Erroneous Beliefs Research Articles

Worth a thousand words: Presenting wind turbines in virtual reality reveals new opportunities for social acceptance and visualization research

The present study examined how a multimodal, cinematic virtual reality (CVR) experience with a wind turbine affects expectations and perceptions of wind energy projects. By merging survey methods used in public attitudes research with a controlled, in-person laboratory experiment, we found that the CVR experience corrected prior erroneous beliefs concerning expected visual and acoustic impacts of wind turbines. Following exposure to CVR, participants’ expectations about auditory, visual, and general impacts of wind energy projects shifted positively, especially among participants with limited knowledge of or prior experience with wind energy. This latter group reported the largest pre-post changes in expectations. Taken together, these results suggest that CVR can be leveraged to more clearly communicate wind project development plans to the general public, especially when an audience's prior knowledge and experience with wind turbines is limited.

Beliefs About Gambling Mediate the Effect of Cognitive Style on Gambling Problems.

Problem gambling is often accompanied by a range of irrational cognitions that promote excessive gambling. The cognitive basis for these beliefs has been largely overlooked in the gambling literature. Dual process theory suggests there are two parallel cognitive processing systems, an intuitive and an analytic system, and that there are potential individual differences in preference for one or the other cognitive style. The current study explored whether people's cognitive styles are an important factor in the development of specific beliefs about gambling that in-turn contribute to gambling problems. The sample consisted of 1168 regular gamblers (539 female, ranging from 18 to 78years of age; M = 35.47, SD = 10.78) recruited via Mechanical Turk. Participants completed a survey assessing cognitive style, problem gambling severity, and measures of protective and erroneous beliefs. In a path model, greater analytical thinking and lower intuitive thinking was associated with fewer erroneous gambling beliefs, which in turn were related to fewer gambling problems. A second model showed that protective beliefs also mediated the relationship between cognitive style and gambling, demonstrating that greater analytical thinking and lower intuitive thinking was associated with protective beliefs that similarly reduced problem gambling severity. Results suggest that a person's cognitive style influences peoples gambling by contributing to the endorsement of irrational or unsafe beliefs about gambling. Encouraging people to think more analytically may be useful in reducing erroneous beliefs about gambling that promote problematic gambling behaviour.

Perceptions of Protection under Nondiscrimination Law

Nondiscrimination rules-statutes, regulations, and soft law protections-are critical for reducing health and health care disparities. Although scholarship has interrogated how nondiscrimination rules affect behavior by discriminators, comparatively little has considered how protections can affect choices made by members of protected groups. A number of states and some interpretations of federal law protect people from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. This Article seeks to identify relationships between actual state law, perceived state law, and experiences of discrimination and medical mistrust. This Article reports the results of a national cross-sectional survey of over 3,000 men using Grindr to meet male partners. Participants scored comparable to chance in knowledge about state nondiscrimination protections, with "optimistic errors" (erroneous beliefs that one was protected) significantly more common than pessimistic errors. Perceptions of protection were significantly correlated with lower medical mistrust and greater uptake of care, as well as lower perceived barriers to disclosure and care-seeking. Actual state law protections, however, were significant predictors of having had discussions with providers that depended on disclosure of sexual behavior or orientation. Building on these results, this Article considers pathways by which nondiscrimination law may exert welcome mat (and "unwelcome mat") effects.

Exploring the knowledge and attitudes about cancer of older adults in Barcelona, Spain

Abstract Background: The prevalence of cancer increases with age. Cancer related knowledge and attitudes towards the disease affects health seeking behavior. The knowledge and attitudes of older adults in Barcelona, Spain regarding cancer are unknown. Methods: A survey consisting of 42 questions in five focus areas pertaining to the knowledge and attitudes about cancer, prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, and support was administered to 814 adults 65 years of age and older while they were attending one of the seven senior centers throughout Barcelona and the provinces. Trained social workers and psychologists conducted the interviews. Results: The average age of survey participants was 74 years. Of the participants, 44.89% were male, 55.11% were female, and 18% had cancer in the past. The percentage of older adults with cancer was low at 18%; among those with cancer, many erroneous beliefs existed, such as attributing cancer to an undeserved punishment and the belief that the illness can be acquired through contact. Only a third of the participants considered themselves at high risk for developing cancer, and 94% were unaware of the European Code against Cancer and its recommendations. 34.2% indicated they would prefer to receive no treatment if they developed cancer in the future. Conclusions: Older adults residing in Barcelona, Spain were unaware of their high risk of developing cancer. Their attitudes included fear and pessimism toward the illness and treatment. Their limited knowledge and attitudes about cancer caused older adults to minimize and ignore symptoms. They attributed symptoms and discomfort to aging rather than cancer, which resulted in worsening health problems.

