Procedural Errors Research Articles

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa Menggunakan Tahapan Kastolan Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita

The purpose of this research was to determine the types and factors of errors made by grade VII students of SMP St. Yosef Maubesi in solving story problems on the subject of operations in algebraic forms. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research subjects were students of class VII SMP St. Yosef Maubesi. Data collection techniques used are tests, interviews, and documentation. The instruments in this research were the researcher, the test sheet, and the interview guide. Based on the results, it was found that conceptual errors were made by subjects 1, 2, and 3 on the questions being worked on. The cause of the subject making mistakes is that students do not understand the meaning of the question and students do not know the formula used. Procedural errors were made by subjects 1, 2, and 3 on the questions being worked on. The cause of the subject making mistakes is that students are not careful in the work process and technical errors are made by subjects 1, 2, and 3 on the questions being worked on. The causes of the subject making mistakes are: students are in a hurry to write the ending and do not understand the calculation process and students do not re-check the results of their work.

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika Berdasarkan Teori Kastolan

This study aims to determine the percentage of errors produced by students according to Kastolan theory, the error's location, and the factors contributing to those errors when doing Mathematic. The study used the descriptive qualitative method. Based on the Kastolan theory, this study attempts to describe student errors in resolving mathematical problems. In this study, the instrument is a written test. The results showed that the conceptual error in question 1 was 71%, the procedural error was 67%, and the technical error was 65%. In question 2, there are 69% conceptual errors, 55% procedural errors, and 48% technical errors. While the conceptual error is 63%, the procedural error is 57%, and the technical error is 47% in question number 3. As a result, it showed that students' most common errors are conceptual. Students make mistakes when solving problems in the Two-variable Linear Equation System for a variety of reasons, including 1) lack of understanding of the questions given, leading to confusion in solving problems; 2) lack of caution in calculations, leading to incorrect results; 3) lack of ability to change the form of the problem into a mathematical model, and 4) lack of knowledge of the steps in solving the problem.

Quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate students using nickel-titanium reciprocating versus hand instruments.

To compare the technical quality of root canal treatment (RCT) depending on the incidence of procedural errors performed by undergraduate students using nickel-titanium reciprocating and conventional hand instrumentation techniques, and to assess the impact of case difficulty and localization of the teeth (maxillary or mandibular molars). Dental records and periapical radiographs of molars that were treated with either hand or reciprocating WaveOne (WO) instruments were evaluated retrospectively. The technical quality of RCTs, the incidence of ledge formation, perforation, instrument fracture, overinstrumentation, underfilling, overfilling, inadequate root canal filling, and the effects of case difficulty and tooth localization were compared using the chi-square test with a significance of 5% (α=0.05). While overinstrumentation was more frequent in the WO group (247 teeth), the incidence of inadequate root canal fillings was higher in the hand instrumentation group (245 teeth) (p<0.01). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of other procedural errors (p>0.05). The number of teeth with acceptable technical quality in preparation and obturation was 172 (69.6%) in the WO group, whereas it was 142 (58%) in the hand instrumentation group, presenting a significant difference between the instrumentation techniques (p<0.01). Higher technical quality rates were observed with WO instrumentation in the high difficulty category and in maxillary teeth (p<0.01). Higher technical quality in preparation and obturation can be achieved with WO reciprocating instruments and file-matched greater tapered gutta-percha cones. No significant difference was observed between the groups in the incidence of procedural errors except for overinstrumentation and insufficient root canal filling. WO instrumentation and obturation with file-matched greater tapered gutta-percha cones provided better technical quality in the high difficulty category and in maxillary teeth.

Precision of &lt;em&gt;In Vivo&lt;/em&gt; Quantitative Tooth Wear Measurement Using Intra-Oral Scans

Quantitative wear measurement is of increasing interest for measuring tooth wear progression. However, most research on quantitative wear measurement has focused on simulated wear or scanned gypsum casts. A 3D Wear Analysis (3DWA) protocol has been developed that analyzes tooth wear in vivo through intra-oral scanners available to dental clinicians. This study investigated the precision of the 3DWA protocol for measuring wear through maximum height loss (mm) and volume change (mm3). Observational prospective wear data from 55 patients were analyzed after 0-1-, 0-3-, and 0-5-year intervals to determine rates of wear, and convenience samples were chosen to test the protocol's precision on dentitions scanned twice in one sitting and its intra- and inter-rater precision on scans with 0-3- and 0-5-year intervals. Scans were made using intra-oral scanners (IOS) and superimposed using 3D measurement software. T-tests were performed to determine the structural and random error, and trimmed ranges were calculated to interpret the error. For protocol precision, the mean difference was 0.015 mm (-0.002; 0.032, p = 0.076) for height and -0.111 mm3 (-0.250; 0.023, p = 0.101) for volume. The duplicate measurement error was 0.062 mm for height and 0.268 mm3 for volume. The height measurements were precise enough to measure wear after intervals of 0-3 or 0-5 years; however, volume measurements were susceptible to procedural error and operator sensitivity. The 3DWA protocol is precise enough to adequately measure tooth height loss after intervals of a minimum of 3 years or in patients with severe wear progression, but it is not suited to measuring volumetric changes.

