Time Of Eruption Research Articles

Sequence modeling in zircon double-dating of early Holocene Mt. Erciyes domes (Central Anatolia)

Abstract Mt. Erciyes (3917 m), the highest stratovolcano in Central Anatolia, Turkey, is considered active based on three recently dated early Holocene dome eruptions that were also correlated with tephras in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Despite the demonstrated Holocene activity of Mt. Erciyes, the eruptive chronostratigraphy of these events and their hazard potential for the nearby Kayseri metropolitan area (population ~1.4 million) remain poorly constrained. Here, we apply zircon double-dating (ZDD) based on (U–Th)/He thermochronology and U–Th–Pb crystallization ages, where intra-grain crystallization age differences were used for disequilibrium correction. Individual ZDD ages were refined via sequence modeling to reconstruct the eruption timing of four early Holocene domes peripheral to Mt. Erciyes. Sequence modeling, which incorporated petrological, volcanological, and stratigraphic constraints, yielded the following eruption ages (uncertainties stated at 1σ): 8.8 ± 0.8 ka for stratigraphically directly superimposed Perikartin and Karagullu, 8.9 ± 0.5 ka for Dikkartin, and 9.4 ± 1.3 ka for previously undated Yilanli Dag, located within the perimeter of Kayseri. A model where all four early Holocene domes are assumed to have erupted simultaneously suggests an age of 8.9 ± 0.4 ka. Earlier eruptive phases of Mt. Erciyes were identified by ZDD at ca. 85–88 ka (fall-out deposits and Carik Tepe lava) and at ca. 105 ka (xenoliths from two peripheral scoria cones). Zircon crystallization ages reveal protracted magmatic activity beneath Mt. Erciyes since ca. 800 ka, in agreement with dated volcanic activity, and preceding magmatic phases at ca. 2–3 Ma that included the eruption of the widespread Valibaba Tepe Ignimbrite with a U–Pb zircon age of 2.73 ± 0.02 Ma. A volume estimate for the Quaternary edifice of ~300 km3 translates into an integrated long-term eruptive magma flux of ~0.4 km3/ka for post-collisional Mt. Erciyes, within uncertainty of the Late Pleistocene–Holocene flux estimate of >0.1 km3/ka based on dome volumes and eruption ages. The near-synchronous eruptions of a suite of four evolved domes, in three cases with sizable early explosive venting, calls for a hazard assessment that combines the impact of multiple simultaneous eruptions.

Indicators of permanent teeth eruption in children of Tashkent city and comparative assessment with the data of peers of different Russian cities

Relevance. Characteristics of eruption of secondary teeth is of diagnostic and prognostic interest, is the basis for implementation of targeted therapeutic and preventive measures among children. No research has ever been carried out in Uzbekistan to study an age and gender regional features of secondary teeth eruption. The aim is to determine the timing and symmetry of secondary teeth eruption in children of the city of Tashkent of the Republic of Uzbekistan and comparative assessment with the children of different cities of Russia.Materials and methods. 3,834 children between 3 and 17 years were conducted dental examination. A comparative analysis was made of the initial, intermediate and final periods of eruption of secondary teeth for children of Uzbekistan (Tashkent city) and Russia (Saratov, Izhevsk and Sergach).Results. In Tashkent children of both gender, in most cases, lower teeth were erupted before than their antagonists. In girls, teeth were erupted earlier than their male counterparts. At the initial stage of eruption, asymmetry was more pronounced in boys than in girls, while in the middle and final stages it was more pronounced in the opposite direction. Observed asymmetry of antimere’s teeth were indicated left-handed permanent dentition in boys and right-handed in girls. Children of Tashkent city were observed permanent dentition in one group of teeth 1-16 months earlier, and in others – 1-24 months later than their peers in Russian cities. Revealed differences were more pronounced among boys than among girls. Children in Tashkent differed more from their peers in Sergach and less from those in Izhevsk. Conclusions. Regional peculiarities of permanent dentition in children of Tashkent city and revealed expressed differences with indicators of Russian children are the basis for development of separate age and gender normative assessment permanent dentition tables for children of Uzbekistan.

