Erosion Status Research Articles

The Predisposing Factors and Targeted Therapy of Cervical Cancer

According to the WHO report, there are about 500,000 new cervical cancer patients in the world every year, second only to breast cancer. Therefore, it is essential to study the pathogenic factors of cervical cancer and prevent the occurrence of cervical cancer. In recent years, the author analyzed the pathogenic factors of cervical cancer and targeted therapies for cervical cancer prevention in domestic and foreign literature and found that cervical erosion, sexual behaviour, education level, and economic status are high-risk pathogenic factors. Human papillomavirus, Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 2 is its microbial pathogenic factors and other pathogenic factors, including genetic changes and hormones. Targeted therapy provides a new direction for the treatment of cervical cancer, but most of them are targeted. The drug is still in phase I or phase II clinical trials, and according to analysis, it is suggested that women should actively learn medical knowledge and other related knowledge.

Assessment of the Role of Nearshore Marine Ecosystems to Mitigate Beach Erosion: The Case of Negril (Jamaica)

Coastal and marine ecosystems are supplying a wide range of services. With accelerated Sea Level Rise, intensification of waves and storm surge severity and increasing anthropogenic pressures, these areas are under multiple threats and society may not receive the same level of ecosystems services. This study aims at measuring the trend of beach erosion and at identifying and quantifying the role of some coastal and marine ecosystems in mitigating beach erosion in the region of Negril (Jamaica). In this location, the tourism industry provides the main source of economic revenue. Even at the national level, the two beaches are important assets linked with 5% of the national revenue as 25% of the hotel rooms are located around Negril. In Jamaica, the tourism industry is a significant component of national GDP. 25% of hotel rooms are located around the two beaches of Negril, which have lost an average of 23.4 m of width since 1968. Given the importance of Negril’s beaches to their economy, the Government of Jamaica asked UNEP to conduct a study to identify causes of beach erosion in Negril and potential solutions to address trends of beach erosion, in the context of future sea level rise scenarios induced by climate change. This paper addresses the current beach erosion status and future trends under different climate scenarios. We explain how, by using remote sensing, GIS, wave modelling and multiple regressions analysis associated with national, local and community consultations, we were able to identify and quantify the role of ecosystems for mitigating beach erosion. We show that larger widths of coral and seagrass meadows reduce beach erosion.

Factors Controlling the Change of Soil Erosion Intensity in Mountain Watersheds in Serbia

The intensity of soil erosion is the result of a combined action of natural factors and different human activities. This work aims to determine the factors controlling the change of soil erosion. Eleven watersheds from different parts of Serbia were used as the study area. An Erosion Potential Model was applied to estimate the soil erosion status of the watersheds in two periods, 1971 and 2010. The model indicated that the reduction of soil erosion intensity in the watersheds ranges from 12.4% to 82.7%. The statistical analysis examines quantitative relationships and combined effects between soil erosion and socio-economic and main physical-geographical determinants in watersheds. Watershed characteristics were divided into 5 classes, and within each class 22 variables were calculated: two variables relate to erosion, one to topography, two to land cover, seven to demographic and ten to agrarian variables. Correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) have been applied to understand the main variables that contribute to change soil erosion intensity. The PCA identified four components that can explain at least up to 79.06% of the variation of all variables. This study explores new indicators for correlations with changing soil erosion and provides decision makers with access to quantification for environmental impact assessment and decision-making for adequate soil conservation and management programs.

Effects of Content of Soil Rock Fragments on Soil Erodibility in China.

