Erotic Target Research Articles

Double hysteresis loops in ferromagnetic crystals

2014 A single domain with mixed magnetocrystalline and uniaxial anisotropies can show a magnetization curve composed of two asymmetric loops connected by a section over which the magnetization is reversible. The irreversible process starts at acritical field. The double loop could be a possible explanation for the mechanism of magnetization in materials with contricted loops as Perminvars. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE ET LE RADIUM TOME 20, FEVRIER-MARS 1959, Single ferromagnetic domains of cubic structure may show double hysteresis loops [1, 2]. The transition of the ordinary hysteresis loop into the double loop depens on : 1° the magnitude of the magnetic uniaxial anisotropy and its direction with respect to that of the magnetic field and to that of the crystallographics axes ; 20 the ratio of the constants of uniaxial anisotropy and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The magnetization in the direction of the magnetic field, I, is obtained by minimising the free energy of the crystal. For a prolate spheroidal domain whose polar axis lies along the [100] direction, the values of 1 are given by the following expressions : for a magnetic field, H, in a [001] direct ion. where Ii is the magnetocrystalline constant. Ta is the spontaneous magnetization and Na, Nb are the demagnetization coefficients along the polar and equatorial axes. A rectangular magnetization loop can be derived from these relations for a positive K. The shape of this loop changes with changing value of the factor F. For F = 0.5 the loop becomes -double. In case of a negative K, the magnetization loop is ordinary and its coercive force is equal to zero for F == 0.5. When the magnetic field lies along the polar axis of the domain, the magnetization loop is rectangular for .K > 0 and its coercive force increases with increasing factor F. Two double hysteresis loops of a crystal with a positive K are illustrated in figure 1 for F 0.5 and F =1.

New measurements on time decrease of permeability

2014 The disaccommodation of Fe-Si alloys has been measured. In the region where the magnetostriction constant h1 changes sign the disaccommodation is little affected. It seems that the disaccommodation due to carbon is larger than the effect due to a corresponding atomic percentage of nitrogen, although the contrary is true for internal friction. The ratio of the diffusion coefficients of 12C and 13C in pure iron has been determined, again by measuring the disaccommodation. We find a value of (1,04 ± 0,01) in agreement with a (m)-1/2 relationship for the diffusion coefficient. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE ET LE RADIUM TOME 20, FEVRIER 1959, Introduction. The time decrease of permeability (disaccommodation) due to interstitials in iron according to Neel [1, 2] originates from a direct non-mechanical interaction between the interstitials and the magnetization vector. It is argued that a magnetostrictive interaction alone is too small to account for Snoek’s [3] observations. Brissonneau [4] has brought additional evidence in showing that besides 900 walls, 1800 walls also contribute to the disaccommodation in iron. It seems worth-while to present more data which strengthen the theory. We have measured the disaccommodation of alloys in the silicon-iron system for which Carr and Smoluchowski [5] have shown the magnetostriction constant h1 (3/2 03BB100 ) to change sign in a (3/2 100 range of composition in which h2 is small. We also want to stress the difference in disaccommodation produced by the same amount of interstitial carbon and nitrogen and compare this with the difference in opposite direction in internal friction. Finally it is shown that the disaccommodation is a tool adapted to measure small changes in relaxation time. It can give information about the diffusion process upon which it is based. Measurements in the silicon-iron system. Four alloys of Si and pure iron produced by vacuum melting and casting [6] have been kindly put at our disposal by Professor J. D. Fast of Eindhoven. Rings made from all of these alloys have been heated together in an atmosphere of purified dry hydrogen and methane for 30 hours at 1000 C. After this water was suddenly poured upon the quartz container to gas quench the specimens. After 20 hours annealing the 4.5 wt % Si rings scemcd already saturated with carbon with respect to the gas atmosphere. We assume that all alloys were saturated after 30 hours. The carbon contents relative to the 4.5 % Si alloy can then be calculated for all specimens (Smith [7]). The values of the disaccommodation reproduced in figure 1 have been reduced to the same amount of carbon in all alloys assuming proportionality between time decrease and carbon concentration. We think that this amount is about 5/1000 wt % of carbon, on the basis of separate experiments on the 4.5 % Si alloy. In figure 1 two kinds of measurements are reproduced : a) gives the change in reluctivity a(l iti) = Ar at 262 °K during 1 hour after demagnetization. For all alloys investigated the relaxation is then completed for about 50 % ; b) shows the change in reluctivity at a higher temperature (290 OK) during very long times of waiting. The reluctivity for t = 0 is arrived at by extrapolating measurements performed at lower temperatures. yo (2,6.10-4 Oe, 290 °K) has a maximum value of about 870 for the 6 % Si alloy while for the other alloys it is between 600 and 700. The points in a) and b) indicate that the influence of magnetostriction on time decrease and consequently interaction energy [1, 2, 4] is small. We have also measured the field of stabilization for iron and the 4 . 5 % and the 6 % alloy. For a carbon content of 0.005 wt % this field is about 10 times larger in iron than in the alloys. We suppose this to be due to the (preferential) occupation of sites near the Si atoms. We also suspect that the magnetic strain energy due to interstitials is lowered by this. The fact that the disaccomArticle published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphysrad:01959002002-3024100

