Erroneous Theories Research Articles

Comments to Megascopic Quantum Phenomena

We present here the incompleteness of the Copenhagen interpretation regarding the impossibility of explaining the transition from the exact quantum mechanics to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, where the inaccurate method captures phenomena like spontaneous symmetry breaking, but this is impossible to achieve with exact equations. The solution to this dilemma lies in the revision of quantum field theory which bounds together internal and external (vibrational, translational, and rotational) degrees of freedom in a similar way as the Lorentz transformation deals with space and time. This is the only way how to exactly mathematically justify the corrections beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (Born-Huang ansatz). The consequences are overwhelming: It reveals the wrong BCS theory of superconductivity, derived on the basis of the incomplete quantum field, and all erroneous theories inspired by the BCS one (e.g. Higgs mechanism). Moreover, the second Bohr complementarity emerges from the mechanical wholeness and field fragmentation, opening the door for the megascopic mirror of the microscopic Copenhagen interpretation and for the explanation of megascopic quantum phenomena. Finally, we get an entirely new look at the meaning of physics and chemistry: The first one deals with microscopic and the second one with megascopic phenomena.

Textbook Error Theory about Aragonite Structure

Science constantly discovers new theories and concepts, overturning erroneous theories and concepts. Textbooks never correct, fallacies are left to future generations. There are two erroneous theories about the structure of aragonite in textbooks: (1) The authoritative Chinese textbook “Outline of Shellfish Studies” by Zhang Xi and Qi Zhongyan believes that shells can be divided into three different crystal structures, with the middle layer being a prismatic layer that occupies the majority of the shell and is composed of calcite (cubic crystal system, hexagonal crystal cells). The shellfish academic community in China quotes many Japanese literature, and these theories may have been copied from Japan. (2) The geological crystallography book records that the structural physical properties of aragonite are unstable and will eventually transform into calcite. We use X-ray derivatives found that after a long geological time, aragonite not only did not become calcite, but also the grain is growing large: monocrystalline, calcite is still decreasing, calcite is changing to aragonite.

Человеческое общество и безопасность

Based on the analysis and synthesis of works devoted to the sustainable and safe development of human society as a civilization, the article shows that the understanding of the basis of the normal development of human society is the definition of the purpose of its existence and the conditions conducive to its achievement, which do not contradict the economic structures of any of the known states.
 The results of studies that led to the identification of the role of animal metabolic products in the reproduction of natural soil fertility are presented. It is shown that natural soil fertility is not only a property of the soil as a natural body, but, at the same time, the main means in agricultural production. The significance of the law of the organic matter cycle established in Russia is explained, according to which soil fertility reproduces itself in nature due to the continuous circulation of four forms of organic matter: biota of soil O1, plants O2, animals O3 and products of animal metabolism O4. It is shown that this law in agricultural production is violated due to farming according to the recommendations of the doctrine "Agrochemistry", which is based on the erroneous theories of Liebig and Thayer, which was the main reason for the decline in food production, its rise in price, the approach of hunger and the aggravation of conflicts between states. The elimination of erroneous theories is hindered by the Federal Law No. 127 "On Science ...", in which there are no definitions of such categories as "scientist", "scientific potential", "invention", "research work", "research and development work", "innovation", "scientific discussion", there is no provision for scientific discussion. This contributes to the degeneration of science, the growth of the negative impact of competition in the scientific environment, prevents the use of discoveries and technological reform of agriculture, leads to an increase in social tension and delays the development of the state economy.

Человеческое общество и безопасность

Based on the analysis and synthesis of works devoted to the sustainable and safe development of human society as a civilization, the article shows that the understanding of the basis of the normal development of human society is the definition of the purpose of its existence and the conditions conducive to its achievement, which do not contradict the economic structures of any of the known states.
 The results of studies that led to the identification of the role of animal metabolic products in the reproduction of natural soil fertility are presented. It is shown that natural soil fertility is not only a property of the soil as a natural body, but, at the same time, the main means in agricultural production. The significance of the law of the organic matter cycle established in Russia is explained, according to which soil fertility reproduces itself in nature due to the continuous circulation of four forms of organic matter: biota of soil O1, plants O2, animals O3 and products of animal metabolism O4. It is shown that this law in agricultural production is violated due to farming according to the recommendations of the doctrine "Agrochemistry", which is based on the erroneous theories of Liebig and Thayer, which was the main reason for the decline in food production, its rise in price, the approach of hunger and the aggravation of conflicts between states. The elimination of erroneous theories is hindered by the Federal Law No. 127 "On Science ...", in which there are no definitions of such categories as "scientist", "scientific potential", "invention", "research work", "research and development work", "innovation", "scientific discussion", there is no provision for scientific discussion. This contributes to the degeneration of science, the growth of the negative impact of competition in the scientific environment, prevents the use of discoveries and technological reform of agriculture, leads to an increase in social tension and delays the development of the state economy.