Validation of Units Of Measurement (Alavaikal) In Traditional Cittā Literature and Its Significance In Traditional Diagnostic Methods: An Epistemological View of Aḷavaikaḷ in Cittā Literature

The antique Cittā system of medicine has survived since age old period in southern part of India because of its firm basic tenets of Indian Philosophy. While the present day scientific community rejects the intellectual elements used by traditional disciplines claiming them as erroneous belief, it has become mandatory to validate the subjective parameters such as “Aḷavaikaḷ” in classical Cittā text through scientific methodology. The term “Aḷavaikaḷ” in Cittā literature can be referred to as Logics or the prime units of measurement used in the ancient times for disease diagnosis and prognosis. It was also known by the terminology “Piramāṇaṅkaḷ” which constitute the first ever tool in the quest for knowledge. In this review all these traditional tools of knowledge have been carefully analysed and has been interpreted on scientific grounds to overlook on this traditional concept of Cittā literature with no scope of any myth or fallacy and aims to unravel the relationship between the philosophy of Aḷavaikaḷ with that of epistemology and Logical reasoning. © 2020, Hampstead Psychological Associates. All rights reserved.

Maybe they’re born with it, or maybe it’s experience: Toward a deeper understanding of the learning style myth.

Decades of research suggest that learning styles, or the belief that people learn better when they receive instruction in their dominant way of learning, may be one of the most pervasive myths about cognition. Nonetheless, little is known about what it means to believe in learning styles. The present investigation uses one theoretical framework—psychological essentialism—to explore the content and consistency of people’s learning style beliefs. Psychological essentialism is a belief that certain categories (such as dogs, girls, or visual learners) have an underlying reality or true nature that is biologically based and highly predictive of many other features (Gelman, 2003). We tested the prevalence of erroneous essentialist beliefs regarding learning styles in both educators and noneducators, including that learning styles are innate, unchanging, discrete, and wired into the brain. In each of two experiments, we identified two groups of learning style believers, with one group holding an essentialist interpretation of learning styles, and the other group holding a nonessentialist interpretation of learning styles. No differences were found between educators’ and noneducators’ beliefs. In fact, only one factor was found to be a significant predictor of learning style beliefs for educators: the age of the population with whom they work. Specifically, those who worked with younger children were more likely to interpret learning styles in an essentialist way. Together the findings demonstrate that learning style beliefs are far more complex and variable than previously recognized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved

Knowledge by direct measurement versus inference from steering

Inspired by recent debates on Wigner’s friend extensions to bipartite scenarios, we analyze the following situation: Alice and Bob start out with an entangled state $$|\varPsi \rangle _{AB}$$; following a measurement by one of the parties, Bob’s state is updated to $$|\varphi \rangle _B$$. If the measurement was performed by Bob himself, Bob knows that Alice’s state has been steered to $$|\chi _{\leftarrow }(\varphi )\rangle _A$$. If the measurement was performed by Alice, Bob knows that Alice must have found a $$|\chi _{\rightarrow }(\varphi )\rangle _A$$ which is generally different, as a consequence of the well-known “Hardy’s ladder”. Based on this observation, we show that information from direct measurement must trump inference from steering. The erroneous belief that both paths should lead to identical conclusions can be traced to the usual prejudice that measurements should reveal a pre-existing state of affairs. We also prove a technical result on Hardy’s ladder: the minimum value of $$|\langle {\chi _{\leftarrow }(\varphi )}|{\chi _{\rightarrow }(\varphi )}\rangle |$$ is $$2\sqrt{p_{0}p_{n-1}}/(p_0+p_{n-1})$$, where $$p_0$$ and $$p_{n-1}$$ are the smallest (non-zero) and the largest Schmidt coefficients of $$|\varPsi \rangle _{AB}$$.

Hidden failures

Failure often contains useful information, yet across five studies involving 11 separate samples (N = 1238), people were reluctant to share this information with others. First, using a novel experimental paradigm, we found that participants consistently undershared failure—relative to success and a no-feedback experience—even though failure contained objectively more information than these comparison experiences. Second, this reluctance to share failure generalized to professional experiences. Teachers in the field were less likely to share information gleaned from failure than information gleaned from success, and employees were less likely to share lessons gleaned from failed versus successful attempts to concentrate at work. Why are people reluctant to share failure? Across experimental and professional failures, people did not realize that failure contained useful information. The current investigation illuminates an erroneous belief and the asymmetrical world of information it produces: one where failures are common in private, but hidden in public.