Precision of In Vivo Quantitative Tooth Wear Measurement using Intra-Oral Scans.

Quantitative wear measurement is of increasing interest for measuring tooth wear progression. However, most research on quantitative wear measurement has focused on simulated wear or scanned gypsum casts. A 3D Wear Analysis (3DWA) protocol has been developed that analyzes tooth wear in vivo through intra-oral scanners available to dental clinicians. This study investigated the precision of the 3DWA protocol for measuring wear through maximum height loss (mm) and volume change (mm3). Observational prospective wear data from 55 patients were analyzed after 0-1-, 0-3-, and 0-5-year intervals to determine rates of wear, and convenience samples were chosen to test the protocol's precision on dentitions scanned twice in one sitting and its intra- and inter-rater precision on scans with 0-3- and 0-5-year intervals. Scans were made using intra-oral scanners (IOS) and superimposed using 3D measurement software. T-tests were performed to determine the structural and random error, and trimmed ranges were calculated to interpret the error. For protocol precision, the mean difference was 0.015 mm (-0.002; 0.032, p = 0.076) for height and -0.111 mm3 (-0.250; 0.023, p = 0.101) for volume. The duplicate measurement error was 0.062 mm for height and 0.268 mm3 for volume. The height measurements were precise enough to measure wear after intervals of 0-3 or 0-5 years; however, volume measurements were susceptible to procedural error and operator sensitivity. The 3DWA protocol is precise enough to adequately measure tooth height loss after intervals of a minimum of 3 years or in patients with severe wear progression, but it is not suited to measuring volumetric changes.

Virtual 3D tooth creation for personized haptic simulation training in access cavity preparation

Personalized medicine is a new medical concept to achieve patient-centered care. In dentistry, it is recognized for the customization of operative strategies and managements for oral diseases. Access cavity preparation in endodontic treatment is an irreversible procedure. Endodontic training will be more realistic by the implementation of clinical relevant 3D virtual reality technology. In this article, the authors first presented a personized case from a real patient to provide assess cavity preparation in haptic virtual reality dental simulator Simodont® (Nissin Dental Products Inc., Nieuw-Vennep, Netherlands). The practical framework to generate STL from cone beam computed tomography was demonstrated. A case of virtual tooth #26 access cavity preparation in Simodont® was established for trainee unlimited practices before performing the clinical procedure on a real patient. Taken together, access cavity preparation in a virtual environment using a 3D personized tooth may minimize procedural errors and facilitate clinical treatment outcome.

Assessment of the Relationship between Maxillary Posterior Teeth and Maxillary Sinus Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

Introduction Because of the close contact between maxillary sinus and maxillary posterior teeth, procedural errors such as perforation of the sinus may occur during surgical intervention resulting in oroantral communication, which if not corrected, would develop into a fistula. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between maxillary posterior teeth and maxillary sinus floor in a population of the western area of Saudi Arabia, and if age, gender, and size may affect such distance. Materials and Methods This retrospective study evaluated 539 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs of patients over 20 years of age. Patients were divided into four groups according to age: group I (20–30 years), group II (31–40 years), group III (41–50 years), and group IV (more than 50 years). From coronal and sagittal images of CBCT, the vertical distance between the posterior maxillary root and the maxillary sinus was measured and classified according to its proximity to the maxillary sinus. Results Gender and size did not significantly affect the distance between maxillary posterior root and maxillary sinus. However, there was a significant increase in this distance with increased age. Mesiobuccal root of the second molar was the nearest root to the maxillary sinus (0.8 ± 1.62, p < 0.001), while the buccal root of the first premolar was the farthest root (5.39 ± 3.26, p < 0.001). Conclusion Regarding the population of this study, the buccal roots of the second molars are the closest to the sinus floor. Complications associated with maxillary molar extraction and implantation are greater at a younger age. Because the distance between posterior maxillary teeth and maxillary sinus was mostly type 1 (0–2 mm), clinicians are advised to perform CBCT to get a better understanding of the relationship between maxillary posterior roots and maxillary sinus before surgical intervention.

