Erroneous Concepts Research Articles

Erroneous concepts of prominent scientists: C. F. Weizsäcker, J. A. Wheeler, S. Wolfram, S. Lloyd, J. Schmidhuber, and M. Vopson, resulting from misunderstanding of information and complexity

The common use of Shannon’s information, specified for the needs of telecommunications, gives rise to many misunderstandings outside of this context. (e.g. in conceptions of such well-known theorists as C.F. Weizsäcker and J. A. Wheeler). This article shows that the terms of the general definition of information meet the structural information, and Shannon’s information is a special case of it. Similarly, complexity is misunderstood today as exemplified by the concepts of reputable computer scientists, such as S. Lloyd, S. Wolfram and J. Schmidhuber. These theorists use an algorithmic definition of complexity and the so-called logical depth, neither of which meets the intuitive criterion of complexity. Hence, their misconceptions of beauty, art and the universe. It will be shown that the intuitive criterion is met by Abstract Complexity Definition. This definition also fulfils the criterion for a general complexity definition, as it defines complexity of the most general/abstract structure of our reality, that is, binary structure. It also explains such fundamental issues of information theory as the information–energy relationship and the value of information, which are still discussed and need to be clarified.

Mechanisms of chemical vapor generation by aqueous boranes for trace element analysis: a rather long and unfinished story

Abstract This paper reports a summary of the studies on the mechanisms that govern the generation of hydrides and other volatile species through reaction with aqueous boranes (CVG). This derivatization reaction has been used since the early 1970s for elemental determination and speciation from the trace level down to the ultratrace level and below. An IUPAC project, concluded in 2011, reported on the mechanisms of hydrogen transfer from borane to the analytical substrate and served to remove erroneous concepts that had dominated CVG until the early 2000s. Following the conclusion of the IUPAC project, many studies have been published on the mechanisms of CVG under conditions approaching those of analyzes of real samples. These studies included the definition of more general reaction models, which valid under non-analytical conditions, the mechanism of action of additives and interferences in CVG of volatile hydrides. In addition to the analytical utility for CVG, the results represent a contribution to the knowledge of the chemistry of aqueous boranes. Other studies will be necessary to clarify still unknown aspects, among them the identity of volatile transition metal species formed by reaction of metal ions with aqueous boranes.

Osteopathic Approach for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars.

The skin is a complex organ, a system that influences and is influenced by the body system, with different skin layers always mechano-biologically active. In the presence of a lesion that damages the dermis, the skin undergoes sensory, morphological, and functional alterations. The subsequent adaptation is the formation of scar tissue, following distinct and overlapping biological phases. For reasons not yet fully elucidated, some healing processes lead to pathological scars, from which symptoms such as pain, itching, and functional limitations are derived. Currently, there is no gold standard treatment that fully meets the needs of different scars and can eliminate any symptoms that the patient suffers. One such treatment is manual medicine, which involves direct manual approaches to the site of injury. Reviewing the phases that allow the skin to be remodeled following an injury, this article reflects on the usefulness of resorting to these procedures, highlighting erroneous concepts on which the manual approach is based, compared to what the current literature highlights the cicatricial processes. Considering pathological scar adaptations, it would be better to follow a gentle manual approach.

Systematic Errors in the Results of Quantitative Chemical Analysis: from Incorrect Terms to Erroneous Concepts

Systematic Errors in the Results of Quantitative Chemical Analysis: from Incorrect Terms to Erroneous Concepts

The spectacle of knowledge and the Psychology of Education in modernity: under the aegis of the construction of learning

Society gains in its social environment a science that seeks, for plausible reasons, the idea of the human being. The adopted methodology was the bibliographical research. With that comes a new society, where transformation starts to challenge its education. Seeking to understand that current education suffers from a sequence of prejudices since inequality is its greatest challenge, the new education seeks to level these erroneous concepts that are incorporated into human action. Evaluating the system granted to the right and duty of the citizen, whose knowledge results in the psychological development of the being, is that the dynamics of this study will deal in its details with a psychology that transforms, dynamizes and clarifies every reason for being. Since psychology is the study of human behavior, nothing is more striking than inserting into this science the responsibility that should be maintained in the social environment, since moral issues elevate man to the principle that he should respect everyone.