On the ecological fallacy in discrete-choice models

In linear regressions, the ecological fallacy—the erroneous belief that aggregate-level coefficients coincide with individual-level coefficients—arises when individual outcomes depend on the group environment. This paper suggest that such “group effects” determine also the circumstances under which the ecological fallacy vanishes from basic discrete-choice models. In particular, when controlling for group effects, it is shown that the same coefficients arise from a conditional logit model, which is a popular framework to analyse individual choices, and a Poisson regression, which provides a framework to analyse the aggregate number (or count) of such choices across groups.

Gamble with Your Head and Not Your Heart: A Conceptual Model for How Thinking-Style Promotes Irrational Gambling Beliefs.

Dual process theory suggests that people use two processing systems to filter information and form judgments that direct a course of action: an intuitive and an analytic system. While the intuitive system is necessary for efficient and effective daily functioning, reliance on fast, intuitive thinking when gambling is likely to result in biased or flawed decision-making. Those who gamble tend to endorse an array of fallacious or irrational beliefs that contribute to risky decision-making and excessive gambling. This paper argues that gambling beliefs may be developed and reinforced through underlying cognitive mechanisms described by dual process theory. More specifically, gamblers tend to apply assumptions and theories developed based on their understanding of the natural world to artificial gambling contexts where such rules do not apply. As a result, gamblers develop biased interpretations and understandings for how gambling works, which tend to align with personal schemas, experiences and gambling motivations. These beliefs are used in future gambling contexts to inform decision-making. Gamblers are often unlikely or unwilling to reflect on the veracity of beliefs as they are often used to justify gambling behaviours. Educating gamblers on how they make decisions and encouraging them to think more analytically may help to reduce the strength with which erroneous beliefs about gambling are endorsed, resulting in safer gambling decisions.

Core qualities of an educational program to reduce fears and beliefs of GPs about low back pain: Results of a GPs, experts and literature survey.

Despite the fact that non-specific low back pain (LBP) is a frequent symptom, its management remains suboptimal in primary care. A plausible reason is the persistence of erroneous fears and beliefs among general practitioners (GPs). We aimed to determine the core qualities an educational program should have to reduce erroneous fears and beliefs about LBP among GPs. We used a two step-approach. In the first step, meaningful qualities were collected using comprehensive data source triangulation from GPs, experts and literature. In the second step, qualities were extracted by three independent investigators in a standardized manner using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist. Qualities were collected from 8 GPs, 24 experts and 15 articles. Extraction revealed a wide range of qualities depending on participants' background and literature. After consensus between investigators, the most meaningful qualities included evidence-based messages and web-based interventions (videos and classes) delivered by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. We found no systematic trend for when and how much, and how to tailor the intervention. Data source triangulation revealed that the core qualities of an educational program targeting fears and beliefs about LBP among GPs should include evidence-based information, web-based interventions and a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Our findings will help us to design a provisional targeted educational intervention. This will be further assessed in a mixed-method feasibility study and then in a randomized controlled trial.

دراسة عقدیة لقوله تعالى: (( إنَّمَا یُرِیدُ اللَّهُ لِیُذْهِبَ عَنکُمُ الرِّجْسَ أَهْلَ الْبَیْتِ وَیُطَهِّرَکُمْ تَطْهِیرًا )) [الأحزاب:33