Critical Inclination of Failure Surface and Seismic Active Earth Thrust for a Broken Slope Backfill

This paper presents an analytical approach, based on the limit-equilibrium state, to determine the critical inclination of failure surface and active earth thrust for a cohesive-frictional backfill with a broken slope and a surcharge load at a constant distance from a retaining wall under the seismic condition. A combined analysis using Mononobe-Okabe’s and Culmann’s methods within a trial and error procedure is performed in this study. The influences of several parameters such as wall height, surcharge magnitude, cohesion, and internal friction angle of the backfill, adhesion between the wall-backfill interface, tension cracks, horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration coefficients have been investigated on the critical inclination of failure surface and the active earth thrust. Additionally, the performance of the proposed approach is explored by geotechnical software (Geo5) and two available methods in the literature. All of the results and the detailed comparisons are given in tabular and graphical forms.

Slow learners’ performance in solving mathematical problems in the inclusive classroom

Several studies have been carried out to uncover errors made by students in solving mathematical problems. However, there are few studies related to this kind of research specializing in students with special needs, in this case, slow learners, especially in Indonesia. In addition, the study did not classify the errors into the category of mathematical errors, so the location of the errors was not mapped. This study aimed to describe the performance of slow learners in solving mathematical problems, which are analyzed by the locations of errors based on the Newman procedure and categorized by Elbrink’s classification. This study also aimed to reveal the causes of errors made by slow learners in solving mathematical problems by confirming the characteristics of slow learners. The subject of this research was two eighth-graders who are considered slow learners in an inclusive junior high school. The data were collected through written tasks and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that both subjects could perform the reading and comprehension stages. However, they faced difficulties performing the transformation, process skills, and encoding that led to errors. The error categories were calculation, procedural, and symbolic errors. These errors were caused by the limited cognitive abilities of slow learners, their poor memory and concentration skills, and less variety of teaching methods by the teacher. The results of this study can become a reference for mathematics teachers to determine alternative strategies for overcoming errors made by slow learners in solving mathematical problems.

O-004 The bias is out of the bag: IVF culture dish well number influences embryo selection decision-making and implantation outcome

Abstract Study question Is there a selection bias against embryos placed in higher-numbered wells inside a multi-well IVF culture dish. Does this selection bias alone impact implantation outcomes? Summary answer Top-quality embryos present in higher-numbered wells are statistically less likely to be selected for transfer, independent of any differences in quality or development between wells. What is known already Substantial intra-and inter-observer variability in embryo selection, as well as differences in quality assessment and laboratory environment, have been shown to affect IVF success. Currently many clinics have adopted stringent guidelines to control for human errors and workflow variation. Still, the impact of errors in laboratory and medical procedures was reported as high as 12%. This is particularly relevant for the IVF lab, where high workload and stress influence rate of errors and patient outcome. This groundbreaking study emphasizes how cognitive tendencies are inherent to the embryo selection process. Study design, size, duration This study used a retrospective dataset from three highly experienced fertility clinics (1 US and 2 European clinics). A total of 4,275 Fresh IVF cycles were analyzed. For each treatment cycle, embryo quality grades, corresponding embryo well numbers, day 5 selection and implantation outcomes were documented. All cycles were performed using the EmbryoSlide 12-well culture dish and a time-lapse system. All three datasets were analyzed separately and also combined. Participants/materials, setting, methods For each dataset, three analyses were conducted: (1) total number of selected embryos were calculated for each corresponding well number; (II) the proportion of implanted embryos, relative to the total number of selected embryos, were quantified to calculate the “success rate” for each well number; (II) the distribution of top-quality embryos between wells were quantified and compared. Results were normalized by total number of transferred embryos and IVF implantation success rates reported for each clinic. Main results and the role of chance A negative trend was found between well number, ranging from 1-12, and number of embryos selected for transfer. This trend was significant (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and occurred independently in each dataset. Odds ratios (OR) for the relation between selecting embryos for transfer from wells 1-5, and from 8-12 = Clinic A: 2.16, Clinic B: 1.78, Clinic C: 2.45. Alternative hypotheses were tested: (1) top-quality embryos are clustered in lower-numbered wells during culture; (2) enhanced embryo quality and conditions are found in lower-numbered wells, which should manifest in higher rates of implantation. Results for each clinic showed a statistically even distribution of top-quality embryos between wells (within 2 standard deviations from the mean; not significant), yet ‘success rate’ for transferred embryos increased by well number (by 12-30% between wells 1-5 and wells 8-12; OR = 1.19, 1.06, 1.08 for Clinic A, B, and C, respectively). An inverse trend existed between an embryo’s likelihood of being selected for transfer, and its likelihood of implanting. We conclude that embryologists may tend to select the first acceptable embryo for transfer. Embryos from higher-numbered wells were significantly more likely to implant, since they overcame this bias when equitably evaluated and selected for transfer. Limitations, reasons for caution Though our findings were significant, they need to be repeated on larger datasets with more inter-centre variation, and key embryo culture and outcome variables recorded. Wider implications of the findings This study emphasizes the inherent human error that exists inside IVF clinics. Machine learning systems that reduce human bias and increase objective standardization, even if they are not inherently better than embryologists, would improve implantation rates. Future studies should be directed toward AI based technologies that can accomplish this. Trial registration number Not Applicable

