Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Cardiometabolic assessment through erythrocyte fatty acid profile, cardiometabolic index (CMI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) in testicular germ-cell tumor survivors

Cardiometabolic assessment through erythrocyte fatty acid profile, cardiometabolic index (CMI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) in testicular germ-cell tumor survivors

Effects of Arbutin on Fatty Acid Levels of Erythrocyte and Serum in Wistar Albino Rats Treated with Potassium Bromate

Abstract: Background: In the presented study; the Effects of Arbutin (ARB) on the Rat Erythrocyte and serum fatty acid profile which is exposed to potassium bromate (KBrO3) were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were used divided into 4 groups. Groups 1: control, group 2: KBrO3 (single dose 100 mg / kg gavage), group 3: ARB (50 mg / kg / day (ip) for 5 days), group 4: KBrO3 + ARB. At the end of the 5th day, alteration of fatty acid profile in erythrocyte and serum of rats in all groups was examined. Results: Rat serum essential fatty acid; palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), erythrocyte major fatty acids; palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), and lignoceric acid (C24:0). In addition, in our studied serum and erythrocytes; Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) varied between 8.91 ± 0.53- 11.71 ± 2.55 and 33.71 ± 2.12- 37.11 ± 2.12, respectively. It was determined that total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) varied between 5.90 ± 1.29- 9.96 ± 1.18 and 14.72 ± 3.66- 22.13 ± 4.82, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, alterations in fatty acid contents were observed, and results suggesting that arbutine affects the enzymes involved in Fatty acid metabolism and has an effect on fatty acid amounts. Keywords: Arbutin (ARB), Potassium bromate (KBrO3), Fatty acid (FA), Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), Wistar Albino Rat.

The effect of krill oil supplementation on skeletal muscle function and size in older adults: A randomised controlled trial

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of krill oil supplementation, on muscle function and size in healthy older adults. Men and women, aged above 65 years, with a BMI less than 35kg/m2, who participated in less than 1h per week of structured self-reported exercise, were enrolled in the study (NCT04048096) between March 2018 and March 2020. Participants were randomised to either control or krill oil supplements (4g/day) for 6 months in this double blind randomised controlled trial. At baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months, knee extensor maximal torque was measured as the primary outcome of the study. Secondary outcomes measured were grip strength, vastus lateralis muscle thickness, short performance physical battery test, body fat, muscle mass, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, and C-Reactive Protein, neuromuscular (M-Wave, RMS and voluntary activation), and erythrocyte fatty acid composition. A total of 102 men and women were enrolled in the study. Ninety-four participants (krill group (26 women and 23 men) and placebo group (27 women and 18 men)) completed the study (mean (SD): age 71.2 (5.1) years and weight 71.8 (12.3) kg). Six months supplementation with krill oil resulted in, an increase in knee extensor maximal torque, grip strength and vastus lateralis muscle thickness, relative to control (p<0.05). The 6-month treatment effects were 9.3% (95%CI: 2.8, 15.8%), 10.9% (95%CI: 8.3, 13.6%) and 3.5% (95%CI: 2.1, 4.9%) respectively. Increases in erythrocyte fatty acid profile were seen with krill oil for EPA 214% (95%CI: 166, 262%), DHA 36% (95%CI: 24, 48%) and the omega-3 index 61% (95%CI: 49, 73%), relative to control (p<0.05). Krill oil resulted in an increased, relative to control (p<0.05), M-Wave of 17% (95%CI: 12.7, 38.1%) but there was no effect of krill oil on RMS, voluntary activation, or on any other secondary outcomes such as performance of the short performance physical battery test or quality of life. Krill oil supplementation for 6 months results in statistically and clinically significant increases in muscle function and size in healthy older adults. NCT04048096.