New Directions in Teaching Introductory and Organic Chemistry

<p>To resolve several problems that arise in the teaching of hybrid atomic orbitals (HAO) and the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, we propose an original way to present molecular structures, beginning with an analysis of the teaching of lone pairs without HAO and VSEPR. Our purpose in eliminating completely the HAO and VSEPR models from introductory and organic chemistry is to avoid erroneous concepts about the distributions of electronic charge within molecules. We provide a general design to teach the basic curriculum of chemistry in the future without HAO and VSEPR.</p><div> </div>

INTRICACIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MISCONCEPTIONS

Science is a systematic study of natural phenomenon. The natural phenomenon is perceived and understood by an individual based on his/her experience and cultural context. The term misconception is complex in nature and has been conceptualize as alternative conceptions, preconceptions, alternative ideas, conceptual stumbling blocks, erroneous concepts, alternative framework in various contexts by researchers at different level of schooling and geographical locations. Identification of misconception is a challenging task due to various factors such as cultural context, individual differences, teaching-learning processes, students personal experience etc. In the present context of multi and trans-disciplinary subjects, the identification of misconceptions has become essential and gain importance as they are contributing new knowledge and applications in Science and Technology. Hence, in the present paper researchers had made an attempt to analyze the intricacies in identification of misconceptions in biology. The paper heavily relies on secondary source of data. In the present paper researcher has thoroughly reviewed and studied the identifications of misconceptions in the subject biology mixed approaches along with tools, techniques and strategies.

"Excited delirium," erroneous concepts, dehumanizing language, false narratives, and threat to Black lives.

-

How Much Do Parents Know About Pain in Their Children?

Adequate pain control is essential to the comprehensive management of pediatric patients within the emergency department.The aim of this study is to evaluate parents' knowledge about pain in the pediatric population patient and secondarily describe erroneous concepts that can affect a correct children's pain management. A single-center descriptive study of cross-sectional surveys was performed between October and December 2018, with a previously validated ad hoc and anonymous questionnaire consisting of 9 items. All parents/guardians participating in the study had a child aged 0 to 18 years who had been admitted to the emergency department. Sixty-nine percent (n = 315) were women, 49.9% (n = 226) had university degrees and only 11% (n = 50) had professions related to the healthcare system. A linear association was observed between the number of correct answers and the level of education (β = 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.32; P < 0.001), as well as between parents with professions related to the healthcare system compared with other professions (61.4% vs 51.2% with P = 0.005). The responses of Spanish parents offered better results than answers obtained from parents from the American continent (56.4% vs 41.4% with P < 0.001). No differences were observed between parents of children with chronic diseases. In our study, we observed that a considerable percentage of parents hold misconceptions about how children express pain, and therefore, it would be necessary to encourage formation programs for parents to help identify, evaluate, and correctly treat pain in their children.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 among patients at Hospital Universitario de Caracas triage tent: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding COVID-19 help to identify erroneous concepts and inadequate practices related to the disease. This baseline information is essential to design effective strategies and improve adherence to prevention measures.Objective: To identify the COVID-19-related KAP in Venezuelan patients screened at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas triage tent.Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 215 patients between April 25th and May 25th, 2020, with in-person interviews using a KAP survey. Results: Most surveyed patients (53.5%) were asymptomatic. Most of them, both from the symptomatic and the asymptomatic groups, had adequate knowledge about the symptoms and transmission of the disease and the majority said they were practicing quarantine, frequent handwashing, and the use of face masks in public areas. However, the daily replacement of cloth face masks was more frequent in the asymptomatic group whereas replacement every three days was more frequent in the symptomatic group. Finally, more than half of the participants admitted having been in crowded places, a common practice among the symptomatic compared to the asymptomatic patients.Conclusions: This is the first KAP study in Venezuela about COVID-19. Knowledge and practices among Venezuelans could be improved by strengthening education and training programs. This information from the early phase of the pandemic in Venezuela may contribute to the design of COVID-19 promotion and prevention strategies.

