Erythrocyte Glutathione Research Articles

Plant-Based, Antioxidant-Rich Snacks Elevate Plasma Antioxidant Ability and Alter Gut Bacterial Composition in Older Adults.

Plant-rich diets alleviate oxidative stress and gut dysbiosis and are negatively linked to age-associated chronic disorders. This study examined the effects of consuming plant-based, antioxidant-rich smoothies and sesame seed snacks (PBASS) on antioxidant ability and gut microbial composition in older adults. Healthy and sub-healthy older adults (n = 42, 79.7 ± 8.6 years old) in two senior living facilities were given PBASS for 4 months. Blood and fecal samples were collected from these individuals at the baseline and after 2 and 4 months of PBASS consumption. After 2 months, serum levels of albumin and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) had increased significantly and erythrocytic glutathione, GSH/GSSG and superoxide dismutase activity had decreased significantly compared with baseline levels (p < 0.05). After 4 months, red blood cells, hematocrit, serum blood urea nitrogen and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity had decreased significantly, whereas plasma and erythrocyte protein-bound sulfhydryl groups had increased significantly. Furthermore, plasma glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were significantly greater after 2 months and increased further after 4 months of PBASS consumption. The results of next generation sequencing showed that PBASS consumption prompted significant decreases in observed bacterial species, their richness, and the abundance of Actinobacteria and Patescibacteria and increases in Bacteroidetes in feces. Our results suggest that texture-modified, plant-based snacks are useful nutrition support to benefit healthy ageing via the elevation of antioxidant ability and alteration of gut microbiota.

The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes.

Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythrocytes could be an important source of circulatory GSH during heat stress conditions. We performed two separate experiments to address this hypothesis. Methods: In the first experiment, we sought to investigate the impact of exercise in the heat and dehydration on erythrocyte levels of GSH. A total of 10 men performed 60 min of cycling at 60% VO2peak in the heat (38.0 ± 0.9 °C) or in a control temperate environment (23.0 ± 1.0 °C), both with and without dehydration. Relative humidity ranged from 50 to 70%. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure GSH and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In the second experiment, erythrocytes were isolated from blood samples taken at rest and heated in vitro to determine the impact of heat on erythrocyte glutathione content. Tubes with erythrocytes were exposed to water baths at different temperatures; one tube was exposed to a water bath at 35 °C and the other tube to a water bath at 41 °C for a period of 30 min. After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analyses. Results: Dehydration decreased circulatory GSH, regardless of ambient temperature (temperate and heat decreased 15.35% and 30.31%, respectively), resulting in an altered redox balance. Heat increased GSH levels in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that dehydration decreases circulatory GSH levels regardless of environmental temperature. In addition, in vitro data suggests that erythrocytes may contribute to the release of GSH during exposure to heat stress.

Vitamin D status and systemic redox biomarkers in adults with obesity.

Vitamin D has been proposed to have a protective role against oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that suboptimal levels of 25(OH)D are related to oxidative/antioxidative biomarkers in adults independently of obesity. In this case-control study, 140 subjects with obesity and 90 age- and sex-matched 25(OH)D sufficient normal weight controls were selected. Subjects with obesity were categorized as 25(OH)D sufficient, insufficient, and deficient based on their serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as erythrocytes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) along with serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and arylesterase (AREase) activities were assessed. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were inversely correlated with BMI, WC, fat mass, and visceral fat. Serum levels of MDA and TOS, and erythrocyte SOD activities were significantly higher, whereas, serum TAC, PON1, and AREase were significantly lower in subjects with obesity compared to the controls (p<0.0001). 25(OH)D deficient obese subjects exhibited higher serum levels of MDA as well as erythrocyte SOD activity (p<0.05) and lower serum levels of TAC (p<0.0001), PON1 (p<0.05), and AREase (p<0.0001) compared to obese subjects with 25(OH)D sufficiency and controls even when adjusted for BMI. The present findings demonstrated a strong association between the severity of 25(OH)D deficiency and oxidative/antioxidative related parameters independently of obesity.

Safety and efficacy of a ribose-cysteine supplement to increase erythrocyte glutathione concentration in healthy dogs.

