Error Transfer Research Articles

The Description and Application of BRDF Based on Shape Vectors for Typical Landcovers

As the inherent attribute of land cover, anisotropy leads to the heterogeneity of directional reflection; meanwhile, it creates the opportunity for retrieving characteristics of land surface based on multi-angle observations. BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) is the theoretical expression of anisotropy and describes the reflectance in terms of incident-view geometry. Prior BRDF knowledge is used to achieve the multi-angle retrieval for earth observation systems with a narrow FOV (Field of View). Shape indicators are a feasible way to capture the characteristics of BRDF or to build an a priori database of BRDF. However, existing shape indicators based on the ratio of reflectance or the weight of scattering effects are too rough to describe the BRDF’s shape. Thus, it is necessary to propose new shape vectors to satisfy the demand. We selected six typical land covers from MODIS-MCD12 on the homogeneous underlayers as the study sites in North America. The daily BRDF is retrieved by MODIS-BRDF parameters and the RossThick-LiSparseR model. When the SZA (Solar Zenith Angle) is set at 45°, seven directions (−70°, −45°, −20°, 0°, 20°, 45°, and 70°) including edge spot, zenith spot, hot spot and approximate dark spot of the BRDF principal plane were selected to construct two vectors by the change rate of reflectance and angle formulation: Partial Anisotropic Vector (PAV) and Angular Effect Vector (AEV). Then, we assessed the effectiveness of PAV and AEV compared with ANIX (Anisotropic Index), ANIF (Anisotropic Factor) and AFX (Anisotropic Flat Index) by two typical BRDF shapes. The representativeness of PAV and AEV for the original BRDF was also assessed by cosine similarity and error transfer function. Lastly, the application of hot spot components in AEV for land cover classification, the monitoring of land cover in mining areas and the adjustment effect by NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were investigated. The results show that (1) the shape vectors have good representativeness compared with original BRDF. The representativeness of PAV assessed by cosine similarity is 0.980, 0.979 and 0.969, and the representativeness of AEV assessed by error transfer function is 0.987, 0.991 and 0.994 in the three MODIS broadbands of Near Infrared (NIR, 0.7–5.0 µm), Short Wave (SW, 0.3–5.0 µm) and Visible (VIS, 0.3–0.7 µm). (2) Some components of shape vectors have high correlation with AFX. The correlation coefficient between hot spot components in AEV and AFX is 0.936, 0.945 and 0.863, respectively, in NIR, SW and VIS bands. (3) The shape vectors show potentiality for land cover classification and the monitoring of land cover in mining areas. The correlation coefficients of hot spot components in AEV for MODIS-pixels with the same types (0.557, 0.561, 0.527) are significantly higher than MODIS-pixels with various types (0.069, 0.055, 0.051) in NIR, SW and VIS bands. The coefficients of variation for hot spot components are significantly higher after land reclamation (0.0071, 0.0099) than before land reclamation (0.0020, 0.0028). (4) The correlation between NDVI and the BRDF shapes is poor in three MODIS broad bands. The correlation coefficients between NDVI and the BRDF shapes in three temporal scales of annual, seasonal and monthly phases are only 0.134, 0.063 and 0.038 (NIR), 0.199, 0.185 and 0.165 (SW), and 0.323, 0.320 and 0.337 (VIS), on average.

Unsteady MHD stagnation point flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid over a spinning sphere with Joule heating

Practical Applications: Numerous technical applications, including as polymer deposition, electrolysis control, medication delivery, spin-stabilized missile cooling and cooling of rotating machinery slices have sparked considerable interest in studying stagnation point flow. Nuclear power plants, photovoltaic panels and heat exchangers as well as microfluidic heating devices use them. Purpose: To better understand the unsteady [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] ternary hybrid nanofluid stream at the stagnation zone with Joule heating, this research examines the unique prospective applicative properties. Methodology: The flow equations will be modeled. By using similarity transformation, it is possible to transform nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) that are not precisely solvable into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that can be numerically resolved. Runge–Kutta-IV and the shooting technique in MATHEMATICA have been demonstrated to have a significant effect on the predominance of heat exchange and the mobility features of ternary hybrid nanofluids. Findings: Results show that the unsteadiness parameter influences the [Formula: see text]-direction velocity and mono nanofluid has a larger velocity than other nanofluids, while the opposite is true for the [Formula: see text]-direction velocity. Nanoparticle concentrations, magnetic and Eckert number characteristics increase the thermal distribution, whereas the unsteadiness and rotation parameter decreases it. Unsteadiness, rotation and magnetic factors all improve heat transfer, while the Eckert number parameter has the reverse effect. The ternary hybrid nanofluid also has a greater heat transfer rate than the hybrid and normal nanofluids. Originality: Unsteady [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] ternary nanofluid stream generated by magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) in the stagnation zone was studied in detail in this study. To avoid any errors in heat transfer, it may assist other researchers in selecting critical parameters for modern industrial heat transfer and the right parameters for developing nonunique solutions.