Four-dimensional thermal evolution of the East African Orogen: accessory phase petrochronology of crustal profiles through the Tanzanian Craton and Mozambique Belt, northeastern Tanzania

U–Pb petrochronology of deep crustal xenoliths and outcrops across northeastern Tanzania track the thermal evolution of the Mozambique Belt and Tanzanian Craton following the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny (EAO) and subsequent Neogene rifting. At the craton margin, the upper–middle crust record thermal quiescence since the Archean (2.8–2.5 Ga zircon, rutile, and apatite in granite and amphibolite xenoliths). The lower crust of the craton documents thermal pulses associated with Neoarchean ultra-high temperature metamorphism (ca. 2.64 Ga, > 900 °C zircon), the EAO (600–500 Ma rutile), and fluid influx during rifting ( 650 °C (above Pb closure of rutile and apatite) at the time of eruption. Zoned titanite records growth during cooling of the lower crust at 550 Ma, followed by fluid influx during slow cooling and exhumation (0.1–1 °C/Myr after 450 Ma). Permissible lower-crustal temperatures for the craton and orogen suggest variable mantle heat flow through the crust and reflect differences in mantle lithosphere thickness rather than advective heating from rifting.

Increasing Activity in T CrB Suggests Nova Eruption Is Impending

Abstract Estimates of the accretion rate in symbiotic recurrent novae (RNe) often fall short of theoretical expectations by orders of magnitude. This apparent discrepancy can be resolved if the accumulation of mass by the white dwarf (WD) is highly sporadic, and most observations are performed during low states. Here we use a re-analysis of archival data from the Digital Access to a Sky Century @Harvard survey to argue that the most recent nova eruption in symbiotic RN T CrB, in 1946, occurred during—and was therefore triggered by—a transient accretion high state. Based on similarities in the optical light curve around 1946 and the time of the prior eruption, in 1866, we suggest that the WD in T CrB accumulates most of the fuel needed to ignite the thermonuclear runaways (TNRs) during accretion high states. A natural origin for such states is dwarf-nova like accretion-disk instabilities, which are expected in the presumably large disks in symbiotic binaries. The timing of the TNRs in symbiotic RNe could thus be set by the stability properties of their accretion disks. T CrB is in the midst of an accretion high state like the ones we posit led to the past two nova eruptions. Combined with the approach of the time at which a TNR would be expected based on the 80 yr interval between the prior two novae (2026 ± 3), the current accretion high state increases the likelihood of a TNR occurring in T CrB in the next few years.

Collapsed upwelling and intensified euxinia in response to climate warming during the Capitanian (Middle Permian) mass extinction

The Middle Permian was marked by a major biotic crisis, in the Capitanian, and the termination of the long-lasting Gondwanan glaciation, which began in the Carboniferous. Eruption of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in South China may have been linked with this event and contemporary changes of ocean circulation. However, causal mechanisms linking the extinction with potential ELIP-climate-ocean co-variations remain poorly constrained. Here we have examined these themes by studying a deep-water section on the margin of the South China continent (lower Yangtze platform margin) region. Our results show chemical weathering increased from the Roadian to the Capitanian suggesting a change from a warm-humid to a hot-humid climate. This trend was enhanced at the time of ELIP eruption in the middle Capitanian. Using the Cd/Mo and Co x Mn proxies reveals that a strong coastal upwelling system with anoxic (but not euxinic) conditions and moderate-high productivity persisted for at least 10 m.y. on the Yangtze Platform margin. However, it abruptly collapsed in the middle Capitanian and then shifted to a relatively restricted but nutrient-enriched system with increased productivity and intensified anoxia. Climate warming slightly precedes these changes, making it likely that it was a primary trigger. Not only does warming slow down ocean circulation, it also promotes the delivery nutrients to the ocean through accelerated continental weathering. All contributed to the intensification and expansion of ocean anoxia-euxinia which occurred immediately prior to the Capitanian biotic crisis. Large-scale volcanic activity of the ELIP likely triggered these decoupled climate-ocean changes. An upwelling regime was re-established in the late Capitanian flowing a cooling that may have been caused by chemical weathering of the Emeishan flood basalts.