To evaluate the safety of oral administration of a d-ribose-l-cysteine (RibCys) supplement to dogs and the effect of this supplementation on erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) concentration. 24 healthy adult dogs. In a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, dogs received 500 mg of a RibCys supplement or placebo (n = 12/group), PO, every 12 hours for 4 weeks. Dogs were evaluated weekly by means of a physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and owner-completed quality-of-life questionnaire. Erythrocyte GSH concentration was measured on day 0 (ie, the day before treatment began) and weekly during supplementation. No dose-limiting adverse effects were noted in any dog. Two dogs in each group had mild, self-limiting diarrhea and anemia. No significant increase in erythrocyte GSH concentration was noted in either group at any time point. Two dogs in the RibCys group had improved skin and coat health and improved clinical signs of osteoarthritis. No clinical or owner-perceived improvements were noted in the placebo group. The RibCys supplement was safe and well tolerated in all dogs. Owners reported improvements in dermatologic and orthopedic conditions in some dogs in the RibCys group. No significant differences were observed in erythrocyte GSH concentration before or after RibCys treatment. This lack of significant differences may have been attributable to the use of healthy dogs, which would not be expected to have depleted GSH concentrations. Given the observed safety profile of RibCys, additional research is warranted to explore the potential usefulness of RibCys supplementation in dogs with cancer and those undergoing treatment for cancer.

Evaluation of oxidative markers in women with invasive cervical cancer in Lagos, Nigeria.

Epidemiological studies have showed that low levels of antioxidants induce the generation of free radicals leading to DNA damage and further mutations seen in cancer. This study evaluated the effects of oxidative markers on the occurrence and severity of cervical cancer at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. This was an analytical cross-sectional study carried out among women with histological diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer and their healthy cancer-free comparison group. Venous blood samples were collected from each participant for measurements of antioxidants (erythrocyte glutathione and vitamin C) and malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation). Descriptive statistics were carried out for relevant demographic and clinical data. Associations between continuous variables were tested using the independent sample t-test or the analysis of variance for normally distributed data or the Mann–Whitney U test for skewed data, whereas categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was statistically higher in women with cervical cancer than in their cancer-free counterparts (p = 0.032). However, the mean glutathione (32.6 ± 6.2 versus 14.2 ± 6.1 mg/dL; p = 0.019) and vitamin C (12.4 ± 2.3 versus 14.6 ± 2.4 µmol/L; p = 0.001) levels were significantly lower in the case group compared to the cancer-free group. There are statistically increasing mean levels of MDA (p = 0.017) and decreasing mean levels of vitamin C (p = 0.004) with increasing stages of the disease. This study showed that women with cervical cancer have low levels of antioxidants and an increased level of the oxidative marker. The levels of these markers become more pronounced as the disease progresses. This will, therefore, form the basis for the conduct of future randomised controlled trials of antioxidant supplementations among cervical cancer patients in sub-Saharan Africa.

Fluorometric Optimized Determination of Total Glutathione in Erythrocytes

Glutathione is a tripeptide natural product characterized by a non-canonical peptide bond with an amide moiety linking the nitrogen of cysteine to the γ-carboxyl of glutamate, and is found ubiquitously in nature, in animals, plants and microorganisms. One of the most abundant biological matrices is represented by erythrocytes, being glutathione the only sulfur-containing mechanism for the red blood cell oxidative protection. Several analytical methods for glutathione determination from different samples are described in the literature and most of these methods are based on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC equipment is not available in all the biochemical laboratories, and, moreover, displays lot of economic and ecological limitations, including organic solvent consumption and time-consuming analysis. Here, an organic-free high-throughput fluorometric methodology for the analysis of total glutathione in erythrocytes is reported, avoiding the use of time-consuming and not-sustainable techniques.

Low vitamin B12 level in relation to trace element, total sialic acid and antioxidant enzymes in children with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

