Perceptual Errors Research Articles

Traffic Dynamics at Intersections Subject to Random Misperception

Traffic accidents cause harm to the society. Future technology in autonomous vehicles is expected to eliminate the human factor as one important cause of failure. However, in the near future, autonomous vehicles and human drivers will coexist and downside risk still needs to be tolerated in exchange for mobility. Unsignalized intersections are particularly prone to accidents, as lots of potential conflicts between traffic participants occur. Motorists need to anticipate these on the basis of their perception of the environment and react accordingly. Yet, perceptional errors affect human drivers, and it is important to understand their impact on traffic safety and traffic efficiency. We develop a microscopic model of traffic dynamics at single-lane unsignalized intersections subject to random misperception that may cause accidents. Perceptional errors can be modeled by stochastic processes, e.g., Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. We present suitable simulation techniques and characterize the behavior of the traffic system in various case studies. We discuss the impact of errors and safety margins on traffic flow, the number of accidents, and the number of collided vehicles. In terms of perception errors, we consider both homogeneous and heterogeneous traffic participants, reflecting the coexistence of human drivers and autonomous vehicles. The model captures the real-world tradeoff between safety and efficiency for potential future traffic systems.

ТИПОЛОГІЯ ПОМИЛОК В усноМУ ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ перекладІ

The article considers the problem of typology of errors in professional interpretating based on the analysis of approaches and their classifications. Minding the main parameters of target text assessment (the degree of preserving the main content of the original text, correctness of language units and external impression), there were identified typical mistakes, which can help the interpreter prevent future difficulties and choose the right translation strategy. Based on general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, observing and abstracting – to substantiate the theoretical grounds to determine the quality criteria of the translated text); comparative and translation analysis methods which made possible to compare the original and target texts to identify typical translation errors, descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, according to which the material being analyzed is generalized, typical translation errors are described and analyzed to identify the ways to prevent them. Minding such important constraints in interpreting activity – one-time presentation and tough time restrictions, the interpreter needs to resolve the situation on the spot and quickly, using short-term translation strategies over the long-term strategies. While interpretating in such conditions the issues of correct grammar, normative language, style of the original text may recede into the background. The main goal of an interpreter is to achieve immediate communication. Errors in the final translation text, which has already been given to the client, can lead to negative consequences: from a fine to a loss of trust and termination of cooperation. But in addition to this important role, mistakes and their consideration in professional activities are also a great tool to improve and find the proper translation strategy. The problem of errors typology in professional interpreting is not new, but today it is considered debatable. Modern classifications of translation errors are based on the principle of equivalence and adequacy, where the error is considered the discrepancy between the original and the translation. Moreover, errors are related to the distortion of the content or violation of the rules and usage of the language of translation. Based on the analysis of approaches and classifications of translation errors, we distinguish the following ones in professional interpretating: errors of perception, understanding, expression and behavior. Perception errors can be the result of information saturation of the source text (numbers, dates, names, proper names, etc.), unusual speaker’s accent, fast speech, insufficient extralinguistic and background knowledge, incorrect distribution of resources of attention and concentration. Misunderstandings of the original text can be caused by incorrect semantics, memory problems, analysis of the original message, misunderstanding of grammatical or lexical phenomena, inaccurate understanding of the meanings of some words in the original or ignorance of the subject of the message, inefficient or insufficient preparation for translation. The current situation requires the interpreter to understand not only the superficial level of expression, but also to recognize the deep intentions of the participants in communication, to determine the general context that describes the circumstances, time, objects, and so on. Expression errors can be the result of insufficient knowledge of the target language, violation of the rules of the target language, incorrect distribution of attention in the process of decoding the translation records. Such errors can result in the loss of a number of message elements in the target language as well. Behavioral errors can be caused by anxiety, excessive anxiety, inability to overcome stress and focus on the translation process, lack of experience in public speaking, and so on. Confident interpreter should have a good idea of the translation strategy, make and justify his translation decision. The first step is to determine the specifics of the picture of the world in two languages and cultures that are directly related to a particular unit of translation and that are relevant to the translation. Then the stylistics and structural features of languages should be taken into account. The second step consists of choosing a translation strategy that corresponds to the first step. This choice is made depending on the level of the translation unit. In case when the unit of translation belongs to the level of phrases, words and morphemes, transformations of concretization or generalization are used. The third step (tactics) involves the establishment of formal grammatical and structural relationships based on general logical operations: omission / addition, replacement / substitutions of semantic (and formal) components. ISSN 2523-4463 (print) ВІСНИК УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ІМЕНІ АЛЬФРЕДА НОБЕЛЯ. ISSN 2523-4749 (online) Серія «ФІЛОЛОГІЧНІ НАУКИ». 2021. № 2 (22) It is established that the success of each situation of professional interpretating activity depends directly on the ability of an interpreter to choose the right translation decision, as a result of which the native speaker of the target language will react to the proposed text in such a way, which corresponds to the sender of the original text.

