and Rizzi P. Geographic map of sustainability in Italian local systems, Regional Studies. This paper is a quantitative application of the economy–society–environment (ESA) model to Italian provinces. The ESA model is a framework used to describe territorial systems. It is grounded in a theoretical scheme called SEST (socio-economic territorial systems), which connects performances of the local system with socio-economic structure, external economies, public/private strategies, and territorial governance. The ESA model is focused on the three pillars of sustainability: economy, society, and environment. Clusters and rankings are defined and enable a comparison to be made with more homogeneous local systems. An analytical description of the development of the Italian systems is outlined through principal component analysis. Dallara A. et Rizzi P. Une carte géographique de la durabilité des systèmes locaux en Italie, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à appliquer de façon quantitative le modèle économie–société–environnement (modèle ESA) aux provinces italiennes. Le modèle ESA sert de cadre à la présentation des systèmes territoriaux. Il est fondé sur un schéma théorique de systèmes territoriaux socioéconomiques qui relient la performance du système local à la structure socioéconomique, aux économies externes, aux stratégies publiques/privées, et au gouvernement territorial. Le modèle ESA porte sur les trois piliers de la notion de durabilité: à savoir, l'économie, la société et l'environnement. On définit les grappes et les classements, ce qui permet la comparaison avec des systèmes locaux plus homogènes. A partir de la méthode de composantes principales, on esquisse une présentation analytique du développement des systèmes italiens. Développement durable Système local Méthode de composantes principales Analyse comparative territoriale Dallara A. und Rizzi P. Die geografische Karte der Nachhaltigkeit in italienischen lokalen Systemen, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird das Wirtschafts-, Gesellschafts- und Umweltmodell in quantitativer Weise auf die italienischen Provinzen angewandt. Das Wirtschafts-, Gesellschafts- und Umweltmodell dient als Rahmen zur Beschreibung von territorialen Systemen. Es beruht auf einem theoretischen Schema mit der Bezeichnung SEST (sozioökonomische Territorialsysteme), das die Leistungen des lokalen Systems mit der sozioökonomischen Struktur, externen Ökonomien, öffentlichen/privaten Strategien und territorialer Regierungsführung verknüpft. Das Wirtschafts-, Gesellschafts- und Umweltmodell konzentriert sich auf die drei Säulen der Nachhaltigkeit: Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt. Es werden Cluster und Rangfolgen definiert, die einen Vergleich mit homogeneren lokalen Systemen ermöglichen. Anhand einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse wird eine grobe analytische Beschreibung der Entwicklung der italienischen Systeme vorgenommen. Nachhaltige Entwicklung Lokales System Hauptkomponentenanalyse Vergleichende territoriale Analyse Dallara A. y Rizzi P. Mapa geográfico de la sostenibilidad en los sistemas locales italianos, Regional Studies. Este artículo es una aplicación cuantitativa del modelo de entorno económico-social para las provincias italianas. El modelo de entorno económico-social es una estructura que se utiliza para describir sistemas territoriales. Se basa en un esquema teórico denominado SEST (sistemas territoriales socio-económicos) que conecta los rendimientos del sistema local con la estructura socio-económica, las economías externas, las estrategias públicas/privadas y la gobernanza territorial. El modelo de entorno económico-social se centra en los tres pilares de sostenibilidad: economía, sociedad y medio ambiente. Definimos las aglomeraciones y clasificaciones que permiten hacer comparaciones con sistemas locales más homogéneos. Mediante un análisis de los componentes principales hacemos una descripción analítica del desarrollo de los sistemas italianos. Desarrollo sostenible Sistema local Análisis de componentes principales Análisis comparativo territorial

The Density of the EU Interest System: A Test of the ESA Model

To evaluate calls for a more theoretically generalizable, large-Nstudy of EU interest representation, we adapt the ESA model of interest system density, originally developed to study the interest communities of the American states, to the EU case. We necessarily modify both model and measures in order to account for the unique features of the EU policy process. We test the model with OLS regression using data on the density of different types or guilds (economic and social sectors) of organized interests in the European Union. We use the findings to discuss the viability of inter-system transfers of theories about the politics of interest representation.

Polymorphisms in MGP gene and their association with lead toxicity

Matrix γ-carboxy glutamic acid protein (MGP) is a 10-kDa secreted protein containing five residues of the vitamin K-dependent calcium binding amino acid γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). This study was carried out to examine the effects of MGP gene promoter polymorphism (T-138C) on blood lead levels (BLL) and hematological parameters in 113 battery manufacturing unit workers occupationally exposed to lead and 102 controls. Genotypes for the MGP T-138C polymorphism were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length digestion. BLL were determined by Anode Stripping Voltammetry using ESA Model 3010B Lead analyzer. Complete blood picture (CBP) was analyzed using ADVIA Cell counter for each sample. The frequencies of MGP–TT, CT and CC genotypes in our population were 38.6%, 44.3%, and 17.2%, respectively. The frequencies for T and C alleles were 0.612 and 0.386, respectively. Although BLL did not differ significantly among genotypes; they were higher in workers with TT/CT genotype compared to CC genotype subjects (76–88 μg/dL vs 22–45 μg/dL, p > 0.05). About 29.2% of volunteers (n = 33) from the occupationally exposed group had hemoglobin levels below 10.0 gms/dl. There was no significant difference in total white cell count and platelet count between occupational and non-exposed groups. The possible role of SNPs in the promoter region of MGP gene with relation to lead toxicity was investigated for the first time in the Indian population; although significance could not be achieved in this study, further assessments over a larger population size may help in better understanding of the consequences of lead exposure.