عقدية لقوله تعالى:( إنما يريد الله ليذهب عنکم الرجس أهل البيت ويطهرکم تطهيرا )) [الأحزاب:33] مرفت عبدالجبار سعد باحثة دکتوراه، قسم العقيدة، کلية الدعوة وأصول الدين، جامعة أم القرى، المملکة العربية السعودية البريد الالکتروني: mjabbar11@hotmail.com ملخص: موضوع الدراسة دراسة عقدية لقوله تعالى: (ﮇ ﮈ ﮉ ﮊ ﮋ ﮌ ﮍ ﮎ ﮏ ﮐ ﮑ) [الأحزاب:33]، وقد جاءت الدراسة في ثلاثة مطالب: المطلب الأول: شرح قوله تعالى: ( ﮇ ﮈ ﮉ ﮊ ﮋ ﮌ ﮍ ﮎ ﮏ ﮐ ﮑ) [الأحزاب:33]، ويندرج تحته المباحث الآتية: (أولا: أسباب النزول. ثانيا: تفسير الآية من تفاسير أهل السنة المعتمدة). المطلب الثاني: حديث الکساء الذي يوهم التعارض مع آية التطهير. وتندرج تحته المباحث التالية: أولا: تخريج الحديث. ثانيا: علاقة الحديث بآية التطهير من حيث إيهام التعارض. ثالثا: أهل البيت في ضوء الکتاب والسنة. المطلب الثالث: مسائل متعلقة بآية التطهير. ويندرج تحته المباحث التالية: أولا: المسائل العقدية والفقهية من الآية. ثانيا: شبه بعض المخالفين حول الآية الرافضة أنموذجا. ومن أبرز نتائج الدراسة: أولى الناس باجتناب الرجس هم أهل البيت لذلک أراد الله تعالى لهم تمام الطهارة من کل ما يسوء، والآية لا تنص على وقوع التطهير، بل على إرادة التطهير. - آية التطهير نزلت في نساء النبي صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم، ثم شملت معهم غيرهم من آل البيت بعد ذلک.- لآل البيت فضائل متعددة، وقد اتفق جميع أهل السنة والجماعة على وجوب محبتهم، ورعاية حقهم الشرعي. - عقائد المخالف من خلال فهمهم للنصوص، مما يزيد الأمة بعقائد أهل الضلال ومحاولاتهم إضلال المسلمين. الکلمات المفتاحية: عقدية، آية التطهير، أهل البيت، أهل السنة والجماعة، المسائل العقدية والفقهية. A Doctrine Study of Allah the Almighty Saying (Allāh intends only to remove from you the impurity [of sin], O people of the [Prophet's] household, and to purify you with [extensive] purification) Mervat Abdel-Jabbar Saad Department of Doctrine, Faculty of Da`wah and Fundamentals of Religion, Umm Al-Qura University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Email: mjabbar11@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: The subject of the current study is doctrine study of Allah the Almighty saying: (Allāh intends only to remove from you the impurity [of sin], O people of the [Prophet's] household, and to purify you with [extensive] purification) [Al-Ahzab: The study consisted of three chapters: the first chapter provides an explanation of Allah the Almighty saying (Allāh intends only to remove from you the impurity [of sin], O people of the [Prophet's] household, and to purify you with [extensive] purification) [Al-Ahzab: 33]. The chapter also outlined the reasons for descent; second: interpretation of the verse by the approved Sunnis. The second chapter addressed Al-Kessa's Hadeeth that superficially contradicts the verse of purification and it included the following topics: Firstly, originating the hadith; secondly, the relationship of the hadith with the verse of purification in terms of delusions of conflict; and thirdly Ahl al-Bayt in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah. The third Chapter tackled the issues related to the verse of purification including the following investigations: firstly, doctrinal and juristic matters of the verse; secondly, some of those who disagree about the verse Al-Rafeda as a model. The results of the study revealed that the first people to avoid the abomination are Ahl al-Bayt. That is why, God Almighty wanted them to perform complete purity of everything, and the verse does not stipulate the occurrence of purification, but rather the will of purification. The verse of purification was revealed in the women of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family, and then included all Muslims. Ahl al-Bayt had many virtues and it was agreed that they must be loved and taken into consideration. The beliefs of the violator through their understanding of the texts should be studied by Muslims for providing the Umah with the erroneous beliefs in their attempts to mislead Muslims. Keywords: doctrine study, the verse of purification, the family, the Sunnis and the community, doctrinal and juristic matters.

Using refutational text to address the multiplication makes bigger misconception

Understanding rational numbers is a source of difficulty with mathematics for students across ages and nationalities. This intervention study focuses on the misconception on the part of the students to think that multiplication makes the operand numbers bigger and division makes them smaller, independently of the numbers involved. In this study, a refutational text was administered to 6 th grade students to help them disengage from these misconceptions. Refutational texts directly state the erroneous beliefs and immediately overturn them by presenting the alternative correct ideas in a comprehensive and persuasive way. From the 87 6 th grade students that participated in the Pre/Post/Retention-test intervention study, 51 students (experimental group) received the refutational text. The results showed that the refutational text helped the students partly overcome the multiplication makes bigger misconception, and the results had a long-term effect. Not only the high, but also the low prior knowledge students were profited from the intervention. In addition, students managed to transfer the acquired knowledge about multiplication also to division items: the results showed statistically significantly less mistakes of the kind division makes smaller after the intervention. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.