The Senses and the History of Philosophy ed. by Brian Glenney and José Filipe Silva

Reviewed by: The Senses and the History of Philosophy ed. by Brian Glenney and José Filipe Silva Gary Hatfield Brian Glenney and José Filipe Silva, editors. The Senses and the History of Philosophy. Rewriting the History of Philosophy. Series editors, Aaron Garrett and Pauliina Remes. London: Routledge, 2019. Pp. xi + 364. Cloth, $176.00. This edited volume of newly commissioned papers aims to further understanding of the philosophy of perception and its history. It seeks a broad historical coverage, to include works outside the Western tradition and figures only newly prominent within the Western tradition (e.g. Margaret Cavendish). Its principal theme is the problem of perceptual error, which it asserts has been understudied, at least in antiquity and the middle ages, as has, allegedly, the history of theories of perception more generally. The individual chapters are typically of high quality and add to the extant literature. The focus, as is usual, is on visual perception, but blindness and touch come forward in three chapters on Molyneux's problem (two historical, one contemporary), and there is a chapter on olfaction. The book partially delivers on its aim of cultural diversity. The first part addresses "non-Western perspectives." These turn out to be Chinese and Buddhist (in the Indian tradition), and it would have been more informative to use those names rather than defining the part by what it is not. The collection might have extended its treatment of non-Western traditions and theories had it chosen to include a chapter on Islamic theorists, including Ibn-Sina and Ibn al-Haytham, who are now given brief treatment in the chapter on medieval theories of perceptual error, which treats them in the narrative of optics (perspectiva) in the Latin West. More generally, the optical tradition, also including Ptolemy (second century, Alexandria, Egypt), and subsequently Roger Bacon, John Pecham, and Witelo, and extending to Kepler, might usefully have received greater attention, as this tradition provided a framework for thinking about both veridical and nonveridical perception into the early modern period. In this way, the chapter on mirror images in medieval theories might have been augmented or complemented. In the section on early modern theories, the "African" (5) philosopher Anton Amo is introduced and his interesting claim examined that only the body, not the mind, is involved in perception. Amo was taken from his home in what is now Ghana as a toddler and raised in the principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He was thus culturally and intellectually German. Not a single work on African philosophical thought is mentioned in interpreting Amo's work, which retains its interest in discussion of early modern European philosophy. The chapter is found in a part that covers Locke, Berkeley, Reid, and Cavendish, leaving Descartes (who wrote a Dioptrics) to be covered incidentally, through his influence (in this case, primarily on Amo and Cavendish). Plato and Aristotle are also present only through their influence. The editors' claim (2) that previous work in this area has focused almost exclusively on veridical perception rather than error is not plausible. Illusion has long been a prominent topic in the history of theories of perception, not only in the early modern period and [End Page 696] after (e.g. with the argument from illusion), but also in ancient and medieval philosophy, as attention to the work of David Hamlyn (Sensation and Perception: A History of the Philosophy of Perception [London: Routledge, 1961]), and various articles by Myles Burnyeat and Richard Sorabji, would show. None of these authors are mentioned in the book's essays or introductions—which of course does not take away from the fact that several of the chapters offer new reflections on perceptual error. While there is indeed much more work to be done on the history of the philosophy of perception, as the editors say (2), the book provides little guidance to the extant literature. Various topical articles and books are referenced in the chapters of the six parts of the volume (on Chinese and Buddhist theories; ancient Greek; medieval; early modern; post-Kantian; and contemporary), but the editors missed an opportunity to notice prominent works that are not otherwise mentioned or are buried in footnotes. This would...