Brief Historical Review about Magnetism: From the Ancient Greeks up the Beginning of the XXth Century

Magnetism is omnipresent in multiple natural and constructed phenomena we interact with daily. However, few students knew about the different explanations advanced relative to this mysterious magnetic force imperceptible by our senses before the advent of the discovery of the atomic and molecular aspects of matter. Unfortunately, the concepts associated with the study of magnetism presented in many textbooks do not consider the conceptual difficulties encountered by scientists and the false theories developed and abandoned following new experiments and theories. Towards the end of the 18th century, with the developments of classical physics, among others in mechanics, electrostatic, electricity, and measuring instruments, scientists pierced the secret of the magnet stone and the compass used in navigation for several centuries BC. On the other hand, the progress made in studying matter at the atomic scale at the beginning of the 20th century made it possible to explore the phenomenon of magnetism in greater depth and give it a quantum interpretation. It is impossible to present all the conceptual complexity concerning the development of magnetism in a few pages. Thus, we will limit to synthesizing the most discoveries related to magnetism from the ancient time, five centuries before Jesus Christ, to the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, we will mainly focus on the erroneous theories developed throughout history by renowned scientists and the conceptual difficulties related to the study of magnetism.

The theory of calculation of reinforced concrete structures and the principles of the Eurocode

The theory of calculating reinforced concrete is analyzed. As we known reinforced concrete with enormous volumes of application and huge financial costs, due to the great complexity of its nonlinear properties, has a surprisingly unscientific theory of calculation, consisting of two parts: short-term and longterm loading. The work of a number of round tables was devoted to the problem of errors in the theory of calculating reinforced concrete. The round tables held at the Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) on the initiative and under the guidance of famous scientists: V.M. Bondarenko, S.N. Krivoshapko, V.V. Galishnikova (the last one took place in 2020) with a large number of participants of authoritative scientists from Russia and other countries. It is shown that the theory of calculation of reinforced concrete structures, which are widely used (with long-term loading all over the world), includes five inconsistent (among them erroneous) theories, the essence of which and one postulate are set further. Using the rules of mathematics, the principles of mechanics and the results of solid experiments, it was revealed that the analyzed theory contains a set of theories rejecting each other for various purposes, including erroneous ones.

General theory and foundations for calculating reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures in modern construction

The theory which consists of two parts: short-term and long-term loading and of five inconsistent (or erroneous) theories that reject the fundamental properties of structural concrete and the principles of Eurocode and which is used in the calculations of various buildings and structures is analyzed.

Anti-vaccine movements - a form of social activity for health care, ignorance or diversion aimed at destabilizing the health situation? Part1. Epidemiological safety. Vaccinations - pros and cons.

Vaccinations are a way accepted by science of preventing infectious diseases. Because of their epidemiological significance, vaccinations are considered compulsory in many countries and their evasion is penalized. Anti-vaccine movements may pose a threat to the epidemiological situation in many countries. The study presents the arguments formulated by opponents of vaccination and provides counter-arguments. The study is based on the analysis of data stored in scientific databases, information obtained from Google, Bing and Yahoo on the Internet, as well as newspapers, magazines and opinion-forming websites. The slogans propagated by anti-vaccination movements are usually based on easily proven erroneous theories and lies, although there are also arguments expressing belief in the conspiracy of governments, politicians and vaccine manufacturers, or incompetence of scientists and practitioners. In recent years in Poland, the activity of movements against vaccination has increased significantly, and their propaganda, through its negative impact on social attitudes, threatens to destabilize the epidemiological situation. Analysis of arguments used by the opponents of vaccination suggests a lack of reliable knowledge, religious overtones (addressed to people with fundamentalist personalities), or the ill-will attitudes of anti-vaccine individuals/groups used for their own purposes. Familiarization with the arguments of anti-vaccine propaganda is necessary in order to implement effective methods of fighting such attitudes and beliefs.