In this study, children with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (V-B12DA) and control subjects were evaluated for erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities, glutathione, malondialdehyde, serum total sialic acid, total antioxidant status, cobalt, chromium, copper, selenium, vanadium, zinc, iron, lead, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus levels, and the associations of these variables were assessed. The study included 50 children with V-B12DA and 50 control subjects. It was found that the V-B12DA group was significantly lower than the control group, with regard to the mean±the standard error of the mean levels of cobalt (0.089±0.009; 0.058±0.0063 μmol/L, p<0.01), selenium (2.19±0.087; 1.88±0.057 μmol/L, p<0.01), vanadium (1.31±0.053; 1.18±0.035 μmol/L, p<0.05), magnesium (3.02±0.15; 2.73±0.068 μmol/L, p<0.05), zinc (50.76±1.96; 42.23± 1.53 μmol/L, p<0.001), and vitamin B12 (427.20±21.45; 157.08±3.96 pg/mL, p<0.001). Moreover, a significant elevation in total sialic acid (1.44±0.050; 1.61±0.043 mmol/L, p<0.01), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (75.37±0.95; 79.91±1.14 fL, p<0.01). It was observed that in the V-B12DA, significantly linear correlations were observed between cobalt - vitamin B12 (r=0.334; p=0.025), vanadium - MCV (r=0.315; p=0.017), vitamin B12 - MCV (r=-0.297; p=0.026). The findings of the study indicated that the levels of cobalt, vanadium significantly associated with traditional vitamin B12-deficiency parameters. Vitamin B12 and MCV should be measured together with cobalt, vanadium for monitoring the vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

Plant-Based Antioxidant-Rich Snacks Elevate Circulating Antioxidant Capacity and Alter Gut Microbiome Profile in Older Adults

ObjectivesOxidative stress and gut dysbiosis are considered as the contributors in aging. Diets rich in plant foods may against aging-associated syndrome. The present study aimed to explore the effects of plant-based antioxidant-rich smoothies and sesame snacks (PBASS) on antioxidant capacity and gut microbiome profile in older adults. MethodsHealthy and sub-healthy older adults (79.7 ± 8.6 years old, F/M = 30/12) from 2 elderly care institutions were administered with PBASS for 4 months. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after 2 and 4 months of PBASS consumption. ResultsPBASS consumption significantly increased plasma glutathione and total antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protein-bound sulfhydryl groups (PBSH) and decreased hematocrit, serum albumin and erythrocyte glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in a time-dependent manner (generalized estimating equations with repeated measure analysis, P < 0.05). In females, 4 months of PBASS resulted in significant decreases in red blood cells and serum blood urea nitrogen and increases in plasma PBSH and erythrocyte total sulfhydryl groups. In the fecal microbiome profile of older adults, observed species and richness of gut microbiome were decreased after 2 months of PBASS, whereas beta-diversity and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes were not significantly altered by PBASS consumption. PBASS consumption significantly increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Actinobacteria and Patescibacteria in the feces. ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that older adults consumed with plant-based antioxidant-rich snacks may have elevated antioxidant capacity and altered fecal microbiome profile; however, their protein nutritional status need to be monitored, especially in old females. Funding SourcesMOST 106-2321-B-030-001,107-2321-B-030-001 and 108-2321-B-030-001.

Blood Plasma Quality Control by Plasma Glutathione Status.

Timely centrifugation of blood for plasma preparation is a key step to ensure high plasma quality for analytics. Delays during preparation can significantly influence readouts of key clinical parameters. However, in a routine clinical environment, a strictly controlled timeline is often not feasible. The next best approach is to control for sample preparation delays by a marker that provides a readout of the time-dependent degradation of the sample. In this study, we explored the usefulness of glutathione status as potential marker of plasma preparation delay. As the concentration of glutathione in erythrocytes is at least two orders of magnitude higher than in plasma, even the slightest leakage of glutathione from the cells can be readily observed. Over the 3 h observation period employed in this study, we observed a linear increase of plasma concentrations of both reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Artificial oxidation of GSH is prevented by rapid alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide directly in the blood sampling vessel as recently published. The observed relative leakage of GSH was significantly higher than that of GSSG. A direct comparison with plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity, a widely employed hemolysis marker, clearly demonstrated the superiority of our approach for quality control. Moreover, we show that the addition of the thiol alkylating reagent NEM directly to the blood tubes does not influence downstream analysis of other clinical parameters. In conclusion, we report that GSH gives an excellent readout of the duration of plasma preparation and the associated pre-analytical errors.