Introducing the new model of healthy thinking based on human soul faculties: Application in psychotherapy approaches in clinical psychology

Aims: Regarding the importance of health as well as the discussion of thinking in psychology and philosophy, so far, no model has been presented in the field of the relationship between “thinking and health” with this model. Therefore, the present study aimed to introduce the new model of healthy thinking based on human soul faculties. Materials and Methods: Using the narrative review method, 63 sources were selected among the 240-evidence, including books, articles, national, and international reports and theses from PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Web of sciences, then entered the analysis stage Indicators of sensory and intellectual thinking were extracted from these sources. Then, the indicators were coded and analyzed according to the Content Analysis method. Results: The results of this research are used in psychotherapy in clinical psychology because researches have shown that thinking and especially healthy thinking has a very effective role in mental health and a healthy lifestyle. Several concepts are available in this model: The nature of thinking, levels of thinking, sources of error in thinking such as cognitive distortions, cognitive bias, and perceptual errors. Conclusion: The models of thinking that have been proposed in the world so far have many shortcomings, including none of them has the power to clarification thinking and none of the theories and models have the relationship between thinking and health been clearly explained, while the proposed thinking model of the present study does not have such shortcomings.

Borrowers' perceptions of lending conditions: worlds apart or closer than close

Given that lenders and borrowers interact in the same (credit) market, an interesting research question that arises is whether the demand side of the market correctly comprehends the actual credit market conditions that are primarily shaped by the supply side. We explore this by utilising available surveys conducted separately for the two sides of the credit market and empirically investigate whether, and by which mechanism, demand-side perceptions relate to supply-side credit conditions. Our results indicate that demand-side perceptions do not match one-for-one supply-side conditions, but are rather described by an adaptive mechanism. This mechanism suggests that demand-side perceptions are modified every period by a fraction of the last period's perception error. Additionally, we find that demand-side perceptions systematically overshoot the actual conditions, and this overshooting is accentuated for periphery countries and smaller firms.

Auditory-perceptual performance in children with and without phonological disorder in the stops class.

To compare the auditory-perceptual performance of children with and without phonological disorder (PD) in the identification task of contrasts between stops phonemes. Information was selected from a database regarding the auditory-perceptual performance of 46 children (23 with a diagnosis of PD with involvement in the stops (G1) and 23 with typical speech development (G2)), aged 4 and eight years old, in an identification task of the class of stops consonants in Brazilian Portuguese, using the speech perception assessment instrument (PERCEFAL). The reaction time, the number of errors and correctness, as well as the pattern of perceptual error were considered in the analysis. Regarding the auditory-perceptual accuracy, T-Test showed a statistically significant difference, in which typical children had a higher average of correctness than children with PD and shorter reaction time for correct answers. Regarding the error pattern, repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect for the group and error pattern, but not for the interaction between group and error pattern. Tukey's Post Hoc test showed for both groups that errors involving place of articulation were superior to voicing and voicing + place of articulation errors. children with phonological disorders have worse accuracy in relation to children without disorders and, also, longer response time for correctness. Errors involving the place of articulation between the stops were the most frequent for both groups.