Absolute Liability: Legal Responsibility of Fund Transfer Providers in the Event of Errors

This article presents a study on the legal responsibility of fund transfer providers, particularly banks, in cases of errors in fund transfers. The goal of this research is to describe and explain the legal cover for bank customers who use fund transfer services, based on Law Number 3 of 2011 concerning Funds Transfer. The research method used is normative or doctrinal, with data collected through literature review. The results indicate that the legal responsibility for fund transfer providers is absolute and without any possible defense. This study has important implications for bank customers and fund transfer providers, as it clarifies the legal liabilities and responsibilities in the event of fund transfer errors.
 Highlights:
 
 The article focuses on the legal responsibility of fund transfer providers, particularly banks, in cases of errors in fund transfers.
 The research method used is normative or doctrinal, with data collected through literature review.
 The results indicate that the legal responsibility for fund transfer providers is absolute and without any possible defense.
 

ABDOMINAL BRACING MANEVRASININ FARKLI DİZ FLEKSİYON AÇILARINDA, KUADRİSEPS ZİRVE TORKU, ZİRVE TORKA ULAŞMA SÜRESİ VE KAS AKTİVASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of abdominal bracing maneuver (ABM) on quadriceps peak torque (PT), time to peak torque (TTPT) and muscle activation levels during maximal strength testing of the quadriceps muscle in healthy individuals.
 Methods: Sixteen healthy individuals (Age: 24.63±1.67 years) participated in the present study. Each participant was taught ABM technique by a physical therapist’s guidance. Surface electromyography was used to measure internal oblique/transversus abdominis, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris activation levels. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure quadriceps PT and TTPT during maximum isometric muscle testing at 60° and 90° of knee flexion angles with and without ABM. Repeated measures of ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis.
 Results: There was a significant angle by condition interaction for quadriceps PT (F(1,15)=5.30, p=0.04). PT decreased when ABM was performed, but the decrease was greater at 600 compared to 900 of knee flexion (60°: p=0.001, ES=0.68; 90°: p=0.008, ES=0.33). Quadriceps activation levels also decreased during ABM (p=0.04) regardless of knee flexion angle.
 Conclusion: The present study revealed that ABM may decrease muscle activation levels and peak torque during maximal quadriceps strength testing. Researchers should evaluate compensatory movements of the lumbopelvic region in order to prevent the error of force transfer in test results.

Undergraduate Student-Translators’ Difficulties in Translating English Word + Preposition Collocations to Arabic

English and Arabic have different types of collocations, i.e., groups of words that go together. This study aims to explore the difficulties that Saudi undergraduate student-translators have in translating English word + preposition collocations such as verb + preposition, noun + preposition, and adjective + preposition collocations to Arabic. A corpus of faulty word+ preposition collocations was collected from students-translators’ graduation projects to identify the types of translation errors, translation strategies, sources of translation errors and the contexts in which the translation errors occurred. A comparison of English and Arabic word + preposition collocations showed the following categories: (i) cases were the Arabic word + preposition collocations match those of their English equivalents in form and meaning (depend on يعتمد على, apologize for/to يعتذر لـ/عن , interested inمهتم بـ ) ; (ii) cases where a preposition is used in the English collocation but no preposition is used in the Arabic equivalent (wait for ينتظر ); (iii) cases where an Arabic preposition is used after a word but no such preposition is used in their English equivalent ( gave him tea قدم له الشاي, offered him a proposal عرض عليه اقتراح, stopped participating توقف عن المشاركة, lack somethingيفتقر إلى ). Results showed that the students mistranslated certain prepositions in word + preposition collocations. In 84% of the errors, the students substituted a preposition in the translation by a faulty one, in 13%, they added a preposition after an Arabic word that does not require a preposition, and in 3% they deleted a preposition from a translation that requires use of a preposition. In addition, 19% of the errors were interlingual (transfer errors from English) and 81% were intralingual due to inadequate competence in L1 (Arabic). 44% were extraneous errors, 21% were due to ignorance of Arabic language rules of preposition use and 18% were due to faulty common use of the preposition in the students’ local dialect. 86% were syntactic; 11% were semantic and 3% were stylistic errors. Results are reported in detail and implications for translation pedagogy are given.