The State of Lifelong Learning in Service Robots:

Service robots are appearing more and more in our daily life. The development of service robots combines multiple fields of research, from object perception to object manipulation. The state-of-the-art continues to improve to make a proper coupling between object perception and manipulation. This coupling is necessary for service robots not only to perform various tasks in a reasonable amount of time but also to continually adapt to new environments and safely interact with non-expert human users. Nowadays, robots are able to recognize various objects, and quickly plan a collision-free trajectory to grasp a target object in predefined settings. Besides, in most of the cases, there is a reliance on large amounts of training data. Therefore, the knowledge of such robots is fixed after the training phase, and any changes in the environment require complicated, time-consuming, and expensive robot re-programming by human experts. Therefore, these approaches are still too rigid for real-life applications in unstructured environments, where a significant portion of the environment is unknown and cannot be directly sensed or controlled. In such environments, no matter how extensive the training data used for batch learning, a robot will always face new objects. Therefore, apart from batch learning, the robot should be able to continually learn about new object categories and grasp affordances from very few training examples on-site. Moreover, apart from robot self-learning, non-expert users could interactively guide the process of experience acquisition by teaching new concepts, or by correcting insufficient or erroneous concepts. In this way, the robot will constantly learn how to help humans in everyday tasks by gaining more and more experiences without the need for re-programming. In this paper, we review a set of previously published works and discuss advances in service robots from object perception to complex object manipulation and shed light on the current challenges and bottlenecks.

Validation of parameters and protocols derived from chlorophyll a fluorescence commonly utilised in marine ecophysiological studies.

This study documents the first validation of the suitability of the most common parameters and protocols used in marine ecophysiology to characterise photosynthesis by means of chlorophyll a fluorescence tools. We demonstrate that the effective yield of PSII (ΔF /F m ') is significantly underestimated when using short inductions times (≤1 min) following the rapid light curve protocol (RLC). The consequent electron transport rates (ETR) underestimations are species-specific and highly variable with irradiance and the photoacclimatory condition of the sample. Our analysis also questions the use of relative descriptors (relETR), as they not only overestimate photosynthesis, but overlook one of the fundamental components of the photosynthetic response: light absorption regulation. Absorptance determinations were fundamental to characterise the ETR response of low-pigmented seagrass leaves, and also uncovered relevant differences between two coral species and the accclimatory response of a cultured dinoflagellate to temperature. ETR and oxygen evolution determinations showed close correlations for all organisms tested with the expected slope of 4 e- per O2 molecule evolved, when correct photosynthesis inductions and light absorption determinations were applied. However, ETR curves cannot be equated to conventional photosynthetic response to irradiance (P vs E ) curves, and caution is needed when using ETR to characterise photosynthesis rates above photosynthesis saturation (E k ). This validation strongly supports the utility of fluorescence tools, underlining the need to correct two decades of propagation of erroneous concepts, protocols and parameters in marine eco-physiology. We aim also to emphasise the importance of optical descriptions for understanding photosynthesis, and for interpreting fluorescence measurements. In combination with conventional gross photosynthesis (GPS) approaches, optical characterisations open an extraordinary opportunity to determine two central parameters of photosynthesis performance: the quantum yield (φmax ) of the process and its minimum quantum requirements (1/φmax ). The combination of both approaches potentiates the possibilities of chlorophyll a fluorescence tools to characterise marine photosynthesis biodiversity.

Looking back at multidrug resistance (MDR) research and ten mistakes to be avoided when writing about ABC transporters in MDR

This paper presents a personal, selective, and sometimes critical retrospective of the history of ABC transporters in multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells, overrepresenting discoveries of some early pioneers, long forgotten, and highlights of research in Amsterdam, mainly focussing on discoveries made with disruptions of ABC genes in mice (KO mice) and on the role of ABC transporters in causing drug resistance in a mouse model of mammary cancer. The history is complemented by a list of erroneous concepts often found in papers and grant applications submitted anno 2020.