"Seeing is not Always Believing": Detecting Perception Error Attacks Against Autonomous Vehicles

Due to the great achievements in artificial intelligence, it is predicted that autonomous vehicles with little or even no human involvement will come to market in the near future. Autonomous vehicles are equipped with multiple types of sensors. An autonomous vehicle relies on its sensors to perceive its environment, and this sensory information plays a key role in the vehicle's driving decisions. Hence, ensuring the trustworthiness of the sensor data is crucial for drivers’ safety. In this article, we discuss the impact of perception error attacks (PEAs) on autonomous vehicles, and propose a countermeasure called LIFE ( L IDAR and I mage data F usion for detecting perception E rrors). LIFE detects PEAs by analyzing the consistency between camera image data and LIDAR data using novel machine learning and computer vision algorithms. The performance of LIFE has been evaluated extensively using the KITTI dataset.

AED: a novel visual representation based on AR and empathy computing in manual assembly

Adding personal perceptions to manufacturing engineering can be very challenging, especially when engineering-based methods are used to make artisans understand the designer's ideas. Unfortunately, the two-dimensional engineering definition can be extremely time-consuming for individuals who lack creativity or imagination, and model-based definition would be incapable of breaking the separation between the virtual space and the real world, which makes the interaction between natural persons exist spatial perception error. The emergence of Augmented Reality (AR), which allows individuals to perceive the intentions and strategies of the designer with visual cues that are attached to actual objects, fills this gap. In this paper, augmented engineering definition (AED) is proposed to enhance the information exchange between natural persons in a succinct, accurate and acceptable form of visual impression. Motivated by visual representation in remote collaboration, the specific empathy scenario bases on the AED design, which leads to the establishment of a mapping relationship between the visual cues and the augmented information. An inquiry had been conducted by involving participants who were paired up for the parts’ inspection, interacting via 2D visualization data only, interaction with 3D projection data, interaction with 3D visualization data, AED-based communication. The experimental results showed that participants with AED exhibited higher situational appeal and information understanding than using three other interactions. Besides, we discussed the feasibility of using AED in a collaborative manufacturing environment and the impact on AED users.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUMAN FACTOR ON THE PROCESS OF DETERMINING THE PARAMETERS OF ROLLING STOCK UNITS DURING TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE

The analysis of the technological process of determining the parameters of rolling stock units (using the example of wheel set bandages) has been carried out in the article. It has been determined that its implementation by a person using a contact measuring instrument and manual recording of the results can lead to the appearance of errors in perception, attention, memory and thinking. These human errors can occur throughout the entire technological process.

Application of HFACS to the Nighttime Aviation Accidents and Incidents

Commercial aviation accidents and incidents more prevalent at the certain times of the day. Operational problems (e.g., night vision, flash blindness, black hole illusion, and reflection) faced by pilots while performing nighttime flights pose threats to flight safety. The present paper aims to examine the contributing factors to commercial aviation accidents occurred at night. In this paper, accident reports of 30 commercial airplane crashes occurred over the past five years were analyzed. The contributing factors of those accidents were examined by using HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System). The relative importance of the causal factors was determined. Literature reviews have indicated that no study has examined the causality of nighttime commercial aircraft accidents by using HFACS as a framework. It was found that physical environment was the most significant causal factor. Skill-based errors were second-highest contributing factors. Perceptual errors and decision errors were ranked as third-highest causal factors. We believe that our results may be useful for reducing the chances of human error and raising safety standards of commercial airline operations.

Teleoperation of an Ankle-Foot Prosthesis With a Wrist Exoskeleton.