Expanding the toolbox for dating basaltic lava sequences: 40 Ar– 39 Ar dating of silicic volcanic glass from interbeds

40 Ar– 39 Ar dating of glass shards from silicic tuffs of the Ellensburg Formation (NW, USA) interbedding basaltic lavas yielded accurate, precise, reproducible plateau and isochron ages that are within error at the 2σ level. The age-spectra have flat plateaus and the inverse isochrons have atmospheric 40 Ar/ 36 Ar at the 2σ level. Ages of 12.00 ± 0.24, 11.37 ± 0.15, 10.67 ± 0.21 and 10.70 ± 0.18 Ma are consistent with the stratigraphy of four of the dated layers; the age of 10.77 ± 0.18 Ma for a fifth layer is at odds with the stratigraphy. This discrepancy arises due to the effect of glass alteration that induced K- and Ar-loss. There is no evidence of excess 40 Ar or 39 Ar recoil. The new ages indirectly constrain the timing of eruption of the lavas above and below the ash beds. This demonstrates that volcanic glass from interbeds can be used as an additional tool for indirectly dating basaltic lava sequences, which is independent of the lavas and complementary to other materials. Considering the numerous studies in which volcanic glass failed to provide reliable 40 Ar– 39 Ar ages, additional and supportive constraints are still needed to assess the validity of the ages from glass shards. Supplementary material : A1 – sample location, stratigraphic position and depositional environments; A2 – electron microprobe information with calibration and sample data; A3 – Ar isotopic data of blanks and samples, data reduction software, J values, criteria for age calculation and images of age spectra and inverse isochrons are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5077705

El Ni\xf1o/Southern Oscillation response to low-latitude volcanic eruptions depends on ocean pre-conditions and eruption timing

Proxy-based reconstructions of the past suggest that the Pacific ocean has often shown El Niño-like warming after low-latitude volcanic eruptions, while climate model simulations have suggested diverse responses. Here we present simulations from a coupled ocean–atmosphere model that illuminate the roles of ocean preconditioning, eruption magnitude and timing, and air–sea feedbacks in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) response to these eruptions. A deterministic component of the response, which dominates for boreal summer eruptions, leads to cooler tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures in the eruption year and El Niño-like warming the following year. A stochastic component is also important, especially for boreal winter eruptions. The simulated ENSO response depends nonlinearly on the eruption magnitude and the tropical Pacific conditions before the eruption. We conclude that adequate sampling is critical to accurately assess the ENSO responses in both models and observations.

Simulation of post-volcanic eruption time variant land use and economic impacts in the Auckland region of New Zealand

Current impact assessment methods do not have the capability to simulate the impacts of volcanic eruptions in both high-resolution spatial detail and as they vary through time under the economic structures of post-hazard event scenarios. We couple a land use change model and an economic model that can simulate post-hazard event economies and the impacts that occur over a 4-year period following a hypothetical eruption for the Auckland region of New Zealand. The eruption scenario includes pyroclastic surges and lava flows that directly impact an urban area of 9600 ha. The results illustrate that because of the cascading impacts on infrastructure networks, disruption to businesses and staff and connections within the economy, land use changes outside of the areas directly impacted by physical volcanic hazards are significant relative to the impacts on land use in areas directly affected by the physical hazards. The results also demonstrate the capability to simulate the dynamic recovery pathway of the economy after the eruption has occurred and that an integrated land use and economic model has the potential to serve as a basis for simulating and evaluating alternative redevelopment strategies for urban areas following volcanic eruptions.

Age and Sequence of Permanent Teeth Eruption in Lebanese Children.

Background The timing of eruption of permanent teeth can be a precious help to the pediatric practitioner in identifying an appropriate treatment plan. Usually, it presents a more precise sign of an early or late growth of the child. Aims It is to determine whether the timing of the permanent teeth eruption in Lebanese pediatric population can be considered as standard Lebanese values, since no other study was previously performed. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study is conducted, and the clinical emergence data are collected for a sample of 2317 Lebanese children aged between 5.5 years and 13 years (1129 girls and 1188 boys) from different socioeconomic groups in rural and urban communities spread over different regions in Lebanon. The study investigates dental emergence patterns. Results Statistical analysis is performed with the SPSS Software. A confidence interval of 95% and significance level of 5% are adopted. The trend is for males to begin their permanent teeth eruption later than girls. Emergence of all permanent mandibular teeth is earlier than maxillary ones. Symmetry is found between the right and left teeth in the maxilla, as well as in the mandibula. Conclusion In this study, the results indicate that premolars and second permanent molars erupt earlier in the Lebanese children compared to children of other countries reflected in several studies.

The Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP), India: A Review

The Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP), India: A Review

Self-Similar Models: Relationship between the Diffusion Entropy Analysis, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and Lévy Models

Financial and geophysical data, like many other low and high frequency time series, are known to exhibit some memory effects. These memory effects may be long or short, permanent or temporal depending on the event that is being modeled. The purpose of this study is to investigate the memory effects characterized by the financial market closing values and volcanic eruption time series as well as to investigate the relation between the self-similar models used and the Lévy process. This paper uses highly effective scaling methods including Lévy processes, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) and Diffusion Entropy Analysis (DEA) to examine long-range persistence behavior in time series by estimating their respective parameters. We use the parameter of the Lévy process (α) characterizing the data and the scaling parameters of DFA (H) and DEA (δ) characterizing the self-similar property to generate a relationship between the three (3) aforementioned scaling methods. Findings from the numerical simulations confirm the existence of long-range persistence (long-memory behavior) in both the financial and geophysical time series. Furthermore, the numerical results from this study indicates an approximate inverse relationship between the parameter of the Lévy process and the scaling parameters of the DFA and DEA (i.e., H , δ ≈ 1 α ), which we prove analytically.

Triggering of eruptions at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge

The submarine volcano Axial Seamount has exhibited an inflation predictable eruption cycle, which allowed for the successful forecast of its 2015 eruption. However, the exact triggering mechanism of its eruptions remains ambiguous. The inflation predictable eruption pattern suggests a magma reservoir pressure threshold at which eruptions occur, and as such, an overpressure eruption triggering mechanism. However, recent models of volcano unrest suggest that eruptions are triggered when conditions of critical stress are achieved in the host rock surrounding a magma reservoir. We test hypotheses of eruption triggering using 3-dimensional finite element models which track stress evolution and mechanical failure in the host rock surrounding the Axial magma reservoir. In addition, we provide an assessment of model sensitivity to various temperature and non-temperature-dependent rheologies and external tectonic stresses. In this way, we assess the contribution of these conditions to volcanic deformation, crustal stress evolution, and eruption forecasts. We conclude that model rheology significantly impacts the predicted timing of through-going failure and eruption. Models consistently predict eruption at a reservoir pressure threshold of 12–14 MPa regardless of assumed model rheology, lending support to the interpretation that eruptions at Axial Seamount are triggered by reservoir overpressurization.

Early Weight Gain Forecasts Accelerated Eruption of Deciduous Teeth and Later Overweight Status during the First Year

To determine whether early diet and weight gain velocity have independent or interactive effects on deciduous teeth emergence and overweight status during the first year. Monthly measures of anthropometry and teeth eruption were collected during a 1-year trial (0.5-12.5months) on formula-fed infants in which the type of randomized infant formula (cow milk or extensively hydrolyzed protein) diet significantly affected early (0.5-4.5months) weight gain velocity. Generalized linear mixed models determined whether early diet and weight gain velocity had independent or interactive effects on timing and pattern of teeth eruption. Data from a trial on breastfed infants were used to explore effects of breast milk vs infant formula diets on teeth eruption and overweight status at 10.5months. Independent of infant formula diet, velocities of weight gain had direct effects on the age of first deciduous tooth (P<.04) and number of erupted teeth over time (P<.002). Greater velocity of weight gain from 0.5 to 4.5months caused earlier and more frequent eruption of deciduous teeth from 4.5 to 12.5months. Exploratory follow-up analyses on the breastfed and formula-fed diet groups found early weight gain velocity (P=.001), but not diet or its interaction, had significant effects. Infants in the upper quartile for weight gain velocity had more primary teeth (P=.002), and a greater proportion of them were overweight (P<.001) at 10.5months. Faster weight gain accretion forecasted accelerated primary teeth eruption and increased percentage of children who were overweight-risk factors for dental caries and obesity. ClinicalTrials.govNCT01700205 [2012-2015] and NCT01667549 [2012-2015].