Dynamics of oxidative blood status and activity of antioxidant system of erythrocytes in patients with cervical cancer receiving combination therapy with dendritic cell vaccine.

e17516 Background: The combination treatment with plasmapheresis and non-specific immunotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (CC) is shown to be effective. We studied the effect of immunotherapy with dendritic cell vaccine (DCV) as a part of combination therapy on the intensity of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Methods: Plasma and erythrocyte content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione dependent enzymes and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in erythrocytes were determined in 24 patients with CC of T2a-2bN0-1M0 stages and in 25 women without cancer. The patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) with cisplatin and bleomycin, followed by 2 cycles of DCV, for a total of 6 courses of CT and 12 cycles of DCV. Results: Initially, patients demonstrated intensification of free radical processes enhancing after PCT and the first two DCV: MDA in erythrocytes elevated by 52.2-111.7%, in the blood plasma by 2.2-3.5 times. Subsequent DCV cycles normalized the LPO. MDA levels after 4 DCV cycles were lower than the initial values in erythrocytes by 30.4% (p = 0.04), in plasma by 55.6% (p = 0.007), i.e. were similar to the levels in healthy women. The SOD activity was decreased by 16.7-27.3% (p &lt; 0.005) after 4-6 DCV cycles and normalized after the 7th cycle. The catalase activity in erythrocytes was decreased before treatment and after PCT by 42.4% (p = 0.000000), during vaccine therapy by 20.5-37.7% (p &lt; 0.0005). In reduced catalase activity, inactivation of hydrogen peroxide was realized, apparently, by glutathione peroxidase (GPO), and its increased activity (by 37-102.3%, p≤0.00005) was supported by a high GSH content - by 11.6-52.4% (p &lt; 0.02) above the norm at all stages after the 2nd DCV cycle. And only with the complete normalization of the erythrocyte MDA content, the GPO activity after the 7th DCV cycle decreased by 46.7% (p = 0.000000) relative to the levels before the treatment and did not differ significantly from the values in donors. Conclusions: Vaccine therapy helped to enhance the activity of the glutathione system becoming the most important component of antioxidant protection in the blood of CC patients. Already 3-4 DCV cycles normalized the LPO sharply increased in CC patients during CT. Multi-course vaccine therapy allowed maintaining the optimal oxidative status of the blood.

Genetically determined variations of selenoprotein P are associated with antioxidant, muscular, and lipid biomarkers in response to Brazil nut consumption by patients using statins

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could indirectly, as well directly, influence metabolic parameters related to health effects in response to selenium (Se)supplementation. This study aimed to investigate whether the selenoprotein SNPs were associated with the response of Se status biomarkers to the Brazil nut consumption in patients using statins and if the variation in Se homoeostasis could affect antioxidant protection, lipid profile, muscle homoeostasis and selenoproteins mRNA. The study was performed in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. Thirty-two patients using statins received one unit of Brazil nut daily for 3 months. Body composition, blood Se concentrations, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein(LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triacylglycerol (TAG), creatine kinase (CK) activity and gene expression of GPX1 and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) were evaluated before and after Brazil nut consumption. The volunteers were genotyped for SNP in GPX1 (rs1050450) and SELENOP (rs3877899 and rs7579). SNPs in selenoproteins were not associated with plasma and erythrocyte Se, but SNPs in SELENOP influenced the response of erythrocyte GPX activity and CK activity, TAG and LDL after Brazil nut consumption. Also, Brazil nut consumption increased GPX1 mRNA expression only in subjects with rs1050450 CC genotype. SELENOP mRNA expression was significantly lower in subjects with rs7579 GG genotype before and after the intervention. Thus, SNP in SELENOP could be associated with interindividual differences in Se homeostasis after Brazil nut consumption, emphasising the involvement of genetic variability in response to Se consumption towards health maintenance and disease prevention.

Mitigating effect of single or combined administration of nanoparticles of zinc oxide, chromium oxide, and selenium on genotoxicity and metabolic insult in fructose/streptozotocin diabetic rat model.

This research was intended to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of single or combined administration of nanoparticles of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3NPs), and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), on genetic and metabolic insult in fructose/streptozotocin diabetic rat model. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by feeding sixty adult male albino rats with a high fructose diet accompanied by a single i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The rats were divided into 6 groups (10 rats/each) and the doses of nanoparticles were 10 mg/kg b.wt for ZnONPs, 1 mg/kg b.wt for Cr2O3, and 0.4 mg/kg b.wt for SeNPs. The results displayed that diabetes significantly decreased bodyweight, serum insulin, C-peptide, adiponectin levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, serum superoxide dismutase activities, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total antioxidant capacity while causing a substantial increase in serum glucose, C-reactive protein, atherogenic index, HOMA–IR, malondialdehyde, lipid profile, interleukin-6 levels, and liver function and kidney function parameters. Furthermore, the findings showed a decrease in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) hepatic mRNA expression level and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) adipocyte mRNA expression level in type 2 diabetic rats. DNA damage was confirmed by performing the comet assay. Moreover, histological observation of pancreatic and hepatic tissues was performed, which were consistent with the biochemical results. The present study confirmed that oral administration of ZnONPs, Cr2O3NPs, SeNPs, and their mixture improved all the biochemical and genetic parameters toward normal levels and ameliorated the diabetic consequences that were manifested by restricting cellular DNA damage which maintaining pancreatic and hepatic tissues from oxidative damage. The best reported antidiabetic effect was observed in the mixture administered group.