Erythrocyte fatty acid membrane composition in children on long-term parenteral nutrition enriched with ω-3 fatty acids

Composite lipid emulsions containing soybean oil (30%), medium-chain triglycerides (30%), olive oil (25%), and fish oil (15%) (SMOF) are now widely used. We aimed to evaluate the tolerance, the efficiency, and the erythrocyte fatty acid (FA) profile for children on long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) receiving a composite fish oil-based emulsion (FOLE). At baseline, children (n=46) with severe intestinal failure highly dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) for ≥1 y were included in the study when they had received the composite FOLE for >6 mo. Out of this baseline group, only 25 children remained highly PN-dependent (SMOF1, n=25) and could be assessed a second time, 2.4 y later (SMOF2, n=25). An independent control group ("weaned off PN" group; n=24) included children who had been weaned off PN for >2 y (median: 4 y). RBC-FA composition was established by GC-MS. Growth parameters, plasma citrulline, conjugated bilirubin, FA profiles, and the Holman ratio (20:3ω-9/20:4ω-6) were compared between groups. No difference for growth parameters, citrulline, and bilirubin was observed between the SMOF groups after 2.4 y (0.2<P<0.8). The weaned-off group did not differ from the SMOF groups for growth parameters (0.2<P<0.4) but citrulline was higher (P<0.0001) and conjugated bilirubin lower (P<0.01). The composite FOLE induced higher proportions of EPA (20:5n-3) (8.4%±2.9%) and DHA (22:6n-3) (11.7%±2.2%) than what was observed in weaned-off children (0.8%±0.4% and 6.6%±2.3%, respectively) but lower proportions of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). However, the Holman ratio did not vary between groups (P=0.9), whereas the PUFA concentrations varied widely. Long-term use of the composite FOLE was well tolerated in HPN-dependent children. The RBC-FA profile alterations were consistent with the ω-3 PUFA-enriched composition of this emulsion without evidence of essential FA deficiency.

Dietary fatty acid metabolism: New insights into the similarities of lipid metabolism in humans and hamsters

Hamsters have been long accepted as animal models to study the lipid metabolism in humans. However, very few scientific works described in detail the fatty acid (FA) composition of plasma and erythrocytes in hamsters in relation to their dietary intake, and none work was found comparing them with that described in humans. Therefore, a study was carried out to compare the effect of ingesting olive oil or dairy fat, as part of an equilibrated diet in healthy subjects, on plasma and erythrocytes FA composition. More than 40 FA were detected in samples of both species. It was demonstrated that plasma total FA (TFA) concentration and FA profiles are similar in humans and hamsters. In both species linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids are the main FA and accounted for the 70% of TFA. Differences found between species can be explained by differences in the dietary intake and differences in the proportion of triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and phospholipid fractions in plasma of both species. Changes in dietary FA intake causes similar changes in FA concentration in the plasma of both species and can be explained by the same metabolic processes. The erythrocyte FA profile differs more between the two species. Moreover, unlike humans, the FA profile of hamster erythrocytes is more sensitive to changes in dietary FA than that of plasma.

1185-P: Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Reliable Biomarkers of Dietary Intake in Women of African Ancestry: The Federal Women's Study