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Persamaan Linear Satu Variabel Berdasarkan Teori Kastolan

This study aims to find out student errors in solving linear equations of one variable based on Kastolan's theory. This study is descriptive research. The data collection technics that are used are 1) a test to solve the story problems of linear equations of one variable based on the Kastolan theory, 2) an interview with all subjects, and 3) documentation. The subjects of this study were seventh-grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Boleng, West Manggarai Regency, NTT with 20 students categorized based on their errors in Kastolan theory. The study results showed that 1) 36.66% of students made conceptual errors in understanding the concept of the meaning of the problem, 2) 58.33% of students made procedural errors by not following the steps in solving the problem and not writing the conclusion at the end of the answer, and 3) 35% of students made operations technical errors in calculating the value of solving problems and errors in writing variables and constants. The factors that are causing these errors because students do not understand the meaning of the questions, are not serious in answering questions and do not review the results of the assignment

Malpractice lawsuits in orthopedic trauma surgery: a meta-analysis of the literature.

The objectives for this study were to identify whether diagnostic or procedural errors more commonly resulted in lawsuit, as well as to elucidate how specific variables affected mean indemnity. Systematic review of English-language articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases (through 2020) using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate measures of proportions and differences in mean indemnity. The estimated probability of lawsuits related to orthopedic trauma in overall studies was 23.3%. There were no significant rate differences between main causes of claims (diagnostic vs procedural errors) and areas of injury (upper vs lower). There was no significant difference of mean indemnity between the probabilities of trauma-related claims, diagnostic error, and procedural error. Non-trauma cases were more likely to result in lawsuit than trauma cases. Procedural errors accounted for most malpractice claims. The average indemnity increased according to the higher diagnostic errors, while the indemnity was lower with a relatively higher proportion of procedural errors. The most common cause of litigation varied between studies; however, among the most cited reasons were missed diagnosis/error in diagnosis, improper/substandard surgical performance, and, though not specifically studied in this analysis, errors of informed consent. Economic and Decision Analyses Level VI.

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa dalam Mengerjakan Soal Bilangan Berpangkat dan Bentuk Akar Berdasarkan Kriteria Kastolan

The focus of this research is to use Kastolan's criteria to identify errors made by students when solving math problems involving exponents and root form. Kastolan divides error criteria into three categories: conceptual, procedural, and technical. This study does include six students from MTS Negeri 1 Serang City. With test instruments, interviews, and documentation, the qualitative descriptive method was used. Data analysis techniques include the processes of data collection, data reduction, and conclusion. According to the findings, the most common errors made by students were procedural errors 27,8%, conceptual errors 13,7%, and engineering errors 8,3%. The form of conceptual errors that are done, among others, students misinterpret the problem and use the wrong formula in solving the problem. Form of procedural errors that students do not perform the appropriate and systematic completion steps, and do not solve the problem to the simplest form. While the form of technical errors that are done is the wrong students in the calculation process or in the calculation operation because of the lack of accuracy and hurry to quickly solve the problem

A Comparative Study of Two Martensitic Alloy Systems in Endodontic Files Carried out by Unskilled Hands

The aim of this study was to compare the behavior of two heat-treated file systems on resin blocks in unskilled hands. For this purpose, an in vitro, randomized, cross-sectional study was conducted to compare ProTaper Gold (PTG) with BlueShaper (BS) files. A total of 81 resin blocks were used and analyzed photographically to assess the amount of material removed during instrumentation. PTG removed more material on the outside of the curve in the coronal and apical third, while BS removed more material on the inner part of the curve in the middle third. The procedural errors observed in the total sample were apical transportation (33.8%), blockages (4.9%), ledges (3.7%), and canal perforation. PTG produced more apical transportation, and there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the formation of ledges, canal perforations, or blockages. No file fractures were recorded during the study. Within the limitations of this study, we can affirm that neither file excessively deformed the artificial canals, and the PTG file produced more apical transportation.