The anisotropy of very small cobalt particles

2014 Torque and ferromagnetic resonance measurements on a single crystal of a copper 2014 2 % cobalt alloy have been made at various temperatures to determine the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of small single domain particles of precipitated cobalt. The anisotropy at 4.2 °K is found to be independent of particle radius from 21 A to 77 A, lending support to a crystal field model of the origin of anisotropy. A slight variation of anisotropy with particle size was observed at higher temperatures, and was related to a slight variation in saturation magnetization with particle size at these temperatures. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE ET LE RADIUM TOME 20, FEVRIER-MARS 1959, The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bulk materials is observed to vary with temperature as a high power of the saturation magnetization the tenth and twentieth power for iron and nickel respectively [1]. Thus the change in anisotropy of small ferromagnetic particles as a function of their size may reflect in a sensitive fashion the change in saturation magnetization with size. Although there has been some disagreement [2], [3], there is no evidence for an abnormal saturation magnetization in particles of iron [4], [5]jor cobalt [6] down to 15 A radius. Naive use of the results on thin films [7], [8] would imply an effect much larger than that observed on small particles. There remains, however, the problem that a transition must exist between atomic paramagnetism and the coupled behavior of a many atom particle. Measurement of the anisotropy of small particles may also yield useful information concerning the origin of anisotropy. There are two basically different approaches to this problem within the framework of a Heitler-London approximation to a solid. The first approach (crystal field) [9], [10], [11] assumes the anisotropy to arise because of the electrostatic environment of a magnetic atom without reference to the magnetism of the adjacent atoms. The second approach (anisotropic exchange) [10], [11], [12] emphasizes the fact that the ordinarily isotropic exchange interaction between magnetic atoms may be modified by the presence of spin-orbit coupling of the initially quenched orbital states to become slightly anisotropic. Consider the anisotropy at absolute zero of one atom of cobalt in an electrostatic environment identical to that of cobalt metal but in which its neighbors are non-magnetic. According to the crystal field picture the anisotropy of this atom is identical to that of the ferromagnetic metal, while in the framework of dominant anisotropic exchange in the ferromagnet, the anisotropy per atom of the single atom case would be much less than in the ferromagnet. We may approach this conceptual experiment by measuring the anisotropy of small particles of cobalt in copper. A spherical particle 20 A in radius will have approximately 25 % of its atoms on the surface. About one-third of the nearest neighbors of each surface atom are non-magnetic atoms of similar electronic structure and lattice spacing. The properties of cobalt-rich single domain particles formed by precipitation in copper have been studied in several laboratories [3], [6], [13], [14], [15]. It has recently been demonstrated that the particles in such alloys are initially equiaxed in shape, fcc in structure and coherent with the lattice of the copper matrix and therefore aligned with each other [13], [16], [17]. When these particles are so small that their direction of magnetization can fluctuate thermally [18] they show a magnetic behavior that has been termed paramagnetique apparente [19] or superparamagnetic [20]. Experimental techniques. A single crystal of 2 % cobalt, balance copper, was grown usingthe Bridgman technique. From this crystal a sample was prepared in the shape of an oblate spheroid with (110) as the major plane. The major axes were 4.3 mm and 1.2 mm. The cobalt was retained in solution by quenching into an ice-water mixture from’ 1 000 °C. Precipitate particles of an average radius of 21 A, 43 A, and 77 A were then produced by aging 15, 150 and Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphysrad:01959002002-3029800