To formulate precision nutrition prescriptions, it is essential to understand the relationship between dietary assessment, ethnicity and cardiometabolic disease. Erythrocyte (RBC) fatty acid (FA) profiles reflect long-term dietary fat intake but have not been rigorously compared with short-term FA intake in women of African ancestry who have paradoxically low triglycerides with high fat intake. We compared the type of dietary fat consumed (proportion of total fat) using food records with fasting RBC FA (mol%) determined by gas chromatography in 130 female, healthy, federal employees without diabetes (12% African Immigrants (AI), 47% African Americans (AA), 41% White Americans (WA)); mean age 43+10 y and BMI 30 + 6 kg/m2). Diet quality and home prepared meals were similar across ethnicities. AI reported the lowest energy intake. Regardless of absolute energy intake, macronutrient distributions were similar. Fat intake differed by ethnicity; WA had the highest saturated FA (SFA) and lowest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-3 index (EPA + DHA), while AI and AA had similar SFA, EPA and DHA intake. AI women had the highest RBC DHA and omega-3 index. Associations between FA intake and RBC profiles were significant for DHA (r=0.3, p&amp;lt;0.01), EPA (r=0.2, p&amp;lt;0.05) and the omega-3 index (r=0.2, p&amp;lt;0.01). Overall, RBC EPA and DHA were reliable biomarkers of dietary intake in women of African ancestry, consistent with data in predominantly white populations. These findings support the combined use of food records and RBC profiles for comprehensive dietary assessments. As RBC SFA and monounsaturated FA reflect both endogenous and exogenous sources, the discrepancies between intake and RBC profiles could reflect ethnic variations in nutrient metabolism. To enable precision nutrition prescriptions, exploration of population-specific biomarkers in concert with dietary assessment is needed. Disclosure A. B. Courville: None. S. T. Chung: None. S. Yang: None. L. Mabundo: None. C. K. Cravalho: None. S. Matta: None. A. Villalobos-perez: None. J. M. Dawson: None. A. H. Lichtenstein: None. A. E. Sumner: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Impact of an Infant Formula Containing a Novel Fat Blend (Cow’s Milk Fat, Fish and Vegetable Oil) and Prebiotics on Stool Fatty Acid Soaps and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles in Full-Term Healthy Newborns

Introduction: Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. Methods: Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (>25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: n = 30) or a “standard” formula containing <10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: n = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. Results: Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.

Molecular Differences Based on Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile to Personalize Dietary Strategies between Adults and Children with Obesity.

As the obesity epidemic continues to grow inexorably worldwide, the need to develop effective strategies to prevent and control obesity seems crucial. The use of molecular tools can be useful to characterize different obesity phenotypes to provide more precise nutritional recommendations. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid (FA) profile of red blood cell (RBC) membranes, together with the evaluation of their dietary intake and biochemical parameters, of children and adults with obesity. An observational study was carried out on 196 children (113 with normal weight and 83 with obesity) and 91 adults (30 with normal weight and 61 with obesity). Mature RBC membrane phospholipids were analyzed for FA composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dietary habits were evaluated using validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Children with obesity presented higher levels of ω-6 polyunsaturated FAs (mainly linoleic acid, p = 0.01) and lower values of ω-3 FAs (mainly DHA, p < 0.001) compared with adults. Regarding blood biochemical parameters, children with obesity presented lower levels of glucose, LDL cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase compared with adults with obesity. These lipidomic differences could be considered to provide specific nutritional recommendations for different age groups, based on an adequate fat intake.

Changes in Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acids in German Employees upon Dietary Advice by Corporate Health.

Background: The erythrocyte ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) over total fatty acids, the omega-3 index (O3I), has been suggested as an overall health marker and to motivate corporate health recommendations. We set out to assess the O3I status in a working population, the differences between normal and rotating shift employees, the consumption of omega-3 rich food and whether recommendations to increase intake of omega-3 rich foods can improve the O3I. Methods: Employees registered for their occupational health check-up were offered to participate in a pre-post study at the Ludwigshafen (Germany) site including an assessment of their O3I at baseline and after 4 months (follow-up) and two subsequent food frequency questionnaires. For those with O3I below 8%, a recommendation was provided to increase the intake of omega-3 fatty acid rich food and to take advantage of the employees’ catering service with its enhanced fatty seafood offer during the study period. Dietary intake of EPA and DHA, erythrocyte fatty acid profiles, clinical and lifestyle parameters were assessed. Results: In 500 employees (26.6% female, 21–64 years, median age: 47 years [IQR: 37–53]), at baseline the overall mean O3I was 4.1 ± 1.1% (99.6% of O3I assessed were below 8%), higher in women, in participants with “normal” body weight, upper employment grade, and non-smokers, but not different between regular and rotating shift workers. The three fifths of the cohort also participating in the follow-up increased their EPA and DHA intake by 0.1 g/d and their O3I by 0.5 percentage points. Conclusion: This study provides essential data on omega-3 erythrocyte concentrations in a clinically healthy German working population and the challenges of increasing the O3I with dietary recommendations even in study participants motivated to follow up on their omega-3 status.