Accuracy of Orthodontic Indirect Bracket Bonding by CAD/CAM Transfer Tray

Introduction: Indirect bonding is a technique in which orthodontic attachments are transferred from dental casts (working models) and bonded onto dentition using a transfer tray. Indirect bonding is a preferred technique for many orthodontists as it is less time consuming compared to direct bonding. Evolution in technology allowed forming transfer trays digitally by the integration of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). This study was conducted to measure transfer accuracy of CAD/CAM indirect three dimensional printed bonding trays. Materials and methods: 140 teeth (all upper and lower incisors, canines and premolars) in 7 patients were bonded by vacuum-formed transfer tray formed on 3 dimensional (3D) printed models with resin brackets. Intra oral scanner was used initially to obtain stereolithographic file for virtual brackets positioning and another scan was taken after brackets bonding. Superimposition of virtual STL files and post bonding STL files was done by Geomagic Qualify software to measure linear and angular deviation of brackets positions. Results: One sample t-test was performed to determine whether the mean transfer error was statistically within the selected acceptable limits of 0.5 mm for linear measurements. P-values of less than 0.05 indicated differences within the limits of 0.5 mm for linear measurements. All brackets were transferred within the accepted deviation limits Conclusions: CAD/CAM designed and printed transfer trays had high transfer accuracy in linear measurements in all teeth.

Closure state measurement of final joint of the immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

The immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge adopts the construction mode of sinking from the east and west artificial islands to the middle to form a closed dragon mouth, and then sinking the final joint through. The final joint state parameter measurement is the key factor determining the success or failure of the project. Aiming at the problems of low efficiency, low measurement accuracy, poor reliability and inability to adjust the state of the closure in real time, this paper proposes a real-time measurement method for the formation of the closure state. Firstly, the measurement feature points are arranged on the end faces of the two pipe joints that form the closure, and the coordinates of the feature points in the pipe joint coordinate system are obtained by measurement. Secondly, in the process of sinking and laying, the measuring tower method and the manhole casting point method are used to measure and adjust the state of the closing mouth. Finally, the three measurement results are uniformly converted into the engineering coordinate system, and the accuracy is compared and analyzed by using the measurement error transfer model, and the best measurement method for the closing state of the immersed tunnel construction is obtained. This method changes the construction method of forming closure first, then measuring through and then adjusting accurately in the construction of immersed tunnels, and provides a reference for large-scale underwater installation projects such as immersed tube tunnels and underwater pipes.

High Precision Velocity Estimation of AUV in an Underwater Distributed Sensor Network

Accurate estimating the velocity of a mobile object like AUV has received much attention in ocean exploration. The positioning-velocity estimation method is commonly used, which relies on observation information from multiple sensors (as nodes) over a time interval in underwater acoustics. However, its estimation accuracy heavily depends on the measurement accuracy of the positions. Also, there is a contradiction between estimation accuracy and the update rate. Thus, we propose a high-precision velocity estimation method in this paper. Firstly, we establish a two-node velocity estimation model based on the propagation delay and the Doppler shift and analyze the solution under different conditions. Then, we deduce the error transfer formula of velocity estimation theoretically and analyze the error spatial distribution characteristics. Besides, we introduce the estimation method in an underwater distributed sensor network with two steps to further improve the resolution of the velocity estimation using the redundant information generated by the pairwise combinations of multiple nodes. Meanwhile, we also give the idea of the post-processing method using the Kalman filter combined with the proposed method. Both simulation analysis and the lake test corroborate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method and higher precision than the pve method.

