Es Occurrence Research Articles

Prognostic implication of a ferroptosis-related gene signature associates with immunity in Ewing’s sarcoma

BackgroundEwing's sarcoma is an extremely aggressive bone sarcoma in teenagers and adolescents. We managed to identify the potential role of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in Ewing's sarcoma and its clinical prognostic value. ResultsA total of 59 common differentially expressed FRGs were screened out. GO/KEGG enrichment and PPI network were executed. Based on 16 prognostic-related FRGs identified by univariate Cox regression in GSE17674, 2 molecular clusters were screened out via NMF consensus. Survival rate and immune infiltration were totally different in two clusters. Subsequently, multivariate/step Cox regression was conducted to identify 7 risk signatures (SLC2A1, PCK2, CHAC1, ATG13, PRKAA2, ARNT, and SIRT1). K-M survival (p = 1.785e-06) and ROC curves (with AUC value 0.816, 0877, 0.919 in 1, 3, 5 years) were plotted to assess the good predictive ability of risk model. ICGC dataset with K-M survival (p = 1.558e-02) and AUC value (0.886, 0.750, 0.709 in 1, 3, 5 years) was used to validate the risk model. Risk score and clinical features (gender, age stage status) were incorporated into a nomogram model. Immune microenvironment (IME) ingredients (ESTIMATE score, immune cells, immune-related pathways, and checkpoint genes) between two risk groups were also explored. High-risk group possessed an activated immune status compared to low-risk group. Finally, prognostic signatures exhibited perfect diagnostic ability in ES occurrence, and several drugs showed IC50 sensitivity to different risk groups. ConclusionsOur study identified 7 prognostic signatures of FRGs and explored related immune infiltration which provided new aspects for future research in Ewing's sarcoma.How to cite: Jiao X, Li Q, Xu X. Prognostic implication of a ferroptosis related gene signature associates with immunity in Ewing’s sarcoma. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.01.004.

Occurrence features of intermediate descending layer and Sporadic E observed over the higher mid-latitude ionospheric station of Moscow

Nine years of ionograms from a higher mid-latitude ionospheric station (Moscow) are analyzed, by applying the ‘height–time–intensity’ (HTI) technique along with Spectrum (Lomb periodogram) analysis with the aim to investigate the daily and seasonal variability of sporadic E (Es) and intermediate descending layers (IDLs). Es and IDL traces are observed over Moscow, which are characterized by a 12-h periodicity prevailing throughout the year. Shorter periodicities in IDL and Es occurrence are also observed. A 6-h periodicity in Es and IDL dominates during November and December, while an 8-h periodicity is found mainly from October to February for IDL and in July for Es. These periodicities are primarily induced by the semi-, quarter- and terdiurnal thermospheric tides, respectively. Our results also establish the systematic and widespread manifestation of shorter-scale (4.8- and 4-h) periodicities observed mainly for IDL and less frequently for Es only during December and January, in the nine years considered, which is most probably linked to higher-order solar tides.Graphical

Predictors of cardiovascular mortality after an electrical storm in patients with structural heart disease

BackgroundElectrical storms (ESs) in patients with structural heart disease (SHD) have been reported to be associated with a poor prognosis. However, the detailed cause of death and influence of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in ES patients have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we sought to explore the detailed clinical course after an ES and the impact of the ICD therapy in patients with SHDs. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 31 consecutive patients with ESs who had undergone an ICD implantation. ESs were defined as three or more ventricular arrhythmias within 24 h. ResultsDuring a mean follow up of 4.5 years, 13 patients died. Among them, cardiovascular death (CVD) was observed in 11/13 (85%), and the leading cause of the CVD was end-stage heart failure. A New York Heart Association class ≥III at the time of the ES occurrence (HR 6.51 95% CI 1.94–25.1, p = 0.003) and any shock therapy (HR 5.94 95% CI 1.06–112.2, p = 0.04) were associated with CVD. ConclusionIn the current single center study, the major cause of death in ES patients with SHDs was end-stage heart failure. Any shock therapy was associated with CVD. Arrhythmia management to avoid ICD shocks might reduce the mortality in ES patients.