LE FACTEUR ALLERGIQUE ET LE FACTEUR INFECTIEUX DANS LE DETERMINISME DES AFFECTIONS NASALES CHRONIQUES ET A RECIDIVES

AllergyVolume 8, Issue 1 p. 44-56 LE FACTEUR ALLERGIQUE ET LE FACTEUR INFECTIEUX DANS LE DETERMINISME DES AFFECTIONS NASALES CHRONIQUES ET A RECIDIVES SEVERINO DAL BO, SEVERINO DAL BO MilanSearch for more papers by this author SEVERINO DAL BO, SEVERINO DAL BO MilanSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1955 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1955.tb03548.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume8, Issue1January 1955Pages 44-56 RelatedInformation

The Element of Parody in Saint Pierre et le Jongleur

Journal Article THE ELEMENT OF PARODY IN SAINT PIERRE ET LE JONGLEUR Get access D. D. R. OWEN D. D. R. OWEN ST. ANDREWS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume IX, Issue 1, January 1955, Pages 60–63, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/IX.1.60 Published: 01 January 1955

LE VRAI ET LE PROBABLE

DialecticaVolume 3, Issue 1-2 p. 78-92 LE VRAI ET LE PROBABLE B. de Finetti, B. de FinettiSearch for more papers by this author B. de Finetti, B. de FinettiSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1949 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.1949.tb00856.xCitations: 9AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume3, Issue1-2June 1949Pages 78-92 RelatedInformation

A Bibliography of Jacques Maritain: 1910–1942

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JACQUES MARITAIN: 1910-1942 Compiled by RuTH BYRNs T HE first section of this bibliography lists the writings in French and English of Jacques Maritain from 1910 to November, 1942. The arrangement is by years. Directly after each annual heading books and parts of books by M. Maritain are listed in alphabetical order according to titles. Articles, also listed in alphabetical order according to titles, follow the listings of books and parts of books. Prefaces by M. Maritain to the books of other authors are then Hsted according to the authors' names. Translations from French to English are noted but the bibliography does not include translations of M. Maritain's works in the many other languages into which his writings have been rendered. A small number of his works which originally appeared in Spanish are included in the bibliography. The second part of the bibliography lists articles and other works about M. Maritain for the same period. The arrangement of this part of the bibliography is alphabetical according to the names of the authors. This part of the bibliography also includes only (with a few exceptions) articles in French and English. Book reviews written by M. Maritain and reviews of his books by others are not included in either section of the bibliography . Likewise, newspaper reports of addresses by M. Maritain are not included in the bibliography nor are statements which he signed as a member of a committee or as one of a group of signers. Every reasonable effort was taken to make both sections of the bibliography complete and accurate. The items were checked with standard bibliographies and periodical indices as well as with the bibliography of Maritain printed in The Catholic Library World, May, 1942, and with a selected, unpublished 22 345 346 RUTH BYRNS bibliography of M. Maritain's writings prepared by Miss Lois Byrns of the University of Wisconsin. Nearly all of the books and nearly all of the articles listed were examined personally by the compiler. In some cases it was not possible, at this time, to secure a copy for examination. However, in spite of this effort, it is likely-because of the many difficulties in completing a bibliography such as this one-that there are omissions and errors in this Maritain bibliography . Readers who discover omissions or errors are requested to send a notation of the missing items or the mistakes to the compiler of the bibliography. PART I WRITINGS OF JACQUES MARITAIN 1910 TO NoVEMBER 1942 HHO 1. " LE NEO-VITALISME EN ALLEMAGNE ET LE DARWINISME." Revue de Philosophie. 6: pp. 417-441. 1910. 2. "LA SCIENCE MODERNE ET LA RAISON." Revue de Philosophie. 6: pp. 575-603. 1910. In Antimoderne, 19~~. See item ~~. pp. ~9-68. 1911 3. "L':EvoLUTIONNISME DE M. BERGSON". Revue de Philosophie. 19: p. 467 f. 1911. 1913 4. " L'ESPRIT DE LA PHILOSOPHIE MODERNE. I. LA REFORME cARTESIENNE." Revue de Philosophie. 24: pp. 601-625. 1913. La premiere des quatre conferences donnees sous ce titre en avrilmai , 1914, a l'Institut Catholique de Paris. 5. "L'INTUITION. Au SENS DE CONNAISSANCE INSTINCTIVE OU n'INCLINATION." Revue de Philosophie. 23: pp. 5-13. " Fragment d'une des le~;ons sur la philosophic de Bergson et la philosophic chretienne." 6. "LA PHILOSOPHIE DE M. BERGSON ET LA PHILOSOPHIE CHRE- A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JACQUES MARITAIN 347 TIENNE." Cours et conferences de Ia Revue de Philosophie a l'Institut Catholique de Paris, 1913. "... qui paraitront prochainement dans la Bibliotheque de Philosophie experimentale...." See item 7, below. 1914 7. LA PHILOSOPHIE BERGSONIENNE: ETUDES CRITIQUEs. Paris: Riviere, 1914. 2ieme edition, revue et augmentee, Paris: Bibliotheque de Philosophie , 1930. See item 74, below. 8. " L'ESPRIT DE LA PHILOSOPHIE MODERNE. II. L'INDEPENDANCE DE L'ESPRIT." Revue de Philosophie. 25: pp. 53-82. 1914. ". . . la seconde des quatre conferences donnees sous ce titre en avril-mai, 1914, a l'Institut Catholique de Paris." 9. "LALIBERTE INTELLECTUELLE." 1914. In Antimoderne, 1922. See item 22, below, pp. 71-109. 1918 10. "LA PHYSIQUE DE LA QUANTITE ET LA REVOLUTION CARTESIENNE." 1918. In Reflexions sur ['intelligence et sur sa vie propre, 1924. See item 36, below, pp. 174-201. 11. PREFACE to...