Cohesive Devices Used in Argumentative Essays by Undergraduate EFL Learners

Cohesive devices are crucial points recognized as essential features of a good essay, yet employing them in an essay appropriately becomes problematic for learners. This study analyzes qualitatively cohesive devices to investigate EFL learners. It aims at examining how EFL learners apply cohesive devices in argumentative essays, the frequencies of cohesive devices errors in their writings, and the possible causes of EFL learners to produce cohesive devices. Twenty-five learners of the Department of International Relations, at a university in Ponorogo, were requested to produce argumentative essays that consisted of five paragraphs. Twenty-five essays had been identified with the number of errors of grammatical cohesion. Those errors were then analyzed to determine the possible causes affecting the learners’ errors. The find revealed that the number of grammatical cohesion utilized by EFL learners reached 2172, while 168 obtained errors. There was a heavy reliance on cohesive item use. The intralingual transfer mostly influenced the errors produced than the interlingual transfer. The intralingual errors percentage represented 96,9%; interlingual transfer errors reached 3.03%. It occurred due to the learners’ inability to employ the grammar rule. Hence, lecturer should employ the strategies for learners’ writing ability development, such as implementing collaborative learning, delivering the feedback, exposing learners to exercise, and applying a learning management system to result higher level of cohesion.

Kinematic modeling and error parameter identification of automated fiber placement machine based on measured data

This paper presents a novel kinematic modeling and error parameter identification method for a six-axis gantry automated fiber placement (AFP) machine. Multi-body system theory is used to model the kinematics of the AFP machine, and then use the homogeneous transformation matrix to represent the transfer relationship of the coordinate system. Based on 54 geometric errors of the AFP machine, a volumetric error transfer model is established. To eliminate the training bias caused by sampling randomness, 10-fold cross-validation combined with the Levenberg–Marquardt method is used to train the kinematic model of the AFP machine. Based on the coordinates of random points in space measured by a laser tracker, all the position-dependent geometric errors and position-independent geometric errors of the linear and rotary axes can be identified simultaneously. After the error parameters are identified, the average error of the random points in the X-direction is reduced from 0.72 to 0.08 mm, a drop of 88.9%. Corresponding experiments are carried out on the body diagonals and the winglet placement path. The experimental results show that the volumetric error transfer model and error parameter identification method proposed in the article can accurately predict the volumetric errors of the AFP machine, and can also meet the requirements of the AFP machine placement accuracy.

Enhance Cross-Domain Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis by Incorporating Commonsense Relational Structure (Student Abstract)

Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) aims to extract aspect terms and identify the sentiment polarities towards each extracted aspect term. Currently, syntactic information is seen as the bridge for the domain adaptation and achieves remarkable performance. However, the transferable syntactic knowledge is complex and diverse, which causes the transfer error problem in domain adaptation. In our paper, we propose a domain-shared relational structure incorporated cross-domain ABSA model. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our model.

Aspect-Opinion Sentiment Alignment for Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis (Student Abstract)

Cross-domain sentiment analysis (SA) has recently attracted significant attention, which can effectively alleviate the problem of lacking large-scale labeled data for deep neural network based methods. However, exiting unsupervised cross-domain SA models ignore the relation between the aspect and opinion, which suffer from the sentiment transfer error problem. To solve this problem, we propose an aspect-opinion sentiment alignment SA model and extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of our model.

Comparative Analysis of Single-View and Multi-View Airborne SAR Positioning Error and Course Planning for Multi-View Airborne SAR Optimal Positioning

Airborne synthetic aperture radar (Airborne SAR) can accurately locate key targets and regions by using the flight parameters of the aircraft and the relative position information between the aircraft and the target which can be obtained from the airborne positioning and orientation system (POS). In the course of flight, the aircraft will deviate from the ideal flight path due to atmospheric turbulence, which results in the calculation deviating from the actual target position. In order to improve the target positioning accuracy, it is necessary to study the influence of aircraft motion error on the target positioning error. This study discusses the positioning accuracy of single-view airborne SAR from the perspective of linear Range-Doppler algorithm (RDA), and deduces the multi-view airborne SAR positioning error transfer model based on the multi-view airborne SAR positioning model. Based on these, we analyze the main factors that affect the positioning accuracy of the two positioning methods in detail and quantitatively reveal the mechanism by which the multi-view airborne SAR positioning method can improve the target positioning accuracy compared with the single-view airborne SAR positioning method; we also solve the problem of course planning for multi-view airborne SAR optimal positioning. The research results can provide theoretical support for the analysis of factors influencing positioning error and the positioning error correction of airborne SAR.