Overweight and erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid changes in menopause

Abstract Lipid disorders have been implicated in overweight and menopause. However, evidence on lipidomic analysis of fatty acids in erythrocytes of menopausal women is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the body mass index within or beyond 5 years of menopause and erythrocyte fatty acid profile. This case-control study was conducted on out of 37 menopausal women total patients, 22 with body mass index ≥ 25 and 12 matched controls (body mass index &lt;25). Experimental procedures were performed on the blood through robotic equipment for isolation of erythrocyte and cell membrane fatty acids were analyzed by using gas-liquid chromatography. Results showed that erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly in lipid composition between case and control group. However, the percentage of women who had a physiological content of saturated fatty acids was lower in case than in control group, and the percentage of women who had a physiological content of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in control than in case group. Woman with BMI&gt;25 and non-physiological content of fatty acids, were richer in percentage of saturated fatty acids and poorer of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids than women with BMI&lt;25. The percentage of physiological n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratio was lower in women with BMI&gt;25 than in women with BMI&lt;25. Interestingly, the percentage of patients that had physiological values of lipids beyond 5 years of menopause increased in comparison patients within 5 years of menopause. Notably, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids physiological ratio beyond 5 years of menopause increased in both case and control patients, indicating normalization over time. In conclusion erythrocytes fatty acids composition may be related to the body mass index and to the time from menopause.

P-3 Features of metabolic profiles of blood serum and erythrocyte membranes associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Approximately 56% of patients with CRC die from their cancer. Development of metastasis is a concern for patients and clinicians alike as metastasis may be fatal, causing mass-effect and meddling with homeostasis. The aim of the work was to determine if the serum metabolomic profiles and erythrocyte fatty acid profiles of CRC patients could be used to discriminate locoregional CRC from metastatic CRC and to identify patients with liver metastases.

The Linoleic Acid: Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Ratio (LA: DGLA)- an Emerging Biomarker of Zinc Status

Abstract Objectives Assessment of erythrocyte linoleic: dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (LA: DGLA) ratio as a biomarker of Zn status, and structure and function of cecal microbiota following the consumption of a Zn-biofortified wheat diet. Methods The efficacy of the LA: DGLA ratio to predict the Zn status of subjects consuming a wheat-based diet, a representative diet of the target Zn-deficient populations, was evaluated in-vivo (Gallus gallus). Two groups (n = 15) were fed two different diets, a “high-Zn” diet (46.5 ppm Zn) and a “low-Zn” diet (32.8 ppm Zn), for 6 weeks. Dietary Zn-intake, body-weight, serum zinc, intestinal microbiome, expression of zinc related proteins, and the erythrocyte fatty acid profile were assessed (LA: DGLA ratio). Results Serum and tissues Zn concentrations were greater in the high-Zn group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Duodenal expression of Zn transporters demonstrated a higher mean value in the tissues collected from the birds fed a low-Zn diet (n = 15, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Hepatic ∆6-desaturase expression showed a higher mean value in birds fed high-Zn diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). LA: DGLA ratio was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the low-Zn group of birds at all-time points. Even though both groups of birds were fed Zn-deficient diets, with only 14 ppm differential in dietary Zn content, still the LA: DGLA ratio differentiated clearly between the groups, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the biomarker to change in accordance with dietary Zn intake. Conclusions Recent evidence demonstrate the potential of the LA: DGLA ratio to be used as an additional biomarker of Zn status in humans. To date, research shows that the LA: DGLA ratio corresponds to dietary Zn manipulations, both in animal model and humans. Funding Sources N/A.