Is Self-Reported Propensity for Everyday Illusions of Control Higher in Gamblers and Is It Associated With Gambling-Specific Erroneous Beliefs?

People who engage in gambling are known to hold erroneous views about the nature of gambling. One of the most commonly observed cognitive biases is the illusion of control, where people’s subjective appraisal of contingency between behavior and events is greater than the objective contingency. Such beliefs have been found to be strongest in problem gamblers and can lead to over-confidence in the ability to win money from gambling. A question, however, is whether such perceptions are (a) specific to gambling and whether gamblers display a tendency to over-estimate contingencies in everyday life and (b) if a tendency to endorse everyday illusion of control beliefs is related to specific gambling-related beliefs among those who gamble. Answers to these questions might provide insights into whether some people are potentially more vulnerable to beliefs that might have implications for gambling. An online sample of 788 adults completed a survey about simple everyday situations where people might attempt to exert control (e.g., pressing elevator buttons more often, throwing dice in games). The survey included a scale that captured everyday situations as well as established measures of illusion of control and superstition in gambling. The results showed that those who report greater control in everyday tasks scored higher on standardized measures of beliefs about chance and gambling-related cognitions relating to illusory control. Scores on both types of measures were higher in gamblers than non-gamblers. The findings suggest that gamblers may differ in how they generally perceive and respond to situations involving tasks largely dominated by chance or limited opportunities for genuine control.

¿Porqué razonan los humanos? Argumentos para una Teoría Argumentativa

Reasoning is generally seen as a means to improve knowledge and make better decisions. However, much evidence shows that reasoning often leads to epistemic distortions and poor decisions. This suggests that the function of reasoning should be rethought. Our hypothesis is that the function of reasoning is argumentative. It is to devise and evaluate arguments intended to persuade. Reasoning so conceived is adaptive given the exceptional dependence of humans on communication and their vulnerability to misinformation. A wide range of evidence in the psychology of reasoning and decision making can be reinterpreted and better explained in the light of this hypothesis. Poor performance in standard reasoning tasks is explained by the lack of argumentative context. When the same problems are placed in a proper argumentative setting, people turn out to be skilled arguers. Skilled arguers, however, are not after the truth but after arguments supporting their views. This explains the notorious confirmation bias. This bias is apparent not only when people are actually arguing, but also when they are reasoning proactively from the perspective of having to defend their opinions. Reasoning so motivated can distort evaluations and attitudes and allow erroneous beliefs to persist. Proactively used reasoning also favors decisions that are easy to justify but not necessarily better. In all these instances traditionally described as failures or flaws, reasoning does exactly what can be expected of an argumentative device: Look for arguments that support a given conclusion, and, ceteris paribus, favor conclusions for which arguments can be found.

Estigma asociado a la esquizofrenia con estudiantes de Ingeniería en Sistemas en dos universidades privadas de Santo Domingo

El presente estudio se realizó con el propósito de evaluar y comparar, el posible estigma que pueda existir entre estas dos poblaciones hacia las personas con esquizofrenia. Fue de tipo transversal y contó con un universo de 521 estudiantes y una muestra de 178. Analizando los resultados se encontró con que la mayoría de los consultados desconocían lo que es la esquizofrenia y las implicaciones de tenerla. El escaso conocimiento o la falta del mismo pueden llevar a las creencias erróneas hacia algo o alguien. Como una herramienta para combatir el estigma hacia estos, se creó el programa «Esquizofrenia Sin Estigmas» (ESE), que tiene como objetivo principal el ofrecer técnicas y herramientas basadas en la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso, para así poder reducir el estigma y/o estereotipos que viven día a día las personas con esquizofrenia.

A Vision of Good Faith as a Safety Valve in Contracts

This paper will try to approach the “strategic” role of the concept of good faith in contracts. Even though there are numerous attempts to discover the “tactical” value of this concept by describing all its meanings in the field of contracts, we must take a broader view and see the essential role of good faith in this area of private law. We will only discuss good faith as the equivalent of the German notion of “Treu und Glauben” , meaning good faith and fair dealing, and we will not try to approach the meaning of good faith as an erroneous belief, the equivalent to the German “guter Glaube”. We will also discuss the different approaches to this “objective” good faith, taken by different continental private law systems mainly from Germany, France and Romania, starting from very similar statutory provisions. We will conclude with a case study about the doctrine of frustration of contract as a possible application of the broader principle of objective good faith.