An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer

Abstract Based on micro morphology, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy resin (SMGO/EP) was proposed. The heat transfer capability, mechanical property and shape memory ability of shape memory polymer (SMP) were further investigated. The reliability of the modeling was verified by comparing the heat transfer and shape fixation rate of the experimental and simulation data. The results showed that the maximum error of heat transfer was 6.04%, and shape fixing rate error was 2.33%. When the volume fraction of GO was 1.50 vol%, the maximum stress can reach 158.39 MPa, 46.52% higher than that of pure shape memory EP. With the increase in the volume fraction of GO in the SMGO/EP composites, the heat transfer enhancement and recovery rate of SMGO/EP were directly affected by the doping content of GO. The surface temperature of the composites with GO doping content of 1.50 vol% was 20.26°C higher than that of pure SMEP after heating for 300 s. Under the coupling effect of heat transfer and stress characteristics, the mechanism of shape memory effect of SMGO/EP composites was revealed. The thermo-mechanical coupling modeling of SMGO/EP can effectively predict the shape memory characteristics of the SMGO/EP composites.

Quantifying the spatial preferences heterogeneity to upgrade the endemic ecological attributes for a cleaner environment: Evaluating the feasibility of benefit transfer among sub-basins of an inland river

The role of wetlands in the conservation of global biodiversity is very significant due to the provision of various benefits to households. The assessment of these benefits and general public perception in terms of their willingness to pay for restoring the degraded ecosystem services is also heterogeneous because of their spatial preferences. This research employed a choice experiment technique to evaluate willingness to pay of the households to improve the current degraded ecosystem services and assessed benefit transfer among upper, middle and lower sub-basins of Heihe River. The outcomes of the study were estimated through two models, i.e. the conditional logit and random parameter logit models. The heterogeneous willingness to pay amounts for ecosystem services confirm the variations in taste and preferences of the respondents across all sub-basins. Considering spatial heterogeneity of the preferences, the random parameter logit model resulted in smaller transfer errors than the conditional logit model. The values of transfer errors estimated by the random parameter logit model from the lower to the upper sub-basin, from the upper to the middle sub-basin and from the middle to the lower sub-basin were 17.76%, 80.65% and 33.92%, respectively, and the reason for these smaller values is the consideration of taste and preferences of the respondents. On the other hand, the estimated values of transfer errors for the same settings in the conditional logit model were 21.93%, 109.31% and 43.08%, respectively. The transfer error values thus validate the transfer of benefits across all the sub-basins of the river. Therefore, the current findings are helpful in proper management of ecosystem services and permit for benefit transfer from one sub-basin to another sub-basin of Heihe River.

Reading Error Mechanisms of Levinson Dyslexia Theory: A Perspective in Malaysia

It is known that children diagnosed with dyslexia have difficulties in language learning, especially where reading and writing is concerned. Dyslexics find it difficult to discriminate letters visually and auditorily. This study is done to examine the reading errors in Malay language among dyslexic students. The study sample comprises of 10 dyslexic students chosen from Ampang dyslexia centre of Malaysia Dyslexia Association. This study leans on the Levinson Theory (1993) that focuses on seven types of reading error mechanisms, namely removal, transfer, insertion, replacement, reversal, condensation, addition or wild guesses. The study data was compiled through observations and testing. Researcher used reading texts in Malay language according to the suitability of the learning level as the study tool in examining the reading errors of dyslexic students. The study outcome proves that dyslexic students have shown some difficulties in several reading aspects, which are removal, reversal, replacement, insertion and wild guesses. All these five types of reading errors have been found to support the Dyslexic Levison Theory (1993) and the outcome also shows several reading errors done by the dyslexic students are beyond the expectation and findings of the theory. Derived from this study, further researches can be focused on the interventions and learning techniques that are suitable to the level of learning of dyslexic students.

Interface software can markedly reduce time and improve accuracy for clinical trial data transfer from EMR to EDC: The results of two measure of work time studies comparing commercially available clinical data transfer software to current practice manual data transfer.

1573 Background: Clinical studies and new drug approvals are delayed by slow data transfer and transcription errors from site entered data. These delays have been compounded by a shortage of data entry personnel at sites such that data entry approaches 10-30 days post visit. Data transfer is largely performed by manual keyboard entry from electronic medical records (EMR) into electronic case report forms (ECRF). Methods: We conducted two separate measure-of-work time studies to compare a commercially available interface software product, ProXimity to the current manual data entry. The clinical trial data from two different EMRs (ARIA and IKM G2) to an EDC (Medidata Rave). The EDC mirrored an IRB approved clinical study. Time to transfer data and error rates were the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. For study 1 Aria EMR data from 3 subjects and 1497 data fields including demographics, vital signs, ECOG PS, physical findings, adverse events, and lab results including CBC, CMP, urinalysis, coagulation, serology were selected for visits from Screening and C2D1. For Study 2 IKM G2 data from 6 subjects and 834 data fields included demographics, vitals, and lab results. The data entry personnel were aware of the timed nature of the study. Results: Study 1 ProXimity took 13.2 min to transfer the data compared to 73.4 min for manual entry, with error rates of 0.8% compared to 3.5%, respectively. In Study 2 Proximity took 6.5 min compared to 29 min for manual entry, with error rates of 1.4% each due to non- conformant data (text). Conclusions: Software data transfer interfaces can markedly shorten the time for data entry, reduce error rates and reduce operational costs.