Simulations of Tephra Fall Deposits From a Bending Eruption Plume and the Optimum Model for Particle Release

AbstractWe developed a simulation code named WT, which calculates tephra fallout from eruption plumes bent by wind. This proposed model assumes a series of radial particle sources arraying along the theoretically predicted trajectory of the plume center. To validate WT, we reconstructed the tephra dispersal during the 2011 sub‐Plinian eruption of Shinmoedake in Japan. This eruption was ideal for the validation because it was observed through various approaches; however, high‐resolution data of the fluctuating plume height made it difficult to determine a representative eruption time and plume height for running the simulations. Also, the amount of particle segregation along the plume could not be determined a priori. We thus implemented inversion calculations to study the optimum particle segregation pattern for possible ranges of time and the plume height, and the misfit between the observed and calculated mass loadings on the ground was evaluated. After this process and the following analysis, the optimum eruption time was determined for one of three major explosions (18:00 Japan Standard Time on 26 January). The optimum plume height was estimated to be 4 km above sea level, slightly lower than the estimation derived by the weather satellite (5 km). When wind shear exists, the WT model has a significant advantage in reconstructing tephra dispersal over the classical code named Tephra2, the prototype of WT. The WT inversion implies a simple segregation model from a well‐mixed plume, and further studies on particle segregation patterns will help to improve the accuracy of forward WT simulations.

The oral health status and dental treatment needs of children affected by osteogenesis imperfecta – part I

Introduction. Osteogenesis imperfecta is an inherited disorder of the connective tissue. Which in most cases, is caused by mutations in the genes encoding collagen type I. Apart from clinical features, there are characteristic dental aberrations. Aim. The purpose of this research was the assessment of the condition of teeth and therapeutic needs of children with the congenital brittle bone disease. Material and methods. The questionnaires with patient’s parents, consisting medical history and dental history were performed. The intra-oral examination included the condition of the dentition, the presence of dentinogenesis imperfecta, malocclusion, the assessment of the attrition index and dmft/DMFT index. Results. 62 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta were examined – 32 boys and 30 girls. There were normal eruption times of deciduous (48 patients – 77.42%) and permanent teeth (34 patients – 82.93%) reported in the majority of the patients with OI. In most cases bad eating and hygienic habits were observed. Dentinogenesis imperfecta in deciduous and permanent teeth was reported mostly in type III of OI. dmft/DMFT index among children with OI were low in comparison to the population studies of corresponding age groups. Conclusions. Despite bad eating and hygienic habits as well as pathological structure of dentition of patients with the congenital brittle bone disease, caries index among these children were low in comparison to the population studies of corresponding age groups.

Time constraints on Early Tonian Rifting and Cryogenian Arc terrane-continent convergence along the northern margin of the West African craton: Insights from SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology in the Pan-African Anti-Atlas belt (Morocco)

The Neoproterozoic Anti-Atlas belt (Morocco) is a key segment in tracing the history of the northern margin of the West African craton (WAC) from Rodinia breakup to Gondwana assembly. In order to constrain geodynamic events related to rifting and convergence and their stratigraphic records, a radiometric study was carried out on the volcano-sedimentary Tachdamt and Bleïda Formations. The volcaniclastic deposits of Tachdamt Fm. yield an age of ca. 883 Ma and provide a new constraint for the timing of the subaqueous volcanic eruption and the initiation of rifting in the Anti-Atlas. This age is ~100 my older than the previous age of 788 ± 10 Ma obtained from Rb/Sr isotope dating (Clauer, 1976). Available zircon data from the interbedded clastic deposits from Tachdamt Fm. indicate major shifts in provenance during the rifting with sediments sourced from the WAC and a nearby Grenvillian terrane. Detrital zircon ages from metasiltstones of Bleïda Fm. set a maximum depositional age at ca. 700 Ma. The age spectra discloses a major shift in sediment input with provenance from the WAC, Grenvillian terrane and an arc-related terrane (ca. 770–700 Ma) lying along the Anti-Atlas margin. The newly obtained results combined with existing radiometric data allowed the refinement of the stratigraphic and geotectonic framework of the pre-Pan-African strata in the WAC. The Early Tonian syn-rift volcanism has much in common with similar events in other cratons and provides a stratigraphic record for incipient Rodinia breakup. The overlying Bleïda Fm. deposited in a peripheral foreland basin chronicles the Cryogenian arrival of the ca. 770–700 Ma Bou Azzer-Siroua arc-related terrane at the Anti-Atlas margin, and correlates with initial accretion in West Gondwana. The new results indicate that the Grenvillian detrital input in the Anti-Atlas during both geodynamic stages points toward a possible Mesoproterozoic terrane existing along the western margin of the WAC.