We aimed to develop a system for people with amputation that non-invasively restores missing control and sensory information for an ankle-foot prosthesis. In our approach, a wrist exoskeleton allows people with amputation to control and receive feedback from their prosthetic ankle via teleoperation. We implemented two control schemes: position control with haptic feedback of ankle torque at the wrist; and torque control that allows the user to modify a baseline torque profile by moving their wrist against a virtual spring. We measured tracking error and frequency response for the ankle-foot prosthesis and the wrist exoskeleton. To demonstrate feasibility and evaluate system performance, we conducted an experiment in which one participant with a transtibial amputation tracked desired wrist trajectories during walking, while we measured wrist and ankle response. Benchtop testing demonstrated that for relevant walking frequencies, system error was below human perceptual error. During the walking experiment, the participant was able to voluntarily follow different wrist trajectories with an average RMS error of 1.55 ° after training. The ankle was also able to track desired trajectories below human perceptual error for both position control (RMSE = 0.8 °) and torque control (RMSE = 8.4%). We present a system that allows a user with amputation to control an ankle-foot prosthesis and receive feedback about its state using a wrist exoskeleton, with accuracy comparable to biological neuromotor control. This bilateral teleoperation system enables novel prosthesis control and feedback strategies that could improve prosthesis control and aid motor learning.

The impact of sound field amplification systems on speech perception of pupils with and without language disorders in natural conditions

The purpose of the study was to investigate in natural conditions the impact of sound field amplification systems (SFAS) on the perception of monosyllabic nonsense words in first to fourth-grade students with and without language disorders in classrooms with different acoustics.One hundred forty-five monolingual primary school pupils were included in the study. Two study groups were formed: pupils with typical language development (TD) (n = 145) and pupils with developmental language disorders (LD) (n = 72). Acoustic measurements were made in twelve classrooms with different reverberation time. Monosyllabic nonsense words perception tests, presented by an examiner, were carried out in classrooms with and without SFAS.The number of errors in the test carried out with SFAS in different acoustic conditions reduced in pupils of Grade 1 with TD (Z = –2.273, p = .023; Z = –1.965, p = .049) and with LD (Z = –2.410, p = .016; Z = –2.156, p = .031). The SFAS installed in large classrooms with long reverberation time significantly increased the number of errors in nonsense monosyllables perception (rS = 0.361, p < .01, rS = 0.229, p < .01). The mean number of errors in children with LD was higher than in children with TD in monosyllabic nonsense words tests carried out with and without SFAS (U = 3194, p < .001; U = 3518.5, p < .001).First-grade students benefit from sound field amplification in perception of monosyllabic nonsense words regardless of classrooms acoustics, and irrespective of the level of language development. The positive effect of SFAS on nonsense word perception was not observed in pupils of Grade 2, 3, and 4 of primary school. Classroom acoustics affects the expected positive impact of SFAS for children older than first graders. Amplification increases speech perception and decreases the number of errors in the reproduction of monosyllabic nonsense words in classrooms with short reverberation time.

Convolution Neural Networks Based Blind Quality Predictor

Image recognition focused on convolution neural networks (CNN) in various areas of computer vision and image processing has recently proved to deliver state of the art output. Nonetheless, applying deep CNN to an NR-IQA remains a long-standing challenge owing to crucial challenges, i.e. the absence of a testing framework. The CNN test has not yet been performed. In this paper suggested a NR-IQA system focused on CNN which can solve the problem effectively. The approach suggested the DIQA divides the NR-IQA into two stages: 1 analytical portion of the illusion, and 2 one subjective component of the visual system. In the first step, the CNN learns to forecast the objective error map and then in the second phase the algorithm is able to predict subjective values. In addition, we are introducing a reliability chart to supplement the inaccuracy of the objective error map in the homogenous area. To further improve the accuracy, two simple handmade features were used. Therefore, we suggest a way to show graphs of perception errors and examine what the deep CNN model has experienced. The DIQA received the most sophisticated precision on the different databases in the experiments.