Multi-Source Data Fusion Method for the Truss Structure Stability Measurement of Space Telescope

It is necessary for large aperture space telescopes to achieve high measurement accuracy for mechanical reference mounting surfaces, complex deformation conditions, and difficulty in describing spatial geometric properties. In this manuscript, we propose a measurement method for evaluating the deformation of the trusses structure by fusing multiple sources of data. The multi-source data are obtained from the theodolite, laser tracker, and photogrammetry systems. The datum alignment of the laser tracker and photogrammetry coordinate systems is achieved by establishing the transition coordinate system method of the datum platform, and the alignment accuracy (3σ) is about 8.8″, 5.1″ and 4.2″. Using the laser tracker to establish the relationship between the cubic mirror coordinate system and the geometric coordinate system of the mounting part, the fast and high-precision measurement of the mounting angle of the cubic prism is realized, and the measurement accuracy reaches 2″. The data from multiple sources are fused through datum transfer and alignment to establish a cosine matrix transfer chain between the mechanical characteristic coordinate system of each component and the transition coordinate system of the datum platform, and the Eulerian rotation angle is obtained to describe the angular relationship between the components after solving. Based on the Monte Carlo mathematical error modeling analysis, the datum transfer and alignment simulations were carried out, and related experiments were conducted. The experiments show that the transfer error (3σ) of the XYZ rotation angle is less than 20.6″ after the datum transfer, the maximum error is within 3″ compared to the simulation results, and the deviation of the comparison photographic measurement data is less than 7.6″. The datum transfer method combined with photogrammetry can describe the deformation trend of large-size trusses under different load conditions more objectively and reasonably.

A meta-analysis of thermo-physical and chemical aspects in CFD modelling of pyrolysis of a single wood particle in the thermally thick regime

Thermochemical conversion of larger biomass particles (thermally thick regime) toward high-end products still suffers from an unrevealed quantitative relationship between process and product parameters. The main issue relates to the influence of heating rate within the particle, critical conversion-wise but difficult to assess experimentally. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling may help, but first the model must prove its reliability to prevent error transfer to the results. This study aimed to provide an unbiased, state-of-the-art model constructed in a stepwise mode to investigate the heating rate’s distribution. Several datasets with broadly varying parameters from the literature were used for the development and validation since the reproduction of datasets would not bring novelty to solving the problem. Instead of the model’s calibration to fit to the data, the parameters for each step-model were meticulously selected to match the experimental conditions. The stepwise development showed the best accuracy when the anisotropy and the heat sink drying sub-model were implemented. Moreover, using the Ranzi-Anca-Couce (RAC) scheme led to more accurate results than the Ranzi scheme. The comprehensive model was positively validated against a broad range of production parameters (pyrolysis temperature: 500 °C − 840 °C, diameter of particles: 10 mm − 20 mm, shapes: cylinders and spheres). Investigation showed a pattern in volatiles release profiles and homogeneous heating rate distribution when particle size is below 4 mm. Despite basing the models on the literature’s data, the study includes novel and valuable insights for biomass conversion and constitutes a solid foundation for future development.

Machine learning-based real-time tracking for concrete vibration

Proper concrete vibration is vital to the final quality and durability of concrete structures. There is a lack of objective methods to assess conformance to the requirements of vibration behavior in real time. Based on data fusion and machine learning, we propose a real-time tracking method for concrete vibration effort. The system combines the advantages of an ultra-wideband sensor and inclinometer—a simple structure, reliability, expandability, and low cost. A data processing algorithm and hybrid neural network recognition model are developed to process the data stream, enabling automatic derivation of the indexes related to the vibration effort and achieving active concrete vibration quality control. An evaluation method for the performance of the different vibration tracking systems is established using the error transfer formula. The feasibility and accuracy of the tracking method are experimentally verified. This proposed method provides a quality control tool that helps prevent potential quality problems during vibration.