Soil erosion is serious in China—the soil in plateau and mountain areas contain a large of rock fragments, and their content and distribution have an important influence on soil erosion. However, there are still no complete results for calculating soil erodibility factor (K) that have corrected rock fragments in China. In this paper, the data available on rock fragments in the soil profile (RFP); rock fragments on the surface of the soil (RFS); and environmental factors such as elevation, terrain relief, slope, vegetation coverage (characterised by normalised difference vegetation index, NDVI), land use, precipitation, temperature, and soil type were used to explore the effects of content of soil rock fragments on calculating of K in China. The correlation analysis, typical sampling area analysis, and redundancy analysis were applied to analyse the effects of content of soil rock fragments on calculating of K and its relationship with environment factors. The results showed that (1) The rock fragments in the soil profile (RFP) increased K. The rock fragments on the surface (RFS) of the soil reduced K. The effect of both RFP and RFS reduced K. (2) The effect of rock fragments on K was most affected by elevation, followed by terrain relief, NDVI, slope, soil type, temperature, and precipitation, but had little correlation with land use. (3) The result of redundancy analysis showed elevation to be the main predominant factor of the effect of rock fragments on K. This study fully considered the effect of rock fragments on calculating of K and carried out a quantitative analysis of the factors affecting the effect of rock fragments on K, so as to provide necessary scientific basis for estimating K and evaluating soil erosion status in China more accurately.

Soil Erosion Status of Nepal

Soil erosion is one of the problems in Nepal because about 73 percent of the land surface is mountainous and still tectonically active where 60.43 percent people involved in agricultural activities. The paper assesses the soil erosion status based on ecological region and watershed boundary with population density. The ecological region determined based on elevation and the watershed boundary of Nepal was generated using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer–ASTER, 30m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) on May 14, 2010. The DEM data was processed using remote sensing technique then hydrological analysis conducted using remote sensing and geographic information system to delineate the watershed boundary. The study generates 19 watersheds based on available soil erosion data. The soil erosion rate of ecological zone and watershed are assessed with population data of Nepal from central bureau of statistic, 2011. There is below 50 people per square kilometer watersheds have average soil erosion rate (about 20 t ha-1/ y-1) and 100 to 500 people per square kilometer watersheds have high soil erosion rate ranges from 27 to 102 t ha-1/ y-1 . These scenarios partial follow the theory of Himalayan degradation. So that there is still environmental degradation is observed and it is needed in detail field based study of Himalaya degradation

Identification of critical watershed at risk of soil erosion using morphometric and geographic information system analysis

Morphometric analysis is a pertinent scientific approach in any hydrological analysis, and it is necessary in the progress and management of drainage basin. Identification of areas at risk of erosion, and the prioritization of 48 sub-watersheds of Inaouene basin, was done by using linear, relief and areal aspects of watershed. The research carried out the use of geographic information system spatial data. The linear aspects include stream number, stream sequence, stream length, and bifurcation ratio, mean length of stream order, stream length ratio, mean stream length ratio, and form factor. The areal aspect includes frequency of stream, drainage density, texture ratio, channel length constant, and overland flow maintenance length. Ultimately, the relief dimensions included relief proportion, relief and ruggedness number. The array of compound (Cp) values computed allow us to set the priority ranks and classify the sub-watershed into three priority ranks groups: low, moderate, and high priority. Such morphometric analyses can be used therefore as a watershed erosion status estimator to prioritize land and water conservation initiatives and natural resources management.

The Rapidly Evolving Fudu Estuary Sandbar Lagoon Landform on the East Coast of the Bohai Sea: Recent Changes and Mechanism

The Fudu Estuary Sandbar Lagoon is one of the most representative sandbar-lagoon landforms in China, and has undergone drastic evolution in recent years, accompanied by increased coastal engineering activities. The evolution process and its control factors are studied through remote sensing interpretation and coastal sediment transport calculations. During 2010–2021, the sandbar quickly extended at an average speed of 49.5 m/a, but the annual growth has shown a decreasing trend in both area and width, and the shoreline has retreated by 25–45 m. The recent changes are the result of the combined action of natural conditions and human activities. Coastal sediment transport from west to east under the action of W-oriented waves is the natural cause of extension. An estuary dam and artificial island block the sediment transport path, and the material for the new growth of the sandbar comes from the erosion of its west side, which has directly caused the retreat and narrowing of the sandbar. The reduction in sediments from the river further aggravates the shrinkage. It is predicted that the sandbar will continue its eastward extension to connect with the coast in about 2–3 years. The erosion status is unlikely to change before the sediment supply is restored. Measures such as dismantling the estuary dam are recommended.