Stress and Anxiety Levels Are Associated with Erythrocyte Fatty Acids Content in Young Women

Objective: Recent studies have revealed that fatty acid profile can be associated with psychological disorders. However, evidence on stress and anxiety is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress and anxiety, defined as mood states, and erythrocyte fatty acid (FA) profile. Method : This case-control study was conducted on 45 female students with degrees of stress and anxiety without depression disorder and 45 matched controls with no depression, stress, or anxiety. Self-administered questionnaires included a 28-item Food Frequency questionnaire and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), which were used to measure dietary patterns and psychological disorders, respectively. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. Results: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly lower in the case group (p = 0.008). Hydrogenated fats were associated with degrees of stress and anxiety (OR = 1.53, p = 0.019), while linoleate and DHA were inversely associated with stress and anxiety scores (OR = 0.37, p = 0.05; OR = 0.31, p = 0.014, respectively). Monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) and total RBC trans FA were associated with increased risk of stress and anxiety (OR = 1.81, p < 0.001; OR = 3.38, p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: Trans-fatty acids may be related to stress and anxiety scales but linoleate and DHA could decrease the risk. The effect of MUFAs may be regarded as a result of compensatory biological mechanisms.

Updates on the Linoleic Acid: Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Ratio (LA: DGLA)- as an Emerging Biomarker of Zinc Status (P24-019-19)

Abstract Objectives Zinc (Zn) deficiency is affecting 17% of the world's population. Although whole blood, plasma, and urine Zn decrease in severe Zn deficiency, accurate assessment of Zn status is difficult. Hence, as suggested by the World Health Organization, sensitive and specific biomarkers of Zn status are needed. Previously, we suggested the concept of the essential role of Zn for ∆6-desaturase activity. For the first time, we tested and implemented a previously unexplored biomarker of Zn status related to erythrocyte ∆6-desaturation, the LA: DGLA (linoleic acid: dihomo-γ-linolenic acid) ratio. We evaluated the sensitivity of the erythrocyte LA: DGLA ratio to changes in supplemental Zn intake. A significant negative correlation was found between dietary Zn deficiency and the LA: DGLA ratio. Our objective is to provide further and recent evidence to demonstrate that the LA: DGLA ratio is a useful and effective biomarker to assess Zn status. Methods The efficacy of the LA: DGLA ratio to predict the Zn status of subjects consuming a wheat-based diet, a representative diet of the target Zn-deficient populations, was evaluated in vivo (Gallus gallus). Two groups of birds (n = 15) were fed two different diets, a “high-Zn” diet (46.5 ppm Zn) and a “low-Zn” diet (32.8 ppm Zn), for 6 weeks. Dietary Zn intake, body weight, serum zinc, and the erythrocyte fatty acid profile were assessed. Results Serum and tissues (feather and nail) Zn concentrations were greater in the high-Zn group (P &lt; 0.05). Duodenal expression of Zn transporters demonstrated a higher mean value in the tissues collected from the birds fed a low-Zn diet (n = 15, P &lt; 0.05). Hepatic ∆6-desaturase expression showed a higher mean value in birds fed high-Zn diets (P &lt; 0.05). LA: DGLA ratio was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the low-Zn group of birds at all-time points. Even though both groups of birds were fed Zn-deficient diets, with only 14 ppm differential in dietary Zn content, still the LA: DGLA ratio differentiated clearly between the groups, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the biomarker to change in accordance with dietary Zn intake. Conclusions Recent evidence demonstrate the potential of the LA: DGLA ratio to be used as an additional biomarker of Zn status in humans. To date, research shows that the LA: DGLA ratio corresponds to dietary Zn manipulations, both in animals and humans. Funding Sources USDA-ARS. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

N-3 PUFAs improve erythrocyte fatty acid profile in patients with small AAA: a randomized controlled trial