Using Watson Criteria for Analyzing Student Errors: Systematic Literature Review (SLR)

This study aims to analyze the distribution of research related to the use of the Watson criteria in analyzing student errors at all levels of education. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The sample consists of 42 results of qualitative research on the use of Watson's criteria in analyzing student errors. Samples were taken from indexed journals published in the 2017-2021 period. The key question of this research is how the description of the distribution of research related to the use of the Watson criteria in analyzing student errors, is reviewed based on the year of publication, level of research, methods used, number of subjects, types of questions, demographics, and types of errors made by students. Through the SLR method, it was found that there was an increase and decrease in the number of studies over the last five years. Based on the criteria for junior high school level studies, the use of descriptive qualitative methods, using story questions, with less than 30 subjects, and the demographics of research on the island of Java are the most dominant. The most dominant student errors are procedural errors and missing conclusions. This becomes very important to be considered in learning mathematics.

Discrimination, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of metric-based assessment of an unstable pertrochanteric 31A2 intramedullary nailing procedure performed by experienced and novice surgeons

IntroductionIdentifying objective performance metrics for surgical training in orthopedic surgery is imperative for effective training and patient safety. The objective of this study was to determine if an internationally agreed, metric-based objective assessment of video recordings of an unstable pertrochanteric 31A2 intramedullary nailing procedure distinguished between the performance of experienced and novice orthopedic surgeons. Materials and methodsPreviously agreed procedure metrics (i.e., 15 phases of the procedure, 75 steps, 88 errors, and 28 sentinel errors) for a closed reduction and standard cephalomedullary nail fixation with a single cephalic element of an unstable pertrochanteric 31A2 fracture. Experienced surgeons trained to assess the performance metrics with an interrater reliability (IRR) > 0.8 assessed 14 videos from 10 novice surgeons (orthopaedic residents/trainees) and 20 videos from 14 experienced surgeons (orthopaedic surgeons) blinded to group and procedure order. ResultsThe mean IRR of procedure assessments was 0.97. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups for Procedure Steps, Errors, Sentinel Errors, and Total Errors. A small number of Experienced surgeons made a similar number of Total Errors as the weakest performing Novices. When the scores of each group were divided at the median Total Error score, large differences were observed between the Experienced surgeons who made the fewest errors and the Novices making the most errors (p < 0.001). Experienced surgeons who made the most errors made significantly more than their Experienced peers (p < 0.003) and the best performing Novices (p < 0.001). Error metrics assessed with Area Under the Curve demonstrated good to excellent Sensitivity and Specificity (0.807–0.907). DiscussionBinary performance metrics previously agreed by an international Delphi meeting discriminated between the objectively assessed video-recorded performance of Experienced and Novice orthopedic surgeons when group scores were sub-divided at the median for Total Errors. Error metrics discriminated best and also demonstrated good to excellent Sensitivity and Specificity. Some very experienced surgeons performed similar to the Novice group surgeons that made most errors. ConclusionsThe procedure metrics used in this study reliably distinguish Novice and Experienced orthopaedic surgeons' performance and will underpin quality-assured novice training.