Socialization of Lupus Disease Awareness for Housewife Group of Genting Village, Ambarawa, Central Java

Lupus or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a life-threatening chronic autoimmune disease with symptoms similar to those of other diseases. Frequent misdiagnosis of lupus increases the mortality rate of the disease. Public understanding is still low about Lupus, characterized by a variety of misperceptions about the disease, which still occurs. In rural area, Lupus is still often regarded as a virus transmitted and is associated with weak immune activity. There are still many women who do not yet know that they are a group that is more susceptible to Lupus than men. Various errors in people's perception of Lupus need to be corrected to increase public awareness of the disease. Efforts to correct misperceptions about Lupus have been done through Science and Technology for Community (Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi bagi Masyarakat, IbM) activities in counseling form to the housewife groups in Kalipucung Hamlet, Genting Village, Jambu District, Ambarawa, Central Java. Participatory approaches and tutorials have been carried out in the IbM activities through the provision of counseling materials, as well as the delivery of questionnaires before and after counseling. The results of the questionnaire analysis indicate that the counseling program could improve awareness about Lupus disease among community in rural area.

Noisy is better than rare: Comprehenders compromise subject-verb agreement to form more probable linguistic structures

Production and perception errors are common in everyday language use. Recent studies suggest that in order to overcome the flawed speech signal, comprehenders engage in rational noisy-channel processing, which can pull their interpretation towards more probable “near-neighbor” analyses, based on the assumption that an error may have occurred in the transmission of the sentence. We investigate this type of processing using subject/object relative clause ambiguity in Hebrew. In four self-paced reading experiments and a sentence completion experiment, we find that during online processing, readers apply elaborate knowledge regarding the distribution of structures in the language, and that they are willing to compromise subject-verb agreement to refrain from (grammatical but) highly improbable structures. The results suggest that the prior probability of alternative analyses modulates the interpretation of agreement.

A target-oriented bi-attribute user equilibrium model with travelers’ perception errors on the tolled traffic network

This paper proposes a new model to study travelers’ target-oriented route choice behavior with perception errors on the tolled traffic network. The prominent characteristics of our model are stochastic correlation between perceived travel time (PTT) and perceived travel cost (PTC) captured by copula, and target interaction. Furthermore, we propose a target-oriented bi-attribute user equilibrium with PTT and PTC, and targets for route travel time and route travel cost in the equilibrium model are both endogenously determined by travelers’ confidence levels. Finally, we examine the impact of targets on the equilibrium results via analytical proof and numerical demonstration.

Acting Wisely: Eliminating Negative Bias in Medical Education-Part 1: The Fundamentals.

Bias is a ubiquitous problem in human functioning. It has plagued medical decision making, making physicians prone to errors of perception and judgment. Racial, gender, ethnic, and religious negative biases infest physicians' perception and cognition, causing errors of judgment and behavior that are damaging. In Part 1 of this series of 2 papers, the authors address the problem of harmful bias, the science of cognition, and what is known about how bias functions in human perception and information processing. They lay the groundwork for an approach to reducing negative bias through awareness, reflection, and bias mitigation, an approach in which negative biases can be transformed-by education, experience, practice, and relationships-into positive biases toward one another. The authors propose wisdom as a conceptual framework for imagining a different way of educating medical students. They discuss fundamental cognitive, affective, and reflective components of wisdom-based education. They also review the skills of awareness, using debiasing strategies, compassion, fostering positive emotion, and reflection that are inherent to a wisdom-based approach to eliminating the negative effects of bias in medical education. In Part 2, the authors answer a key question: How can medical educators do better? They describe the interpersonal, structural, and cultural elements supportive of a wisdom-based learning environment, a culture of respect and inclusion in medical education.