Dietary Riboflavin Intake and Riboflavin Status in Young Adult Women Living in Metro Vancouver, Canada.

ABSTRACTBackgroundNutrition surveys suggest that <10% of Canadian adults have inadequate riboflavin intakes. However, biochemical riboflavin deficiency [erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRac) ≥1.40] has been reported in 41% of young adult women living in Metro Vancouver. Canadian Chinese ethnicity comprise >25% of Vancouver's population and are postulated to have poorer riboflavin status than those of European ethnicity because they could be less likely to consume dairy products and fortified wheat.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to determine dietary riboflavin intake and food sources, and to assess the association between riboflavin intake and status in young women of European (n = 107) and Chinese (n = 91) ethnicities living in Metro Vancouver, Canada.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in women (aged 19–45 y). Women were healthy, not pregnant or breastfeeding, of European or Chinese ethnicities, and not taking riboflavin-containing supplements for the past 4 mo. Dietary riboflavin intake was assessed using the past-year Diet History Questionnaire II, and riboflavin status (EGRac) was measured in fasting venous blood samples.ResultsOnly 7% of participants had dietary riboflavin intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (0.9 mg/d), but 40% of women had biochemical riboflavin deficiency (EGRac ≥1.40). Although more Canadian women of European ethnicity than Chinese ethnicity had biochemical riboflavin deficiency (46% and 34%; P < 0.001), median dietary riboflavin intake did not differ (1.73 and 1.82 mg/d; P = 0.587). Dairy products and vegetables contributed the most to riboflavin intake. Energy-adjusted dietary riboflavin intake was inversely associated with EGRac (B = −0.04, 95% CI: −0.07, −0.01). However, after further adjustment the relation was not significant.ConclusionsOverall, women of reproductive age living in Metro Vancouver, Canada, had a low prevalence of inadequate dietary riboflavin intake despite the high prevalence of apparent biochemical riboflavin deficiency.

Dietary High Chromium-Methionine Supplementation in Summer-Exposed Finishing Lambs: Impacts on Feed Intake, Growth Performance, and Blood Cells, Antioxidants, and Minerals.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary high doses of chromium-methionine (CrMet) supplementation on blood hemato-biochemical parameters and growth performance of finishing lambs reared under warm condition with average temperature-humidity index (THI) of 85.8 unit. Fifteen male lambs (31.9 ± 1.2 kg) fed with either un-supplemented diet (CON) or supplemented with 1.5 (Cr1.5) and 3 (Cr3) mg of Cr/kg dry matter (DM) for 8 weeks. The results showed that high levels of supplemental Cr had no negative impacts on red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). Blood total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) tended to be higher in CrMet-fed lambs than those of CON (P < 0.1). Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), as a lipid peroxidation marker, was, respectively, 20.24 and 22.1%, lower in lambs given 1.5 and 3 mg of chromium comparing those of CON (P < 0.05). Moreover, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX, U/dL) displayed higher activity in Cr3 (421.2) group than those of CON (334.6) and Cr1.5 (351.2) groups (P < 0.05). Accordingly, GSH-PX activity per gram hemoglobin (U/gHb) was 45.9% greater in lambs of Cr3 than the CON (P < 0.05). Furthermore, feeding 3 mg of Cr led to increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.05): as such, SOD was 1193.1, 1281.5, and 1433.0 U/gHb in CON, Cr1.5, and Cr3, respectively. Chromium supplementation linearly decreased serum iron concentration (P < 0.05), but neither blood calcium, phosphorous, copper, zinc, and glucose concentrations nor aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were affected by supplemental CrMet. In comparison with CON (1250), lambs in Cr1.5 (1199) and Cr3 (1192) groups had lower daily feed intake (g/d, P < 0.01). In addition, feed to gain ratio was 21.5% lower in the Cr3 group than the control (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest that feeding summer-exposed finishing lambs with 3 mg of Cr/kg DM improves blood antioxidant status and feed to gain efficiency without adverse effects on lambs' health and metabolism.

Selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia: association with oxidative stress and lipid status biomarkers

IntroductionAtaxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) is a multi-system disorder that may be associated with endocrine changes, oxidative stress in addition to inflammation. Studies suggest that selenium is a trace element related to protection against damage caused by oxidative stress.ObjectiveTo describe the plasma levels of selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in A-T patients and to relate them to oxidative stress and lipid status biomarkers.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional and controlled study evaluating 22 A-T patients (age median, 12.2 years old) matched by gender and age with 18 healthy controls. We evaluated: nutritional status, food intake, plasma selenium levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid status, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers.ResultsAdequate levels of selenium were observed in 24/36 (66.7%) in this evaluated population. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in selenium levels [47.6 μg/L (43.2–57.0) vs 54.6 (45.2–62.6) μg/dL, p = 0.242]. Nine of A-T patients (41%) had selenium levels below the reference value. The A-T group presented higher levels of LDL-c, non-HDL-c, oxidized LDL, Apo B, Apo-B/Apo-A-I1, LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, malondialdehyde [3.8 µg/L vs 2.8 µg/L, p = 0.029] and lower Apo-A-I1/HDL-c and glutathione peroxidase activity [7300 U/L vs 8686 U/L, p = 0.005]. Selenium levels were influenced, in both groups, independently, by the concentrations of oxidized LDL, malonaldehyde and non-HDL-c. The oxidized LDL (AUC = 0.849) and ALT (AUC = 0.854) were the variables that showed the greatest discriminatory power between groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, we observed the presence of selenium below the reference value in nearly 40% and low GPx activity in A-T patients. There was a significant, inverse and independent association between selenium concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers. Those data reinforce the importance of assessing the nutritional status of selenium in those patients.

The relationship of folate deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia and glutathione metabolism in hypertensive patients

Hypertension (HTN) is often accompanied by folic acid (FA) deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Reduced glutathione (GSH) and dependent enzymes determine the state of cellular antioxidant and redox systems in cardiovascular pathology. The aim of our work is to assess the relationship between the status of FA and the presence of HHcy with enzymes of glutathione metabolism and the redox state of erythrocyte glutathione in HTN. Design and methods. In blood plasma samples from 43 HTN patients admitted to the clinic of Pavlov University, the concentration of FA and total homocysteine (oHcy) was determined. We also evaluated the level of GSH, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase (GR) in erythrocytes. Results. In the whole group, GR activity positively correlated with the concentration of FA (R = 0,415; p = 0,001). A significant decrease in GR activity (U/g Hb) was found in the subgroup with the low level of FA [0,8 (0,5–1,1)] compared with the subgroup without a FA deficiency [1,2 (0,9–2,0)]. The GSH level (μM/g Hb) was also lower (p &lt; 0,018) in the subgroup with FA deficiency [1,3 (0,9–2,1)] compared with the subgroup with normal FA levels [1,8 (1,5–4,6)]. A significant decrease in the level of GSH and GR activity in the subgroup with HHcy was found compared with the corresponding parameters in the subgroup without HHcy. However, even in the absence of HHcy patients with FA deficiency demonstrated a significant decrease in GR activity compared to patients without FA deficiency. In this case, GR positively correlated with FA (R = 0,564; p = 0,03). Conclusions. The deficiency of FA can increase the deficiency of GR activity, regardless of the level of oHcy. The indicator of GR activity in erythrocytes can be considered as a possible marker of functional deficiency of FA in the absence of HHcy.