Intermediate descending layer and sporadic E tidelike variability observed over three mid-latitude ionospheric stations

Long sequences of ionograms from three European mid-latitude ionospheric stations (Athens, Nicosia, and Pruhonice) are examined, by applying the ‘height–time–intensity’ (HTI) technique along with Spectrum (Lomb periodogram) analysis with the aim to investigate the daily and seasonal variability of sporadic E (Es) and intermediate descending layers (IDLs). Es and IDL traces are observed over all three stations which are characterized by a 12-h periodicity prevailing throughout the year. Shorter periodicities in IDL and Es occurrence are also observed in all stations. A 6-h periodicity in Es and IDL dominates during winter over all stations, while an 8-h periodicity in Es is found mainly in summer in the lower mid-latitude stations (Athens and Nicosia). These periodicities are most probably induced by the semi-, quarter- and terdiurnal thermospheric tides respectively. A notable finding is a 4-h periodicity observed mainly in IDL and less frequently in Es occurrence in three higher mid-latitude stations (Pruhonice, Juliusruh and Dourbes) only during winter, in five years, which maybe also associated with solar tides.

The Evolution of Complex Es Observed by Multi Instruments Over Low‐Latitude China

AbstractA complex daytime sporadic E (Es) case with extremely high critical frequency (foEs) was observed over the low latitude of China on 19 May 2018. Simultaneous observational results from two very high frequency (VHF) radars, two ionosondes, and multiple Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content and scintillation receivers are analyzed to investigate the evolution of the complex Es occurrence, which consisted of a relatively weak ambient Es layer (foEs < 8 MHz) and band‐like strong Es structures (foEs > 17 MHz) drifting from higher latitude. The strong Es structures elongated more than 500 km in the northwest‐southeast direction, drifted southwestward at a speed of ~65 m/s. VHF radar backscatter echoes were generated when the strong Es structures passed the radar field of view, with different echo patterns due to different radar and antenna configurations. No VHF radar backscatter echo was associated with the ambient Es layer. The mechanisms responsible for the formations of the ambient Es layer and band‐like strong Es structures are addressed and discussed.

Electrical storms in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Primary vs. secondary prophylaxis

ABSTRACTElectrical storm (ES) defined as the occurrence of three or more distinct episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 24 hours, requiring the intervention of the ICD, are not rare events. Identification of the risk predictors of ES occurrence appear to be important, since these events are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, features, and predictors of ES in patients with ICD and in patients in whom ICD was implanted for primary prophylaxis vs. secondary prophylaxis. A retrospective analysis of 250 patients with ICD and mean age 62.76 ± 11.20 years, with a mean follow-up of 52.4 ± 33.2 months was made based on initial files at implantation and on subsequently results from the devices interrogation. The ICD was implanted for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in 198 patients (79,2%) and for secondary prevention in 52 patients (20.8%). ES was present in 22 (8.8%) of patients, 17 (8.5%) patients with primary prophylaxis and in 5 (9.6%) patients with secondary prophylaxis. We found no clinical predictors of ES. In our study, the patients presenting ES had a slightly higher LVEF as compared with patients without ES: (35.5 ± 10.47% vs. 29.9 ± 11.63%, p = 0.03 for the whole study population and 34.7% vs. 28.31%, p = 0.011 for primary prophylaxis group). Lack of administration of spironolactone seems to be associated with a higher incidence of ES (18% vs.5.9%, p = 0.003 for the whole study group and 20% vs. 6%, p = 0.004 for primary prophylaxis group).