Erosion Analysis in the Mrica Reservoir Catchment Area in Indonesia using the Soil Erosion Status Method

The reservoir catchment area (RCA) of Mrica in Banjarnegara district is a powerplant in Central Java with a capacity of 184.5 MW. Mrica Dam, also called the dam of Great Commander General Sudirman, has seen its functions gradually decrease due to sedimentation from massive erosion that has occurred in the upland regions. RCA Mrica, with the upland area in Wonosobo district, has an area of 93,546.4 hectares, consisting of six sub-watersheds, Lumajang, Serayu upstream, Begaluh, Serayu, Tulis and Merawu. In 2017, sedimentation in the dam reached 238,236,588.20 m3/year, resulting from an erosion rate of 524,948.33 tons/year. In light of this serious erosion problem in the Mrica RCA, this study aims to estimate the distribution of the erosion level, categorised as slight, moderate and severe, using the SES (soil erosion status) formula. SES was calculated by mapping the level of each influential aspect: aspect, drainage, land cover, slope and soil texture. The calculation used SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) satellite imagery and 2017 Landsat TM7 images. The results show slight erosion (50 tons/ha/year) in 1,468.7 ha (1.6%); moderate erosion (50-100 tons/ha/yr) in 56,258.8 ha (60.1%); and severe erosion ( 100 tons/ha/year) in 35,818.9 ha (38.29%). Sampling in the field took into account the slope class of nine classes and was repeated three times, so the number of samples taken in the field was 27. From field visits to the 27 location points, there was conformity in the results of the sensing analysis is much more than 85%”. The results of the erosion calculation using the SES method showed severe erosion of 27.9% (26,137 ha); moderate erosion of 70.2% (65,679 ha); and slight erosion =of 1.8% (1,731 ha). Further erosion calculation using the SES method needs to be compared with calculation using other methods.

Full-stream erosion in the lower Yellow River: Feasibility, sustainability and opportunity

The issue of how to achieve removal of recently accumulated sediment is one of the largest unresolved puzzles in China's lower Yellow River. In this work, the feasibility and sustainability of achieving full-stream erosion in the lower Yellow River based on a water-sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) have been comprehensively investigated. The results indicate that the erosion–deposition state of the lower Yellow River is controlled by the incoming flow discharge level and the corresponding sediment concentration. The year 1987 is identified as an abrupt change point for streamflow in Xiaolangdi station. The relationships between channel erosion or deposition and the sediment concentration of the incoming discharge are constructed for the periods 1960–1987 and 1988–2017. Based on a constrained optimization approach, a sediment concentration lower than 19.96 kg/m3 in the discharge from Xiaolangdi Reservoir is determined to be the critical controlling condition for achieving full-stream erosion in the lower Yellow River under the average discharge level observed during 1960–1987; however, it is challenging to achieve full-stream erosion under the average discharge level of 1988–2017. Although this erosion status could potentially be achieved through continued implementation of the WSRS, its sustainability is restricted by the declining storage capacity of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, decreasing water discharge levels and riverbed coarsening in the Yellow River. It is necessary to design cross-basin collaboration measures for the upper, middle and lower Yellow River to achieve sustainable sediment reduction and healthy development of the Yellow River basin as a whole.