A Research Study on the Causes, Consequences and Remedies to Local Failures in Structural Elements in Buildings: A Case Study of Lagos State

The frequency at which buildings fail in Nigeria has become a serious concern, embarrassment and challenge to the construction industry. This occurrence has affected the entire human endeavor ranging from psychosomatic upset where lives, property are lost in their numbers. This paper is targeted at using structured questionnaires meticulously administered to over 300 professionals and clients in the construction industry. This exercise is intended to ascertain the leading types of building failures, causes, consequences of building failures and remedies to building collapse. The five Likert scale comprising strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree were employed. The responses were afterward analyzed using statistical variables like the weighted average, mean, ranking indexes. Based on the analysis obtained, the leading types of building failure ranges from Functional failure, Carbonation of concrete, Corrosion of reinforcement, spalling of members, Staining and soiling of the finishes. The causes of failure from the analysis were found to be Errors of computation in design, failure to account for loads the structure is expected to carry, erroneous theories in design, bad management decisions, frauds, not building according to drawing and specifications by the contractor. The consequences of local failures are reduction of flexural rigidity of the elements, collapse of building, adverse effect on appearance and Injuries/death Remedies obtain were to anticipate the most extreme way the material can contribute to a failure when selecting materials, building envelopes must resist thermal transfer and block movement of air and water from one side to another, make provisions for wet materials to dry out within the mold, ensure woods are not too dry or too wet. It is however of great importance for all stakeholders involved to rise to the situation thereby bringing about necessary changes in the built industry

Dissolution of hypotheses in biochemistry: three case studies.

The history of biochemistry and molecular biology is replete with examples of erroneous theories that persisted for considerable lengths of time before they were rejected. This paper examines patterns of dissolution of three such erroneous hypotheses: The idea that nucleic acids are tetrads of the four nucleobases ('the tetranucleotide hypothesis'); the notion that proteins are collinear with their encoding genes in all branches of life; and the hypothesis that proteins are synthesized by reverse action of proteolytic enzymes. Analysis of these cases indicates that amassed contradictory empirical findings did not prompt critical experimental testing of the prevailing theories nor did they elicit alternative hypotheses. Rather, the incorrect models collapsed when experiments that were not purposely designed to test their validity exposed new facts.

Scientific Progress or Regress in Sports Physiology?

In modern societies there is strong belief in scientific progress, but, unfortunately, a parallel partial regress occurs because of often avoidable mistakes. Mistakes are mainly forgetting, erroneous theories, errors in experiments and manuscripts, prejudice, selected publication of "positive" results, and fraud. An example of forgetting is that methods introduced decades ago are used without knowing the underlying theories: Basic articles are no longer read or cited. This omission may cause incorrect interpretation of results. For instance, false use of actual base excess instead of standard base excess for calculation of the number of hydrogen ions leaving the muscles raised the idea that an unknown fixed acid is produced in addition to lactic acid during exercise. An erroneous theory led to the conclusion that lactate is not the anion of a strong acid but a buffer. Mistakes occur after incorrect application of a method, after exclusion of unwelcome values, during evaluation of measurements by false calculations, or during preparation of manuscripts. Co-authors, as well as reviewers, do not always carefully read papers before publication. Peer reviewers might be biased against a hypothesis or an author. A general problem is selected publication of positive results. An example of fraud in sports medicine is the presence of doped subjects in groups of investigated athletes. To reduce regress, it is important that investigators search both original and recent articles on a topic and conscientiously examine the data. All co-authors and reviewers should read the text thoroughly and inspect all tables and figures in a manuscript.

Норми права, логіка та істина

The article deals with the problem of revealing the relationship between the legal norms and the concept of truth, or searching for an answer to the question of whether the law is objectively true. The main thesis is that the law (as well as the norms of morality) is prescriptive, not descriptive, and consequently, can be neither true nor false. But assertions about existence of such norms (normative propositions) are always true or false. It is showed in a polemic with H. Kelsen, R. Dworkin and J. Raz how mixture of norms and normative proposals leads to erroneous theories, for example, to belief that the law can not have gaps and contradictions. While the author’s opinion is that positive law can contain gaps and contradictions, and the law order is based on the general agreement on the concept of law.

Reconstructing True Wrong Inductions

There have been many erroneous pre-scientific and common sense inductions. We want to understand why people believe in wrong theories. Our hypothesis is that mistaken inductions are due not only to the lack of facts, but also to the poor description of existing facts and to implicit knowledge which is transmitted socially. This paper presents several experiments the aim of which is to validate this hypothesis by using machine learning and data mining techniques to simulate the way people build erroneous theories from observations.