The Construction of Interest Communities: Distinguishing Bottom-Up and Top-Down Models

Two theories are now used to explain the size and composition of interest communities: Olson's (1965, 1982) bottom-up collective action model and Gray and Lowery's top-down ESA model. Unfortunately, one of the common ways of testing these models—aggregate-level analyses of interest populations—cannot easily distinguish between them. Empirical evidence supporting one model will almost inevitably support the other. We explain why this is so, illustrating the problem with data on state populations of health interest organizations. We also discuss how the two models might be better distinguished.

A study on the ALAD gene polymorphisms associated with lead exposure

Delta -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) plays an important role in lead poisoning, and polymorphisms in this gene may affect the response of individuals to lead toxicity symptoms. This study was carried out to examine the effects of ALAD gene polymorphism (G177C) on blood lead levels (BLL) and hematological parameters. In all, 113 battery manufacturing unit workers and 102 occupationally unexposed controls from Hyderabad, A.P, India formed the study group. Genotypes for the ALAD G177C polymorphism were determined by Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length digestion. BLL were determined by anode stripping voltammetry using ESA Model 3010B Lead analyzer. Complete blood picture was analyzed using ADVIA cell counter for each sample. The frequencies for ALAD1 and ALAD2 alleles were 0.98 and 0.01, respectively. ALAD 1-2 and ALAD 2-2 genotypes together were considered as a single group and compared with the ALAD 1-1 genotype group. BLL did not differ significantly among ALAD1-1, 1-2, and 2-2 genotypes; however, subjects from the ALAD 1-2/2-2 genotype group showed higher BLL concentrations of 80.51 microg/dL when compared with subjects from the ALAD 1-1 genotype group (50.4 microg/dL). Approximately 29.2% volunteers (nA =A 33) from the occupationally exposed group had hemoglobin levels below 10.0 g/dL. There was no significant difference in total white cell count and platelet count between occupational and non-exposed lead-exposed groups. BLL of occupationally exposed individuals were significantly high compared with the unexposed group. ALAD G177C polymorphism along with BLL and assessment of hematological parameters may play an important role in evaluation and better understanding of the consequences of lead exposure.

High Mucosal Serotonin Availability in Neonatal Guinea Pig Ileum Is Associated With Low Serotonin Transporter Expression

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and paracrine signaling molecule in the gut. Paracrine signaling by enterochromaffin cells (EC), which release 5-HT, has not been studied in neonates. Our aim was to compare 5-HT disposition in the intestinal mucosa of neonatal and adult guinea pigs. 5-HT was locally measured in vitro from intestinal segments using a diamond microelectrode and continuous amperometry. The serotonin transporter (SERT) was measured using immunohistochemical and Western blot techniques. 5-HT intestinal content was measured using immunohistochemistry and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. An oxidation current, reflective of local 5-HT release, was recorded with the microelectrode near the mucosal surface, and this current was larger in neonatal than in adult tissues. Mechanically stimulating the mucosa with a fine glass probe evoked an additional current in adult but not neonatal tissues. Oxidation currents were reduced by tetrodotoxin and were blocked in calcium-free solutions. Fluoxetine (1 microM) potentiated oxidation currents in adult but not neonatal tissues. SERT levels were lower in neonatal vs adult tissues. There was no difference in 5-HT content between neonates and adults but 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid/5-HT ratios were higher in adults. EC cell counts showed no difference in cell number, but EC cells were found in the crypts in neonatal and along the villi in adult tissues. SERT expression is low in neonates, and this is associated with high levels of free mucosal 5-HT and reduced metabolism. Postnatal maturation of 5-HT signaling may be important for development of neurohumoral control of intestinal motor reflexes.

A typical N-terminal Extensions Confer Novel Regulatory Properties on GTP Cyclohydrolase Isoforms in Drosophila melanogaster

The cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin plays critical roles in the modulation of the signaling molecules dopamine, serotonin, and nitric oxide. Deficits in cofactor synthesis have been associated with several human hereditary diseases. Responsibility for the regulation of cofactor pools resides with the first enzyme in its biosynthetic pathway, GTP cyclohydrolase I. Because organisms must be able to rapidly respond to environmental and developmental cues to adjust output of these signaling molecules, complex regulatory mechanisms are vital for signal modulation. Mammalian GTP cyclohydrolase is subject to end-product inhibition via an associated regulatory protein and to positive regulation via phosphorylation, although target residues are unknown. GTP cyclohydrolase is composed of a highly conserved homodecameric catalytic core and non-conserved N-terminal domains proposed to be regulatory sites. We demonstrate for the first time in any organism that the N-terminal arms of the protein serve regulatory functions. We identify two different modes of regulation of the enzyme mediated through the N-terminal domains. The first is end-product feedback inhibition, catalytically similar to that of the mammalian enzyme, except that feedback inhibition by the cofactor requires sequences in the N-terminal arms rather than a separate regulatory protein. The second is a novel inhibitory interaction between the N-terminal arms and the active sites, which can be alleviated through the phosphorylation of serine residues within the N termini. Both mechanisms allow for acute and highly responsive regulation of cofactor production as required by downstream signaling pathways.

An empirical model to predict the 1-AU arrival of interplanetary shocks

We extend the empirical coronal mass ejection (CME) arrival model of Gopalswamy et al. [Gopalswamy, N. et al. Predicting the 1-AU arrival times of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 29207, 2001] to predict the 1-AU arrival of interplanetary (IP) shocks. A set of 29 IP shocks and the associated magnetic clouds observed by the Wind spacecraft are used for this study. The primary input to this empirical shock arrival model is the initial speed of white-light CMEs obtained using coronagraphs. We use the gas dynamic piston–shock relationship to derive the ESA model which provides a simple means of obtaining the 1-AU speed and arrival times of interplanetary shocks using CME speeds.