Determination of the Natural and Socio-cultural Landscape Values of Rural Settlements: Kırklareli Kocayazı and Kula Village Examples

Bu çalışmada, Kırsal alanlar; arazi yapısı, üretim biçimi, yerel peyzaj karakteri gibi doğal ve sosyo-kültürel değerleri ile özgünlük taşırlar ve özgün peyzaj değerlerinin tespiti planlama ve tasarım çalışmalarında etkendir" hipotezi üzerinde kurgulanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, çalışmada, Kırklareli İli Kocayazı ve Kula köyü özelinde doğal ve sosyo-kültürel peyzaj değerlerinin saptanarak, yere özgün karakteristiklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede; literatür verileri ile arazi çalışmalarına dayalı olarak doğal ve sosyo-kültürel peyzaj değerlerine ilişkin yerel potansiyel belirlenmiştir. CBS aracılığı ile ArcGis 10.1 programı çerçevesinde topoğrafik yapı (yükseklik, eğim, bakı), hidrolojik yapı, büyük toprak grupları, arazi kullanım yetenek sınıfları, erozyon durumu, meşcere durumu, şimdiki arazi kullanım durumu ile tarihi ve arkeolojik değerlere ilişkin haritalar üretilmiştir. Literatür verileri, arazi çalışmaları ve haritalardan elde edilen verilere ilişkin olarak, doğal ve sosyo-kültürel kimlik kartları oluşturulmuş ve BEK Analizi ile de değerler ve potansiyeller belirli kavramlar eşliğinde ortaya konmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Kocayazı ve Kula köyleri arazi yapısı, etnik kökeni, yerleşim biçimi, folklorik değerleri, ekonomik yapısı gibi doğal ve sosyo-kültürel peyzaj değerleri ile yerel karakteristiklere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Determination of Erodiblity (USLE-K) Status of Suruc Plain Soils Before Transition to Irrigated Agriculture within the Scope of Southeastern Anatolia Project

Erosion is a major problem that limits vegetative production, adversely affects the ecosystem and causes soil losses that are difficult to recover. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the erosion status and some soil properties of the soils of Suruc plain in Sanlıurfa province. Soil properties; It has been determined that the pH is slightly high, the soils are non-saline, the organic matter is medium and the soil is clayey. Expresses the change of data by the coefficient of variance (CV). The lowest variability (CV = 2.45) in the soils of Suruç plain is the other parameters, respectively, the clay ratio (CV = 19.27) medium level, silt ratio (CV = 20.64) medium level, organic matter (CV = 27.14) medium level and sand ratio. (CV = 27.34) varies moderately. It was determined that the soil properties showing the highest variability were lime (CV = 37.06), EC (CV = 38.89) hydraulic conductivity (CV = 695.41). According to the correlation coefficient of soil erosion (USLE-K) parameter (r=0.99**) and P <0.01 level, it was determined that there is a very important relationship. The high coefficient of variation of some soil properties revealed the need for more sampling in the area. According to the frequency table, the erosive degrees of the soils are determined to be 10% very little, 26% less, 56% medium and 8% strongly erodable soils. In the Suruc plain, which will be opened to irrigation within the scope of the Southeastern Anatolia project, instead of traditional irrigation methods, more suitable irrigation systems should be chosen according to the soil characteristics and the slope of the land.

Field Evaluation of Soil Erosion Yield and the FSM Model Efficiency in Zarivar Lake Basin, Kurdistan, Iran

In most of the basins, due to the lack of sedimentation stations, there is no accurate information on sediment deposition and soil erosion. In such basins, empirical models are used to estimate the sediment rate. At the basin scale, the applicability of these models is troublesome. The objectives of this study were to determine the erosion status of the Zarivar lake basin and to evaluate the efficiency of the Factorial Scoring Model, FSM, in estimating the sediment rate. Physiological and hydrological characteristics of 10 sub-basins of Zarivar lake were obtained using field measurements and aerial data in the GIS environment. The specific weight of the sediments was calculated in the laboratory and used to determine the weight of sediments. The sediment rate in sub-basins was measured in situ. Furthermore, by determining the effective parameters, the sediment rate for each sub-basin was obtained using FSM, and the results were compared with the measured rate. For the whole basin, the average, minimum, and maximum rate of observed sediment were 0.28, 0.007, and 1.17 m3/ha.yr, respectively. However, these rates were obtained by FSM as 103.70, 20.90, and 365 m3/ha.yr, respectively, which differed from the observed values. Based on the results, the model is not sufficiently efficient to evaluate the sediment rate in the studied sub-basins.