The Secular Stagnation Hypothesis: A Review of the Debate and Some Insights

Recent studies warn that the U.S. economy may return to a phase of secular stagnation. In the next 20 to 50 years, U.S. economic growth will be negatively affected by lower contributions of hours worked and education. But some studies also add that productivity could decelerate sharply and that GDP per capita, by focusing on the average household, neglects that income has already been stagnating in the last 30 years for the households in the bottom 99% of the income distribution. After reviewing recent long-run projections, we argue that similar warnings were issued in the past after all deep recessions. Interestingly, pessimistic predictions turned out to be wrong neither because they were built on erroneous theories or data, nor because they failed to predict the discovery of new technologies, but because they underestimated the potential of the technologies that already existed. These findings suggest that today we should not make the same mistake and undervalue the effects of the information technology. Finally, we discuss a number of issues that should be tackled by future research.

Limitations and potential misinterpretation of the National Disease and Therapeutic Index

PurposeThis paper seeks to clarify the use and limitations of the IMS National Disease and Therapeutic Index database, which is frequently used by scholars and courts to provide insights into pharmaceutical markets. Specifically, the paper aims to discuss appropriate and inappropriate uses of the data and details the limitations as a means of drawing generalizable conclusions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a literature review and critical evaluation of data and its uses.FindingsThe IMS NDTI can provide useful insights into pharmaceutical markets, and also provide indications of potential trends or behaviors, but cannot be relied on for conclusive evidence of such phenomena in the marketplace. The NDTI has limitations that result from sampling and design issues, as well as the specific method by which the data are collected and coded. Although IMS is clear and forthright in addressing these limitations, many researchers have apparently chosen not to heed these cautions and have drawn unsupportable conclusions from NDTI data.Originality/valueThe implications of drawing inappropriate conclusions from the NDTI database can range from the development of a crucial misunderstanding of the market by pharmaceutical marketers, the establishment of erroneous theories or assumptions into the literature or even the miscarriage of justice when the data are used as the basis for a legal judgment or claim. Users must be cautious when drawing any conclusions from these data.

Central Pain Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, Second Edition.

Central pain syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage or malfunction in the central nervous system. Management of central pain syndrome is extremely challenging for both patients and physicians alike because the extent of pain and the areas affected are related to diverse pathological conditions, including trauma, spinal cord injury, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy. Pain is either localized to a specific part of the body or may affect the whole body. Burning pain is the most common symptom, but patients may also report symptoms, such as pins and needles, pressure, lacerating, aching, and extreme bursts of sharp pain. Pain is typically constant, may be moderate to severe in intensity, and is often made worse by touch, movement, emotions, and temperature or weather changes.Since the first description of central pain after thalamic stroke in 1906 by Dejerine and Roussy, significant progress has been made in the neurological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of central pain syndrome. Central Pain Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, Second Edition, is an extremely informative book that synthesizes the most up-to-date research advancements to guide clinical practice. On the basis of the success and reviews of the first edition published 5 yr earlier, the authors have updated the contents, expanded the scope, and completely reorganized the text in this second edition of the book.There are several distinctive features of this book that expand its utility. First, it provides the fundamental knowledge and skills required to understand and diagnose central pain syndromes (sections 1 and 2). The authors have made it easy and interesting to navigate through the various elements of central pain and its diagnosis by using well-designed tables that capture the core of relevant studies. Second, evidence-based treatment strategies are presented in chapters that are highly synthesized, succinct, and easy to read (section 3). Patients are placed in the center of evidence-based practice and the focus is clinical application of high-quality research findings. Details of a large number of individual studies are clearly tabulated for easy reference. The book provides an excellent means to balance the need of clinicians to quickly grasp key points of important clinical topics and the desire of the inquisitory mind to critically assess the scientific merits of the evidence presented in the literature. Third, significant efforts to elucidate mechanism-based therapeutic interventions are made whenever possible. For this purpose, the pathophysiology of central pain syndromes (section 4) is discussed in the context of therapeutic interventions. Erroneous theories of central pain syndrome are challenged with clinical observations that are inconsistent, or incompatible, with these theories (Appendix). Fourth, in contrast to some books with many contributors, this book, written by two Italian authors with expertise in neuromodulation, maintains consistency in content, style, and format throughout and provides a coherent presentation of the current status of the understanding and treatment of central pain syndrome. For these reasons, we highly recommend this book to those who are interested in the management and/or research of central pain syndrome. As practicing pain physicians and investigators, we believe Central Pain Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management is an outstanding book on this topic and provides the most comprehensive and updated information in the field. The authors are to be commended for this significant contribution to the field of pain medicine.