INTENSITY OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A UNIVERSAL MECHANISM OF TISSUE DAMAGE IN NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS AND DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. QUERCETIN CORRECTION EFFECTIVENESS

The objective of the research was to determine the intensity of the effect of a complex of Metformin, Rosuvastatin, Essentiale Forte N and Quercetin on the state of oxidative-antioxidant homeostasis, as well as the intensity of hepatocyte apoptosis by cytokeratin-18 in the blood that are the factors in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic kidney disease. Material and methods. 75 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage I­–III diabetic kidney disease were studied over time. According to the prescribed treatment, the examined patients were divided into 2 groups: (group 1 ­– the controls: 37 patients) received a low-calorie diet with dietary restrictions No.9, essential phospholipids (Essentiale forte H 300 mg 2 caps. 3 times a day) for 30 days for the treatment of active non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Metformin Hydrochloride (Metformin-Teva) 1000 mg per day, Rosuvastatin (Rosuvastatin-Teva 5 mg once daily) for 1 month for concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. Group 2 consisted of patients (38 people) who in addition to similar dietary recommendations and therapy received additionally Quercetin and Povidone (Corvitin) 500 mg intravenously per 100 ml of isotonic chloride for 10 days. Results. It was found that the comorbid course of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is accompanied by a significant increase in the intensity of oxidative stress, accompanied by an increase in blood intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation. The damaging effect of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to the activation of apoptosis of hepatocytes with an increase in blood cytokeratin-18 (7.5 times, p &lt; 0.05), the content of which correlates with the degree of oxidative stress, the intensity of liver damage and stage of diabetic kidney disease (p &lt; 0.05). Oxidative stress increases the risk of endothelial damage by atherosclerotic process due to hyperproduction of homocysteine (3.9 times, p &lt; 0.05), which contributes to the progression of diabetic kidney disease. The use of Quercetin in the complex therapy of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic kidney disease contributes to the reduction of oxidative stress, increased activity of antioxidant defense factors (content of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes, reduction of cytokeratin-18 content by 1.7 times) and endothelial damage (reduction of homocysteine content in blood by 1.9 times) (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. The comorbid course of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is accompanied by a significant increase in the intensity of oxidative stress, and in the content of intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins (p &lt; 0.05).

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ПРОНИЦАЕМОСТЬ ЭРИТРОЦИТАРНЫХ МЕМБРАН

The purpose of the survey is to experimentally study the influence of electromagnetic radiation from the decimeter range on the permeability of erythrocyte membranes. The object of the study was the blood of 80 white rats, 60 of them for three months were under the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the decimeter range. 20 animals of the control group were not exposed to electromagnetic fields. The intensity of free radical oxidation was evaluated using chemiluminescent analysis of red blood cells and blood plasma. The permeability of erythrocyte membranes and the content of reduced glutathione in blood erythrocytes were determined spectrophotometrically. A prolonged stay of animals under the influence of an electromagnetic field leads to pronounced changes in chemiluminescence indices in erythrocytes: a decrease in the maximum intensity of chemiluminescence (Imax), light sum (S), and light sum after the maximum value of chemiluminescence (Simax). Despite the increase in the content of glutathione and the chemiluminescent analysis index tg2 reflecting the antioxidant potential, there is an increase in the permeability of erythrocyte membranes under the influence of electromagnetic radiation

Investigation of Changes in the Microviscosity of the Erythrocyte Membranes and Glutathione in the Plasma of Animals with an Experimental Pathology Type Alzheimer’s Diseases

Investigation of Changes in the Microviscosity of the Erythrocyte Membranes and Glutathione in the Plasma of Animals with an Experimental Pathology Type Alzheimer’s Diseases

Участие детоксикационной системы организма в возникновении негладкого течения и утяжелении псевдотуберкулеза у детей

Objective. To analyze possible role of changes in the level of erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase (GST), serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and serum 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) in aggravation of pseudotuberculosis and development of complicated disease in children, as well as to identify prognostic factors to predict complicated pseudotuberculosis. Patients and methods. This prospective study included 125 children with pseudotuberculosis of different severity and disease course and 45 healthy children (control group). We measured the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 5'-NT, GST, GGT, as well as the level of total and conjugated bilirubin. Results. We observed increased levels of ALT, 5'-NT, GST, GGT, and conjugated bilirubin in children with mild and moderate pseudotuberculosis during the acute period, as well as in patients with moderate disease during early convalescence. Children with severe pseudotuberculosis during the acute period and early convalescence demonstrated elevated activity of ALT, AST, 5'-NT, GGT, and maximum increase in the level of bilirubin along with comparable activity of GST. Conclusion. We found that an imbalance of detoxification enzymes in the acute period of pseudotuberculosis has a prognostic value for predicting severe and complicated disease later. Key words: children, pseudotuberculosis, glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, 5'-nucleotidase