Basic Questions in Theology, Volume 2, by Wolfhart Pannenberg, tr. by George H. Kehm. S.C.M. Press, London, 1971. 249 pp. £3.

Book Reviewed in this Article:BASIC QUESTIONS IN THEOLOGY, Volume 2, by Wolfhart Pannenberg, tr. by George H. Kehm.RESURRECTION: A SYMBOL OF HOPE, by Lloyd Geering.LE MYSTÈRE DU CULTE DANS L'HINDOUISME ET LE CHRISTIANISME, by R. Panikkar, trans. by B. Charrière.FROM COLERIDGE TO GORE: A Century of Religious Thought in Britain, by B. M. G. Reardon.ST THOMAS AQUINAS: SUMMA THEOLOGIAE. VOL. LIII: The Life of Christ (IIIa xxxviii‐xiv), by S. R. Parsons and Albert Pinheiro.

CHAPITRE VII: RAPPORTS ENTRE LA FRÉQUENCE DU CŒUR ET LE DÉBIT CARDIAQUE

Acta Medica ScandinavicaVolume 103, Issue S107 p. 142-173 CHAPITRE VII: RAPPORTS ENTRE LA FRÉQUENCE DU CŒUR ET LE DÉBIT CARDIAQUE First published: January/December 1940 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1940.tb11068.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume103, IssueS107January/December 1940Pages 142-173 RelatedInformation

LES FORMES MINÉRALOGIQUES DU CALCAIRE CHEZ LES ÊTRES VIVANTS, ET LE PROBLÈME DE LEUR DÉTERMINISME

Biological ReviewsVolume 2, Issue 4 p. 365-393 LES FORMES MINÉRALOGIQUES DU CALCAIRE CHEZ LES ÊTRES VIVANTS, ET LE PROBLÈME DE LEUR DÉTERMINISME MARCEL PRENANT, MARCEL PRENANTSearch for more papers by this author MARCEL PRENANT, MARCEL PRENANTSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1927 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1927.tb01402.xCitations: 32AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume2, Issue4October 1927Pages 365-393 RelatedInformation