Artificial Intelligence for Intraoperative Guidance: Using Semantic Segmentation to Identify Surgical Anatomy During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) models that can identify safe and dangerous zones of dissection, and anatomical landmarks during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Many adverse events during surgery occur due to errors in visual perception and judgment leading to misinterpretation of anatomy. Deep learning, a subfield of AI, can potentially be used to provide real-time guidance intraoperatively. Deep learning models were developed and trained to identify safe (Go) and dangerous (No-Go) zones of dissection, liver, gallbladder, and hepatocystic triangle during LC. Annotations were performed by 4 high-volume surgeons. AI predictions were evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation against annotations by expert surgeons. Primary outcomes were intersection- over-union (IOU) and F1 score (validated spatial correlation indices), and secondary outcomes were pixel-wise accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, ± standard deviation. AI models were trained on 2627 random frames from 290 LC videos, procured from 37 countries, 136 institutions, and 153 surgeons. Mean IOU, F1 score, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the AI to identify Go zones were 0.53 (±0.24), 0.70 (±0.28), 0.94 (±0.05), 0.69 (±0.20). and 0.94 (±0.03), respectively. For No-Go zones, these metrics were 0.71 (±0.29), 0.83 (±0.31), 0.95 (±0.06), 0.80 (±0.21), and 0.98 (±0.05), respectively. Mean IOU for identification of the liver, gallbladder, and hepatocystic triangle were: 0.86 (±0.12), 0.72 (±0.19), and 0.65 (±0.22), respectively. AI can be used to identify anatomy within the surgical field. This technology may eventually be used to provide real-time guidance and minimize the risk of adverse events.

Relationship between speech production and perception in children with Speech Sound Disorders

This study investigated the relationship between speech production and perception in children with Speech Sound Disorders (SSD). We hypothesized that there might be a positive correlation and the difference between speech and perceptual data for children with SSD; and that the positive correlation between speech production and speech perception errors might depend on the phonological class involved. Thirty-three children with SSD were evaluated during a speech production task and a phonological contrast identification test. The Percentage of Correct Consonant -Revised (PCC-R) and the Percentage of Correct Identification (PCI) were calculated for each child. The results of the paired t-test showed a higher perception performance mean (PCI = 87.41%) when compared to the production performance mean (PCC-R = 74.97%). The overall results of Pearson’s correlation test was also statistically significant, showing a moderate, positive correlation (r = 0.49) between production and perception performances in children with SSD. The results of the correlation analyses between speech production and speech perception errors by class show that only in the fricative class, the correlation was statistically moderately significant (r = 0.52). Stops and sonorants showed no correlation. The results confirmed the relationship between speech production and speech perception, but speech perception does not mirror speech production. The positive correlation between speech production and speech perception errors depends on the phonological class.

The Back Alleys and Dark Corners of Abdomen and Pelvis Computed Tomography: The Most Frequent Sites of Missed Findings in the Multiplanar Era.

Objectives:Radiologists reading multiplanar abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) are vulnerable to oversight of specific anatomic areas, leading to perceptual errors (misses). The aims of this study are to identify common sites of major perceptual error at our institution and then to put these in context with earlier studies to produce a comprehensive overview.Material and Methods:We reviewed our quality assurance database over an 8-year period for cases of major perceptual error on CT examinations of the abdomen and pelvis. A major perceptual error was defined as a missed finding that had altered management in a way potentially detrimental to the patient. Record was made of patient age, gender, study indication, study priority (stat/routine), and use of IV and/or oral contrast. Anatomic locations were subdivided as lung bases, liver, pancreas, kidneys, spleen, mesentery, peritoneum, retroperitoneum, small bowel, colon, appendix, vasculature, body wall, and bones.Results:A total of 216 missed findings were identified in 201 patients. The most common indication for the study was cancer follow-up (71%) followed by infection (11%) and abdominal pain (6%). The most common anatomic regions of error were the liver (15%), peritoneum (10%), body wall (9%), retroperitoneum (8%), and mesentery (6%). Data from other studies were reorganized into congruent categories for comparison.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that the most common sites of significant missed findings on multiplanar abdominal/pelvic CT included the mesentery, peritoneum, body wall, bowel, vasculature, and the liver in the arterial phase. Data from other similar studies were reorganized into congruent categories to provide a comprehensive overview.