Fiscal austerity, the Great Recession and the rise of new dictatorships

Austerity measures have been tested in developing countries for several decades under the pseudo name of ‘structural adjustment programmes’ following the recommendations and under the supervision of the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Evidence indicates that the economic and social consequences of these policies have been so disastrous that there is now more poverty and more inequality than a generation ago. The same scenario is being proposed as the alternative to what has hitherto been labeled a social-democratic economic system in industrialized nations. The economically dominant minority has largely succeeded in imposing its neoliberal agenda by convincing the general public, through various means, of the need for austerity. The paper challenges the erroneous theories on which austerity is based and proposes an alternative explanation to what is the ‘best practice’ in public finance. It argues that deficit spending by the government is an important policy tool that can be successfully used to guarantee full employment and create wealth and prosperity for the whole society.

Origine des tétrapodes, scenarios, théories erronées et évènements évolutifs

Le problème de l’origine des tétrapodes connaît un regain d’intérêt depuis plusieurs années. Il porte entre autres sur l’âge du plus ancien de ses représentants et sur le milieu de vie des espèces du Dévonien. D’après les découvertes les plus récentes (traces et pistes de l’Eifélien de Pologne), il semble que l’on puisse faire remonter l’âge du plus ancien tétrapode à environ – 397 Ma, voire plus si l’on prend en compte une trace fossile d’Australie datée de la base du Dévonien vers – 416 Ma. Ceci vieillit l’origine des tétrapodes de quelques 30 Ma par rapport à ce qui était supposé il y a quelques années. Les analyses paléoenvironnementales réalisées, soit sur les sédiments renfermant des restes de tétrapodes dévoniens, soit à partir d’analyses des ichthyofaunes du Dévonien moyen et supérieur, au sein desquelles ont été récoltés des tétrapodes, indiquent des environnements marins côtiers de faible profondeur d’eau ou des environnements de transition entre mer et terre (intertidaux, lagunaires, « laguno-marins »). L’analyse critique des publications les plus récentes sur ces sujets amène à émettre des considérations générales sur les « événements » en paléontologie évolutive, sur le devenir des scénarios en paléontologie, et sur la persistance de théories erronées.

Origine des tétrapodes, scenarios, théories erronées et évènements évolutifs

Le problème de l’origine des tétrapodes connaît un regain d’intérêt depuis plusieurs années. Il porte entre autres sur l’âge du plus ancien de ses représentants et sur le milieu de vie des espèces du Dévonien. D’après les découvertes les plus récentes (traces et pistes de l’Eifélien de Pologne), il semble que l’on puisse faire remonter l’âge du plus ancien tétrapode à environ – 397 Ma, voire plus si l’on prend en compte une trace fossile d’Australie datée de la base du Dévonien vers – 416 Ma. Ceci vieillit l’origine des tétrapodes de quelques 30 Ma par rapport à ce qui était supposé il y a quelques années. Les analyses paléoenvironnementales réalisées, soit sur les sédiments renfermant des restes de tétrapodes dévoniens, soit à partir d’analyses des ichthyofaunes du Dévonien moyen et supérieur, au sein desquelles ont été récoltés des tétrapodes, indiquent des environnements marins côtiers de faible profondeur d’eau ou des environnements de transition entre mer et terre (intertidaux, lagunaires, « laguno-marins »). L’analyse critique des publications les plus récentes sur ces sujets amène à émettre des considérations générales sur les « événements » en paléontologie évolutive, sur le devenir des scénarios en paléontologie, et sur la persistance de théories erronées.

The collective amnesia of marketing scholars regarding consumers' biological and evolutionary roots

Despite the extraordinary advances in biology in the 20th century, along with the infusion of Darwinian theory across countless domains of human import, marketing and consumer scholars have doggedly forgotten, rejected, or ignored that consumers are biological beings shaped by a common set of evolutionary forces. Accordingly, this collective amnesia has yielded disciplines that largely focus on the disjointed and incoherent cataloguing of empirical findings, all of which operate at the proximate level. A complete and accurate understanding of any biological organism requires that it be studied at both the proximate and ultimate (in the Darwinian adaptive sense of the term) levels. Hence, at best, marketing and consumer scholars generate incomplete accounts of Homo consumericus and at worst they provide erroneous theories that eventually fall by the epistemological wayside. Should the collective amnesia persist, marketing and consumer scholars will further contribute to the sinking of our discipline into t...