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an important cause of death in older adults, which has no current drug therapy. Inflammation and abnormal redox status are believed to be key pathogenic mechanisms for AAA. In light of evidence correlating inflammation with aberrant fatty acid profiles, this study compared erythrocyte fatty acid content in 43 AAA patients (diameter 3.0-4.5 cm) and 52 healthy controls. In addition, the effect of omega-3 PUFA (n-3 PUFA) supplementation on erythrocyte fatty acid content was examined in a cohort of 30 AAA patients as part of a 12 week randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Blood analyses identified associations between AAA and decreased linoleic acid (LA), and AAA and increased Δ6-desaturase activity and biosynthesis of arachidonic acid (AA) from LA. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation (1.5 g DHA + 0.3 g EPA/day) decreased red blood cell distribution width (14.8 ± 0.4% to 13.8 ± 0.2%; P = 0.003) and levels of pro-inflammatory n-6 PUFAs (AA, 12.46 ± 0.23% to 10.14 ± 0.3%, P < 0.001; adrenic acid, 2.12 ± 0.13% to 1.23 ± 0.09%; P < 0.001). In addition, Δ-4 desaturase activity increased (DHA/docosapentaenoic acid ratio, 1.85 ± 0.14 to 3.93 ± 0.17; P < 0.001) and elongase 2/5 activity decreased (adrenic acid/AA ratio, 0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.12 ± 0.01; P < 0.01) following supplementation. The findings suggest that n-3 PUFAs improve fatty acid profiles and ameliorate factors associated with inflammation in AAA patients.

Green leafy vegetables in diets with a 25:1 omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio modify the erythrocyte fatty acid profile of spontaneously hypertensive rats

BackgroundIn addition to the actual composition of the diet (i.e. nutrient composition, food groups), the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio has been demonstrated to influence the tissue fatty acid profile and subsequently the risk for cardiovascular and other diseases. Likewise, the consumption of green leafy vegetables (GLVs) may favorably reduce the risks associated with disease. Although an ~ 3:1 omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio (ω-6/ω-3 FAR) is recommended, the typical American diet has an ~ 25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR. Previous research affirms the ability of collard greens (CG), purslane (PL), and sweet potato greens (SPG) to improve the hepatic profile of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of GLVs, incorporated (4%) into diets with a 25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR, on the erythrocyte fatty acid profile of male SHRs.MethodsSHRs (N = 50) were randomly assigned to one of five dietary groups – standardized control (AIN-76A), Control (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR), CG (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR + 4% CG), PL (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR + 4% PL) or SPG (25:1 ω-6/ω-3 FAR + 4% SPG). Following 6 weeks consumption of diets, SHRs erythrocyte fatty acid profiles were determined by gas-liquid chromatography.ResultsSignificantly lower percentages of total saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) and greater percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids were present among SHR erythrocytes following the consumption of diets containing CG, PL and SPG. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were greatest among SHRs consuming diets containing purslane.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates the ability of GLVs to mitigate the potential effects of an elevated ω-6/ω-3 FAR, which may contribute to an atherogenic fatty acid profile, inflammation and disease pathogenesis. Dietary recommendations for disease prevention should consider the inclusion of these GLVs, particularly among those consuming diets with an ω-6/ω-3 FAR that may promote disease.

The Efficacy of MAG-DHA for Correcting AA/DHA Imbalance of Cystic Fibrosis Patients.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementations are thought to improve essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) as well as reduce inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), but their effectiveness in clinical studies remains unknown. The aim of the study was to determine how the medical food containing docosahexaenoic acid monoglyceride (MAG-DHA) influenced erythrocyte fatty acid profiles and the expression levels of inflammatory circulating mediators. We conducted a randomized, double blind, pilot trial including fifteen outpatients with Cystic Fibrosis, ages 18–48. The patients were divided into 2 groups and received MAG-DHA or a placebo (sunflower oil) for 60 days. Patients took 8 × 625 mg MAG-DHA softgels or 8 × 625 mg placebo softgels every day at bedtime for 60 days. Lipid analyses revealed that MAG-DHA increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and decrease arachidonic acid (AA) ratio (AA/DHA) in erythrocytes of CF patients following 1 month of daily supplementation. Data also revealed a reduction in plasma human leukocyte elastase (pHLE) complexes and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression levels in blood samples of MAG-DHA supplemented CF patients. This pilot study indicates that MAG-DHA supplementation corrects erythrocyte AA/DHA imbalance and may exert anti-inflammatory properties through the reduction of pHLE complexes and IL6 in blood samples of CF patients. Trial registration: Pro-resolving Effect of MAG-DHA in Cystic Fibrosis (PREMDIC), NCT02518672.