МИРОСОЗЕРЦАНИЕ И ПОЭТИКА Н. В. ГОГОЛЯ В КРИТИКЕ РУССКОЙ ЭМИГРАЦИИ (1921—2018)

The Russian émigré community paid particular attention to Nikolai Gogol (possibly comparable only with Aleksandr Pushkin and Fedor Dostoevsky). Themes and issues in Russian émigrés’ studies of Gogol are highly diverse, although they predominantly focus on Gogol’s poetics and religious views. Gogol and Dostoevsky, Gogol and Christian attitude to the laughter, Gogol’s theater aesthetics, Gogol’s progress as an author, rhythm in Gogol’s prose, problem of the man in Gogol— these are the issues in Gogol’s poetics have initially been posed by the literary critics in the Russian émigré community and subsequently developed by Russian scholars. Thanks to the works by Konstantin Mochulsky, Vasily Zenkovsky, Georgy Florovsky, Dmytro Chyzhevsky and Semyon Frank, it became possible to rebuff some deeply enrooted erroneous concepts of Gogol’s personality. Gogol studies conducted in the Russian émigré community are an essential part of contemporary literary criticism. Despite limited sources, works by Russian émigré authors marked a new and essential stage in Gogol studies.

Concept Proliferation as an Educational Good: Epistemic Injustice, Conceptual Revolutions, and Human Flourishing

AbstractThis article presents a pedagogical approach for disrupting epistemic injustice. In it, A. C. Nikolaidis first demonstrates that different forms of epistemic injustice — testimonial, hermeneutical, and contributory — are the result of limited or distorted conceptual resources and then argues that concept proliferation can be a promising educational means for overcoming such limitations and distortions. Concept proliferation involves a combination of increasing exposure to diverse, especially marginalized, concepts and providing students with necessary critical tools for questioning harmful and erroneous concepts. Concept proliferation is beneficial for both individual students and society at large. It liberates students from the confines of harmful concepts that limit their self‐understanding, but also provides them with skills necessary to challenge hegemonic concepts that distort collective (social) understanding and contribute to epistemic and systemic injustice.

Consumer Avoidance of Insect Containing Foods: Primary Emotions, Perceptions and Sensory Characteristics Driving Consumers Considerations

Why do many human beings find bugs repulsive? Disgust, a psychological factor, is believed to be the main reason why consumers would not consider eating foods containing insect ingredients. This study aimed to understand specific consumers’ behaviors toward insect based products. A global survey was launched in 13 different countries. The participants (n = 630 from each country) completed the survey that included demographic questions and questions about why they would or would not eat insect-based products. The results show, particularly for some of the Asian countries, that it is necessary to start exposing and familiarizing the populations about insects in order to diminish the disgust factor associated with insects. It is strongly recommended that an insect-based product should not contain visible insect pieces, which trigger negative associations. The exceptions were consumers in countries such as Mexico and Thailand, evaluated in this study, which did not show significant negative beliefs associated with including insects in their diets. Additional research to promote insect-based product consumption with popular product types might be the first strategy to break the disgust barriers and build acquaintance about insect-based products. The need to educate consumers that not all insects are unhygienic is crucial to eliminating the potentially erroneous concepts from consumer mindsets.

Commented Madness Project: Works about the Academical Vision of Concepts in Psychiatry and Mental Health

The present study is an experience report that analyzes the perception of the medical students of Unigranrio, Barra da Tijuca, regarding the performance of the psychiatrist, in the field of specialty practice in primary care and in the psychiatric emergency service, and in relation to the insertion of the non-teaching of medical education, as well as basic themes in mental health, highlighting the feelings about the contact and approach of the patient with mental disorders and self-perception of the medical student's mental health, allowing reflections on the problem of existing non-teaching doctor. It carried out an evaluation in order to bring contributions to mental health education, detecting the presence of erroneous concepts, stereotypes and perceptions related to the subject in the formation of the student, at the same time as it discussed the need of forms of intervention to overcome challenges that involve obstacles and methodologies of mental health teaching in the medical course. The project leads to reflections on teachers and students, the possibility of mobilization at improving the future formation of the doctor, in a view of the magnification and relevance of psychiatry teaching. The construction of the project made it possible to highlight a different perspective for insertion and expansion of mental health to medical students, and for analysis of the Psychiatric Reform process, as well as questions about the need for changes in the medical curriculum formation, about concepts, sensations, misconceptions, prejudices, fears and anxieties related to the care of the psychiatric patient.