Treatment of electrographic seizures and status epilepticus in critically ill children: A single center experience

PurposeElectrographic seizures (ES) and electrographic status epilepticus (ESE) are common in encephalopathic children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and associated with worse short-term outcome. Survey data indicate most physicians treat ES and ESE with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), but few data are available regarding AED usage patterns. We aimed to describe AED usage for ES and ESE in critically ill children. MethodsWe performed an observational study of patients who underwent continuous electroencephalographic (cEEG) monitoring in the PICU of a single quaternary care children's hospital. We collected data regarding age, clinical diagnoses, ES and ESE occurrence, and AEDs utilized. Results200 subjects underwent cEEG. ES occurred in 21% (41/200) and ESE occurred in 22% (43/200). Of the 84 patients with ES or ESE, 80 received non-benzodiazepine AEDs including 48% (38 of 80) with ES and 52% (42 of 80) with ESE. The most commonly administered first AEDs were levetiracetam in 38% (30/80), phenobarbital in 31% (25/80), phenytoin–fosphenytoin in 28% (22/80), and valproate in 4% (3/80). Seizures terminated after administration of the first AED in 74% (28/38) with ES and 22% (9/41) with ESE. ConclusionsLevetiracetam, phenobarbital, and phenytoin–fosphenytoin are commonly used to manage ES and ESE at our center. Over half of subjects received multiple AEDs.

Syndrome d’Evans : attention aux diagnostics par excès

IntroductionEvans syndrome (ES) is characterized by the coexistence of an autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Despite being frequently evocated in the simultaneous presence of anemia and thrombocytopenia, this rare disease only accounts for 0.8 to 3.7% of patients with ITP or AIHA. Case reportsWe report three suspected cases of ES, diagnosed in the presence of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia association, with a positive direct Coombs test in two patients. Standard ES treatment failure and occurrence of aditional features subsequently led to correct diagnosis to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic syndrome with AIHA, and ITP with hemorrhagic anemia, respectively. ConclusionBicytopenias, even in an immunological context, are not sufficient to ascertain ES diagnosis. Our cases illustrate the diagnostic difficulties that may arise in daily practice, and induce over-diagnosis of this rare disease.

First results of mapping sporadic E with a passive observing network

Sporadic E (Es) can have dramatic effects on communications in the HF and low VHF range, producing over‐the‐horizon propagation for signals normally restricted to line‐of‐sight, and sometimes blocking F region propagation of signals in the lower HF range. Measuring the E region winds believed to produce Es is difficult, and no practical means of predicting Es occurrence currently exists other than statistical models. We describe a low‐cost observing network based on software‐controlled receivers that continuously watches for Es in near‐real time using oblique HF propagation from existing transmitters. Results from an 11‐day pilot campaign in July 2008 demonstrated that even a limited number of receivers in the network can readily determine the presence and extent of Es patches. These observations indicate that Es often develops quickly over regions of several hundred kilometers rather than gradually drifting across an area. These widespread Es “blooms” have been observed near winter solstice and occasionally at other times of the year; their lifetime depends on the season but can be several hours during the summer. The current network allows the extent of Es in portions of North America to be evaluated: the geographical distribution of Es and bounds on the density of the layer are inferred from its effects on the ionospheric maximum usable frequency (MUF). This study demonstrates quantitatively that Es mapping can provide information about Es layer geographical growth and decay. The observed sudden widespread Es blooms are space weather events that can have significant impact on HF/lower VHF communications and propagation model predictions.

More evidence for a planetary wave link with midlatitude <i>E</i> region coherent backscatter and sporadic <i>E</i> layers

Abstract. Measurements of midlatitude E region coherent backscatter obtained during four summers with SESCAT, a 50 MHz Doppler system operating in Crete, Greece, and concurrent ionosonde recordings from the same ionospheric volume obtained with a CADI for one of these summers, are used to analyse the long-term variability in echo and Es occurrence. Echo and Es layer occurrences, computed in percent of time over a 12-h nighttime interval, take the form of time sequences. Linear power spectrum analysis shows that there are dominant spectral peaks in the range of 2–9 days, the most commonly observed periods appearing in two preferential bands, of 2–3 days and 4–7 days. No connection with geomagnetic activity was found. The characteristics of these periodicities compare well with similar properties of planetary waves, which suggests the possibility that planetary waves are responsible for the observed long-term periodicities. These findings indicate also a likely close relation between planetary wave (PW) activity and the well known but not well understood seasonal Es dependence. To test the PW postulation, we used simultaneous neutral wind data from the mesopause region around 95 km, measured from Collm, Germany. Direct comparison of the long-term periodicities in echo and Es layer occurrence with those in the neutral wind show some reasonable agreement. This new evidence, although not fully conclusive, is the first direct indication in favour of a planetary wave role on the unstable midlatitude E region ionosphere. Our results suggest that planetary waves observation is a viable option and a new element into the physics of midlatitude Es layers that needs to be considered and investigated.Key words: Ionosphere (ionosphere irregularities; mid-latitude ionosphere) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (waves and tides)