Erythrocyte fatty acid profiles in children are not predictive of autism spectrum disorder status: a case control study

Biomarkers promise biomolecular explanations as well as reliable diagnostics, stratification, and treatment strategies that have the potential to help mitigate the effects of disorders. While no reliable biomarker has yet been found for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fatty acids have been investigated as potential biomarkers because of their association with brain development and neural functions. However, the ability of fatty acids to classify individuals with ASD from age/gender-matched neurotypical (NEU) peers has largely been ignored in favor of investigating population-level differences. Contrary to existing work, this classification task between ASD and NEU cohorts is the main focus of this work. The data presented herein suggest that fatty acids do not allow for classification at the individual level.

Linoleic Acid:Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Ratio Predicts the Efficacy of Zn-Biofortified Wheat in Chicken (Gallus gallus).

The amount of Zn absorbed from Zn-biofortified wheat material has been determined using an in vivo model of Zn absorption. The erythrocyte linoleic:dihomo -γ-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio was used as a biomarker of Zn status. Two groups of chickens (n = 15) were fed different diets: a high-Zn (46.5 μg Zn g-1) and a low-Zn wheat-based diet (32.8 μg Zn g-1). Dietary Zn intakes, body weight, serum Zn, and the erythrocyte fatty acid profile were measured, and tissues were taken for gene expression analysis. Serum Zn concentrations were greater in the high Zn group (p < 0.05). Duodenal mRNA expression of various Zn transporters demonstrated expression upregulation in the birds fed a low Zn diet (n = 15, p < 0.05). The LA:DGLA ratio was higher in the birds fed the low Zn diet (p < 0.05). The higher amount of Zn in the biofortified wheat resulted in a greater Zn uptake.

Erythrocytes and Skeletal Muscle Unsaturated and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Are Positively Correlated after Caloric Restriction and Exercise

Background: Nutritional intervention studies with fatty acid (FA) supplements assess the efficacy of the intervention by measuring the changes in erythrocyte membrane lipid profiles reflected in tissue composition changes. The aim was to determine the effects of caloric restriction (CR) on erythrocytes lipid composition and to compare and correlate these changes with skeletal muscle acid profiles after CR. Methods: Erythrocytes were obtained from 11 healthy men before and after 4 weeks of 33% CR in post-exercise conditions; muscle biopsies were obtained from the same athletes after 4 weeks of 33% CR in post-exercise conditions. Samples were used for FA determination by chromatography. Results: CR significantly modified erythrocyte FAs composition. Skeletal muscle FA profile was significantly different from that for the erythrocytes. The erythrocyte FA profile was more saturated (52.1 ± 1.5% and 32.8 ± 0.9%, respectively) and less monounsaturated (21.0 ± 0.8% and 39.0 ± 2.0%, respectively) than the skeletal muscle FA profile and similarly polyunsaturated. Conclusions: CR modifies erythrocyte lipid composition, mainly omega-6 FAs. Erythrocyte monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and omega-6 FAs, but not the saturated and omega-3 FAs, were significantly positively correlated with skeletal muscle FAs. There is a discordance between saturated and omega-3 FAs from erythrocyte and from muscle, but monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and omega-6 fatty acids are positively correlated.