Detection of areas prone to wind erosion and air pollution using DSI and PDSI indices

Many significant dust storms have occurred in the Central part of Iran since ancient times. Recently, the frequency and intensity of such events have increased remarkably, especially in hyper-arid and arid zones of Yazd province. Under these conditions, it is necessary to address several notable challenges, including methods of detecting the potential sites for wind erosion and dust storms and degree of success in reducing air pollution and dust storms. Thus, this study utilized weather codes of dust to monitor wind erosion and dust storm frequency in Yazd province, Iran. The study also defined a new appropriate index to evaluate air pollution in terms of different dust events. A new dust storm index for air pollution (PDSI) introduces to monitor air pollution. Daily dust storm index (DSI) is another empirical model to study dust storm activities. Weather codes associated with dust events were used at 11 synoptic stations in the Yazd province during 2000–2017. PDSI assessment using meteorological code 06 and hourly scale is used as the main tools for evaluating air pollution. Evaluation of dust weather codes using different weights performed to properly analyze wind erosion and air pollution status at different spatial and temporal scales. Yazd station had the highest amount of air pollution (105.9). Meybod had the highest amount of wind erosion (9.76) with a significant potential to occur dust storm. Assessment of the DSI and PDSI indicates a significant increase (about ten times) in wind erosion and air pollution in recent years. Poor land management and the existence of outdoor dust haze are the main causes of the terrible increase in air pollution during 2008–2017. It is recommended to promote sustainable industrial development and reduce the negative impacts of mining activities in regions with medium to severe air pollution.

Evaluation of Different Machine Learning Models for Predicting Soil Erosion in Tropical Sloping Lands of Northeast Vietnam

Soil erosion induced by rainfall under prevailing conditions is a prominent problem to farmers in tropical sloping lands of Northeast Vietnam. This study evaluates possibility of predicting erosion status by machine learning models, including fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (FKNN), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and relevance vector machine (RVM). Model evaluation employed a historical dataset consisting of ten explanatory variables and soil erosion featured four different land use managements on hillslopes in Northwest Vietnam. All 236 data samples representing soil erosion/nonerosion events were randomly prepared (80% for training and 20% for testing) to assess the robustness of the five models. This subsampling process was repeatedly carried out by 30 rounds to eliminate the issue of randomness in data selection. Classification accuracy rate (CAR) and area under receiver operating characteristic (AUC) were used to evaluate performance of the five models. Significant difference between different algorithms was verified by the Wilcoxon test. Results of the study showed that RVM model achieves the best outcomes in both training (CAR = 92.22% and AUC = 0.98) and testing phases (CAR = 91.94% and AUC = 0.97). Four other learning algorithms also demonstrated good performance as indicated by their CAR values surpassing 80% and AUC values greater than 0.9. Hence, these results strongly confirm the efficacy of applying machine learning models for soil erosion prediction.

Spatial characteristics of the human factors of soil erosion at the boundary of political divisions: A spatial approach

Soil erosion leads to the loss of soil fertility, the destruction of surface soil structure, and the loss of land resources, posing serious threats to the ecological environment, food security, and sustainable development. A series of mature soil erosion research theories is available at present, but only a few studies have dealt with the correlation of soil erosion and its influencing factors in a cross section, and research on soil erosion is limited to the interior of regional boundaries. This study aims to introduce a spatial econometric model into the study of soil erosion to explore the spatial characteristics of the human factors of soil erosion at the boundary of political divisions by using 30 provincial administrative regions in China as examples. First, Moran’s I index is used to test the spatial correlation of regional soil erosion as the premise for exploring the characteristics of soil erosion influencing factors. Second, an entire spatial data model is established to analyze the overall spatial characteristics of human factors. Lastly, six conditional spatial models are developed to examine the spatial characteristics of human factors in different subperiods, subregions, and spatial weight matrices (SWMs). The following results are obtained. (1) Regional soil erosion exhibits significant spatial correlation and demonstrates high–high and low–low aggregation characteristics. (2) The human factors of soil erosion, such as population, economy, land use type, and soil and water conservation, exert significant spatial spillover effects that will cross the boundary of political divisions and affect the soil erosion status of adjacent regions. (3) The spatial spillover effects of human factors vary due to different periods, regional development statuses, and SWMs. In conclusion, this study confirms that regional soil erosion exhibits significant spatial characteristics and the human factors of soil erosion exert spatial spillover effects on the boundary of political divisions. In estimating soil erosion, its spatial characteristics and the spatial spillover effects of its influencing factors should be considered to obtain accurate estimation results.