10. Do Plastic Surgery Residents Get Sued? An Analysis of Malpractice Lawsuits

Background: Residents may be implicated in malpractice lawsuits. Our study aims to examine medical malpractice lawsuits involving plastic surgery trainees. Methods: Using the LexisNexis legal database, jury verdicts and settlements from all appellate state and federal cases between February 1988 and 2020 were queried, and a non-representative sample of over 300 cases was compiled, each of which were manually reviewed by 2 authors (A.G. and S.J.). Results: During a 30-year period, 22 malpractice cases involving plastic surgery trainees were identified. Of these cases, 15 (68.2%) involved claims in which a trainee was directly named as a defendant. A total of 18 (81.8%) cases were due to procedural-related adverse outcomes, while 4 (18.2%) cases were associated with clinical or diagnostic-related adverse outcomes. Of the procedure-related cases, 5 (27.8%) occurred when the trainee was the lead surgeon. Allegations raised by plaintiffs included lack of informed consent of procedure complications (12, 54.5%), procedural error (11, 50%), failure to supervise a trainee (11, 50%), inexperience of the trainee (8, 36.4%), incorrect diagnosis or treatment (5, 22.7%), a delay in evaluation (3 cases, 13.6%), lack of informed consent of resident being involved (3, 13.6%), lack of follow-up care (3, 13.6%), and prolonged operative time (1, 4.5%). The median time from injury to lawsuit resolution was 3.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 3-5 years). Verdicts were ruled in favor of the defense in 9 (40.9%) cases and for the plaintiff in 6 (27.3%) cases. A settlement was made in 7 (31.8%) cases. The median payout for plaintiff-won cases was $5,100,000 (IQR $1,530,000-$17,500,000), and the median settlement was $2,500,000 (IQR $262,500-$4,410,000).?? Conclusion: Procedural error, improper informed consent, improper trainee supervision, and resident inexperience were the most common allegations proposed by patients in cases involving plastic surgery trainees. These factors can lead to an enduring financial and psychological burden early on in a physician’s career, as well as poor health outcomes. Highlighting these issues during medical education may decrease physician malpractice risk, lower the incidence of burnout, and ultimately improve patient satisfaction and outcomes.

MAIN ERRORS IN THE SYSTEM OF THE STATE LAND CADASTRE

It is devoted to the problem of spreading errors in the information of the State Land Cadastre, the reasons for their occurrence and the procedure for editing errors. The main types of errors in the information of the State Land Cadastre, the reasons for their spread, ways to solve. The algorithm of actions at detection of such errors by the interested persons (legal or physical) and the state cadastral registrar is considered. The article reflects the powers of the state cadastral registrar in correcting various types of errors. &#x0D; The main types of errors in the information of the State Land Cadastre are: technical errors that arose due to / not through the fault of the body conducting the DZK; errors caused by existing errors in other documents.&#x0D; The interested person who found an error in the information of the State Land Cadastre should apply to the body conducting the State Land Registry with a notice, which must comply with a certain annex to the Procedure for maintaining the State Land Cadastre (depending on the type of error).&#x0D; The state cadastral registrar corrects the detected errors on the basis of the application, the document in which there is an error and the document establishing the right to land. He must then provide an extract or certificate certifying that the error found has been corrected.

Analysis Of Student’s Error In Solving Linear Inequality

The purpose of this study is to describe the analyses of errors that students make in solving Linear Inequality. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Questions were given to 3 students of Mathematic program of Pahlawan University. The data collection techniques in this study were the results of students' written tests and the results of interviews related to the results of students' written tests. Based on the results of the research conducted, it is known that the types of student mistakes math in solving the linear inequality problem are: a) Conceptual errors making graphic error solution, error in using the concept of a variable that will be used, identify what is asked and choosing error symbol, and b) Procedural errors include: error in choosing the strategy to be used in problem solving, error in apply strategy to solve the problem and error in viewing return what is the solution obtained is in accordance with what known and asked. Based on the result, the students should be given a meaningful learning to not only memorize the formula but also solve the linear inequality.

The quest for harmonisation in anti-doping: an Indian perspective

The World Anti-Doping Agency aims to promote clean sport through the introduction and implementation of harmonised rules under the World Anti-Doping Code, 2021 (the Code). Since WADA relies heavily on National Anti-Doping Organisations to implement the Code, the experience of anti-doping differs across countries. Some scholars argue that the current framework disproportionately impacts athletes from developing countries. This paper contributes to this debate by analysing systemic issues in the implementation of the Code in one such country—India. The legitimacy of anti-doping in India has been questioned as a result of the recent suspension of the National Dope-Testing Laboratory, a series of false positive tests, accusations of significant procedural and substantive errors by domestic tribunals, and access to justice challenges. Given the prevalence of doping in India, alongside the accumulation of recent controversies and push for reform, a deeper analysis of anti-doping in the country is warranted. The lack of compliance in India with certain requirements set out in the Code, as well as the failure to meet “best practice” standards set by other jurisdictions, is evidence that there is a lack of harmonisation in implementing anti-doping rules and procedures across countries. This paper contributes to the debate on the impact that a lack of harmonisation in the implementation of the Code can have on the legitimacy of the anti-doping framework. From a policy perspective, the proposed research agenda and recommendations can be applied to promote reform in India and other jurisdictions, especially in developing and emerging countries.