El uso del currículo oculto en la interpretación de cambio climático en infografías de estudiantes de educación superior

&lt;p&gt;La importancia de la educación hace evidente que se considere educar en Cambio Climático a los estudiantes. El propósito principal de este estudio fue examinar la interpretación de cambio climático en infografías de estudiantes de educación superior y explorar el conocimiento de los estudiantes a base de cambios climáticos. Para el logro del propósito se realizó un análisis de contenido para analizar las infografías que presentan los estudiantes antes (diagnóstico) y después (formativo) de integrar con un currículo oculto conceptos de cambio climático en un curso de Biología General. El estudio que se llevó a cabo fue de carácter cualitativo con un enfoque de análisis de contenido. La muestra estuvo conformada por estudiantes de una institución de educación superior de Puerto Rico que tomaron un curso de Biología General.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Los resultados del análisis de contenido reflejaron que el 81% de los estudiantes tuvo algún concepto erróneo de cambio climático al comienzo del curso. Luego, de ofrecer el curso de Biología General e integrar conceptos de cambio climático con un currículo oculto, los estudiantes minimizaron sus conceptos erróneos a un 9%. Por tanto, se concluye que se deben integrar conceptos de cambio climático en los cursos de Ciencias para lograr una mejor Educación Ambiental. Esto explica que existe una necesidad por educar a los estudiantes en cambio climático como recomiendan las agencias estatales e internaciones. Entonces, se afirma que se debe considerar el potencial de las universidades para desarrollar la Educación Ambiental y establecer una colaboración estrecha entre las distintas instituciones de educación superior como bien lo estableció la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO, por sus siglas en inglés)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Superproof about Sexual Reproduction and Life Cycle in the Parasitic Generation of Strongyloides stercoralis in Human Host

Background and study aim: Strongyloides stercoralis was believed to have two kinds of life cycles. One of them was an internal parthenogenetic life cycle that constituted the parasitic generation. Some authors also stated that this parasitic generation of the internal life cycle used to reproduce only by protandrogony (i.e., hermaphroditism). The second type of life cycle was the external sexual cycle, interacting among free-living worms that represented the free-living generation in soil. The key objectives of this study were to: verify the type of reproduction in the parasitic generation of S. stercoralis, and demonstrate the complete integrated life cycles of both parasitic and free-living generations of S. stercoralis. Patients and Methods: The major sites of stool sample collection were selected to be the elementary schools (from students) at Dilla District, because S. stercoralis was ascertained to be endemic in this region. The parasitic worms of Strongyloides stercoralis obtained from fresh stools were used to set growth culture of free-living generation of this very species and to find the free-living male and female in copulation from the growth culture. A set of parasitic male & female in copulation isolated from a fresh stool sample of a patient under medical care in a hospital was also included. Results: The male and female worms of S. stercoralis had been isolated from both parasitic and free-living generations while they were in the actual copulation. Conclusion: The method of reproduction in the parasitic generation of S. stercoralis in human host was practically proved to be certainly sexual. This verified conclusion was the first practical achievement in the entire globe by solving the persistent problems (i.e., erroneous concepts of parthenogenesis and protandrogony as the types of reproduction in the parasitic generation of S. stercoralis) that had been misleading and puzzling the minds of the concerned scientists of the world until the establishment of this very achievement. Additionally, this achievement had enabled the investigator to construct the complete integrated life cycles of both parasitic and free-living generations of S. stercoralis.

The Nature of Money in Modern Economy –Implications and Consequences

This paper discusses the great importance of the monetary question, and briefly examines some of the dominant erroneous concepts of money and their effects upon societies. It also points and links to the great progress currently being made by researchers in this field, so readers can examine them more fully. It presents very brief summaries of what some of the important new papers do. It also aims at helping instructors in outlining a reading curriculum to assist in a long overdue understanding of money power. Finally, the paper presents a money and banking system proposal which has evolved since the Great Depression of the 1930s, and is now ready for implementation and has even been introduced as potential legislation into the United States Congress.