Age estimation from eruption of permanent teeth in school children

Aim: To study the age estimation from eruption of permanent teeth in school children. Objective: 1) To study eruption of permanent teeth in a child of age group from 6 years to 14 years. 2) To study and compare eruption timings of maxillary and mandibular teeth between boys and girls. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study. A random sample of 180 school children in the age group of 6 to 14 years was selected. The mean age of eruption of individual permanent teeth was recorded and result was analysis. Result: The study population included 99 boys constituting 54.995% and 81 girls constituting 44.997% of the total sample. In the age group of 6 years, the first permanent molar teeth was found to be erupted. In the age group of 14 years, all the permanent teeth except third molar had erupted. Girls showed early tooth eruption compared to boys. Mandibular teeth erupted earlier than maxillary teeth in both the sexes. Right and left side teeth erupted at same time in both the arches. Conclusion: The mean ages of eruption obtained from the present study are strikingly comparable with those of other investigators in different population across the world. Keywords: Federation Dentaire International (FDI).

MSX1 is differentially expressed in the deepest impacted maxillary third molars.

An impacted third molar is one of the most common dental abnormalities. Among the reasons for impaction the most common are: insufficient space, time of eruption, improper position of the tooth bud, and genetic disruptions. To investigate if runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) are differently expressed depending on the position of the molar, we studied 32 patients who had been referred for surgical removal. An orthopantomogram was used to separate them according to Winter's, and Pell & Gregory's, classifications. Bone samples were harvested during the operation for gene expression assay. The Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's post hoc, and Spearman's correlation, tests were used to assess the significance of differences. No correlations were found in expression of the genes, and no differences between expression in maxillary and mandibular third molars, nor were they expressed differently according to Winter's or Pell and Gregory's classifications or in relation to impaction of the mandibular ramus. However, MSX1 was expressed differently when account was taken of the depth of impaction in maxillary third molars (p = 0.029), but there was no difference in expression of RUNX2, BMP2, and MSX1 for the Pell and Gregory classification of depth of impaction (p > 0.05). We conclude that MSX1 is expressed differently depending on the depth of maxillary impaction phenotypes.

Precision Seismic Monitoring and Analysis at Axial Seamount Using a Real‐Time Double‐Difference System

AbstractSeven three‐component ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Cabled Array on top of Axial Seamount are continuously streaming data in real time to the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). The OBS array records earthquakes from the submarine volcano which last erupted on 24 April 2015, about 4 months after the array came online. The OBS data have proven crucial in providing insight into the volcano structure and dynamics (Wilcock et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5563). We implemented a real‐time double‐difference (RT‐DD) monitoring system that automatically computes high‐precision (tens of meters) locations of new earthquakes. The system's underlying double‐difference base catalog includes nearly 100,000 earthquakes and was computed using kurtosis phase onset picks, cross‐correlation phase delay times, and 3‐D P and S velocity models to predict the data. The relocations reveal the fine‐scale structures of long‐lived, narrow (&lt;200 m wide), outward dipping, convex faults on the east and west walls of the caldera that appear to form a figure 8‐shaped ring fault system. These faults accommodate stresses caused by the inflation of magma prior to and deflation during eruptions. The east fault is segmented and pulled apart in east‐west direction due to its interaction with the Juan de Fuca Ridge, which at this location forms an overlapping spreading center. The RT‐DD system enables the monitoring and rapid analysis of variations in fine‐scale seismic and fault properties and has the potential to improve prediction of timing and location of the next Axial eruption expected to occur in the 2022–2023 time frame.

Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

Large Igneous Province eruptions coincide with many major Phanerozoic mass extinctions, suggesting a cause-effect relationship where volcanic degassing triggers global climatic changes. In order to fully understand this relationship, it is necessary to constrain the quantity and type of degassed magmatic volatiles, and to determine the depth of their source and the timing of eruption. Here we present direct evidence of abundant CO2 in basaltic rocks from the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), through investigation of gas exsolution bubbles preserved by melt inclusions. Our results indicate abundance of CO2 and a mantle and/or lower-middle crustal origin for at least part of the degassed carbon. The presence of deep carbon is a key control on the emplacement mode of CAMP magmas, favouring rapid eruption pulses (a few centuries each). Our estimates suggest that the amount of CO2 that each CAMP magmatic pulse injected into the end-Triassic atmosphere is comparable to the amount of anthropogenic emissions projected for the 21st century. Such large volumes of volcanic CO2 likely contributed to end-Triassic global warming and ocean acidification.