Postpartum hormonal contraception in breastfeeding women.

To provide an overview of recent research and guidelines regarding contraception and breastfeeding. Recent studies assessed lactogenesis, breastfeeding rates, and milk supply concerns in patients starting postpartum hormonal contraception. One study showed a small but statistically significant increase in milk supply concerns between users and nonusers of postpartum hormonal contraception. Mean time to lactogenesis and breastfeeding rates were similar between patients with immediate and delayed insertion of the levonorgestrel (LNG) implant in one study and the LNG intrauterine device (IUD) in another study. Two studies assessed nursing knowledge and attitudes toward postpartum contraception in breastfeeding women, showing that postpartum nurses had incorrect knowledge of contraceptive safety in this patient population. Both studies demonstrated persistent erroneous beliefs that depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) adversely affects breastfeeding. In postpartum patients intending to breastfeed, more than half intended to initiate contraception within 6 weeks postpartum and few indicated effect on breastfeeding as a factor in their decision. There are no significant differences in lactogenesis, breastfeeding, and infant growth parameters between immediate postpartum (IPP) and delayed insertion of LNG implants and IUDs. Labor and delivery and postpartum nurses have persistent erroneous beliefs that DMPA negatively affects breastfeeding. Patients desire to use contraception postpartum but prenatal counseling rates and practices are of variable content and quality.

Contradictions in Judicial Support for Capital Punishment in India and Bangladesh: Utilitarian Rationales

India and Bangladesh share a common history, and each has developed somewhat similarly since partition. However, while both countries now have relatively low murder rates, India has seen a decline in the rate of executions, while Bangladesh continues to impose death sentences and carry out executions at a higher rate. There have been challenges to the death penalty in India, restricting its use to exceptional cases. The same has not occurred in Bangladesh. Yet in both countries, systemic flaws in the criminal process are evident. This article draws on two original empirical research projects that explored judges’ opinions on the retention and administration of capital punishment in India and Bangladesh. The data expose justice systems marred by corruption, incompetence, abuses of due process, and arbitrary and inconsistent treatment of defendants from arrest through to conviction and sentencing. It shows that those with the power to sentence to death have little faith in the integrity of the criminal process. Yet, a startling paradox emerges from these studies; despite personal knowledge of its flaws, judges have trust in the death penalty to deter crime and to realise other sentencing aims and feel retention benefits society. This is explained by reference to utilitarian values. Not only did our judges express strongly utilitarian justifications for sentencing people to death, in terms of their erroneous belief in its deterrent effect, but some also articulated utilitarian justifications for misconduct in pre-trial processes, suggesting that it was necessary to break the rules to secure convictions when the system was dysfunctional and ineffective.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Prevention Practices of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

The aim of this study was to assess community members' knowledge and awareness levels, attitudes, and practices of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample size consisted of four hundred (400) respondents aged 18 years and above on their last birthday who were purposively and conveniently selected from Port Elizabeth area in the Nelson Mandela Municipality. Data were collected using close-ended questions, which were administered by the researcher and two research assistants to the selected respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results of this study show poor knowledge and awareness levels, unfavourable attitudes, but good prevention practices of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among Port Elizabeth community members. This study also found a statistically significant association between knowledge and attitudes (p value = <0.001), and no statistically significant association between knowledge and practices and attitude and practices, respectively (p values = 0.120 and 0.136). The study also revealed low literacy levels, inadequate information, misconceptions and erroneous beliefs about causes, transmission, prevention, treatment, and management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among the respondents. This study also highlighted the use and existence of dual healthcare system (traditional spiritual and western).The study found that the main source of Drug Resistant TB information was radio and television among the majority of research respondents. It is recommended that in future health education interventions and awareness campaigns need to be intensified in the area so that misconceptions and erroneous beliefs that exist in society can be addressed. It is also recommended that training programs that are culturally sensitive should be developed and delivered taking into account different languages and literacy levels that exist in society. Such education interventions should be facilitated in collaboration with people living with Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. A multidisciplinary approach should be fostered and collaborations with spiritual healers and various congregational leaders, traditional health practitioners, community leaders, and government leaders in the health sector should be promoted in order to deal with Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. It is also recommended that a similar study be conducted using a qualitative research approach in urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. Lastly, assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of spiritual and traditional healers with regard to Drug Resistant Tuberculosis should be conducted as they can influence health-seeking behaviour.