More evidence for a planetary wave link with midlatitude E region coherent backscatter and sporadic E layers

Measurements of midlatitude E region coherent backscatter obtained during four summers with SESCAT, a 50 MHz Doppler system operating in Crete, Greece, and concurrent ionosonde recordings from the same ionospheric volume obtained with a CADI for one of these summers, are used to analyse the long-term variability in echo and Es occurrence. Echo and Es layer occurrences, computed in percent of time over a 12-h nighttime interval, take the form of time sequences. Linear power spectrum analysis shows that there are dominant spectral peaks in the range of 2–9 days, the most commonly observed periods appearing in two preferential bands, of 2–3 days and 4–7 days. No connection with geomagnetic activity was found. The characteristics of these periodicities compare well with similar properties of planetary waves, which suggests the possibility that planetary waves are responsible for the observed long-term periodicities. These findings indicate also a likely close relation between planetary wave (PW) activity and the well known but not well understood seasonal Es dependence. To test the PW postulation, we used simultaneous neutral wind data from the mesopause region around 95 km, measured from Collm, Germany. Direct comparison of the long-term periodicities in echo and Es layer occurrence with those in the neutral wind show some reasonable agreement. This new evidence, although not fully conclusive, is the first direct indication in favour of a planetary wave role on the unstable midlatitude E region ionosphere. Our results suggest that planetary waves observation is a viable option and a new element into the physics of midlatitude Es layers that needs to be considered and investigated.Key words: Ionosphere (ionosphere irregularities; mid-latitude ionosphere) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (waves and tides)

Relationship of meteors to sporadicE, 1. A sorting of facts

The confusion which has existed for decades about the relationship between temperate zone sporadic E, as seen on an ionosonde, and meteor incidence has been resolved by identifying three classes of meteor-produced Es (herein called Em)) Class 1 Em is the instantaneous partially reflecting ionosonde echo due to a single meteor trail. Correspondence in height and time of single echoes has long been established, but no statistical work relating these echoes directly to meteor occurrence rates has yet been done. Class 2 Em defines the cases where meteor occurrence is of sufficient strength to produce control of fEs on the simultaneous ionogram. This is a rare occurrence and has accounted for much of the ambiguity in the literature where direct relationships have been sought between meteor rate and Es occurrence from tabulated ionosonde data. Class 3 Em is the production of Es layers by the subsequent action of wind shear on residual meteor ion concentrations. This is identified statistically by the probability of occurrence of Es above at least 4 MHz or preferably above somewhat higher frequencies. A major conclusion which emerges is that much temperate zone Es, but not necessarily all, is of this type.

Influence of the Tidal Wind System on the Frequency of Sporadic‐E Occurrence

Sporadic‐E (ES) data from Japan were presented to show the temporal variations in sporadic‐E blanketing frequency (ƒbES), virtual height (h′ES), and frequency of occurrence. Tidal winds were substituted into the wind‐shear theory of ES to calculate electron density profiles and determine the influence of the tidal winds in the asymmetry of the ES occurrence variation. Results showed that the tidal wind model used was not strong enough to significantly influence the formation of molecular ion ES layers, but that the winds did have the proper orientation to accumulate and layer metallic ions in the late afternoon. The role of metallic ions in afternoon ES will have to be established.