UAV-based gully retrogressive erosion status dynamic variability investigations in Chinese Loess Plateau

Unmanned aeronautical vehicle (UAV) is an inspiring novel remote-sensing tool fit for procuring high-resolution spatial information. Traditional methods of information gathering are not appropriate to detect subtle but important changes in erosion gully structure under low temporal and spatial resolutions. In this study a low-cost remote-sensing approach based on UAVs and advanced conservative cameras will be presented. The idea of manually operated four rotor helicopters was examined by photogrammetric uses, because four-rotor systems have been proven to be well appropriate for terrain observation in difficult highland area. Amid the UAV-based remote-sensing campaigns, critical quantities of airborne photographs of the Huoxiang gully in Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) were obtained. These photographs were combined to an orthomosaic by image rectification techniques. Digital surface models (DSMs) were generated utilizing a new feature-based surface reconstruction method without any ground control point information. This approach can obtain high-resolution images of gully retrogressive erosion.

Assessment of productivity potential of upland soils of south eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu, India

Soil productivity potential was evaluated in uplands of South-Eastern Ghats (SEG) of Tamil Nadu using large-scale soil mapping (1:10000 scale) information. Major landforms on peninsular granite gneiss are divided into hillside slope (P1), foothills (P2), upper pediment (P3), and lower pediment (P4). Soils are shallow (<50 cm) to deep (100150 cm), well-drained, non-gravelly to gravelly, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (pH 5.71 to 8.29) in reaction and nonsaline (EC 0.03 to 0.25 dS m−1). The soil texture varied from loamy sand to sandy clay loam with rich organic carbon in surface soils and decreasing with soil depth. Soils are classified into Typic Haplustalfs (P1), Lithic Haplustalfs (P2), Kanhaplic Haplustalfs (P3), and Kanhaplic Rhodustalfs (P4) under different landforms. Soil properties in different landforms are significantly correlated with each other. Two factors explained the variability of soil characteristics in different landforms in hills (58%), foothills (65%), upper pediments (61%), and lower pediments (54%) respectively. Assessment of productivity potential, upper (P3) and lower pediment (P4) soils are average (30.1 to 33.4) to good (34.7) productivity for crops and pasture, extremely poor for trees than a hill (P1) and foothills (P2). Results revealed the significant soil erosion and poor nutrient status impact on a crop production system. Hence, adaptation of appropriate soil and water conservation measures and nutrient management will improve soil quality and crop productivity.

Assessment of comprehensiveness of soil conservation measures using the DPSIR framework.

The assessment of comprehensiveness of soil conservation measures (SCMs), along with economic, social, and environmental assessments of these projects, is a prerequisite for good governance in a watershed. This study was conducted using the cause-and-effect framework of DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) to assess the comprehensiveness of SCMs in reducing the soil erosion potential of the Kond watershed area and its adverse impacts. Horticultural, mining, and ranching activities; population growth; and road network development were identified as the most important driving forces of the watershed. After determining the indicators, the integrated index was calculated based on weight calculation and standardization of values to detect changes before and after the implementation of SCMs. The results showed a decrease in soil erosion and the corresponding adverse impacts in 2019 compared with the base year, 1997, so that according to the integrated index, the soil erosion status and related impacts have decreased by 16 and 35%, respectively. Despite this decline, the watershed still has a high rate of soil erosion (26.27 t ha-1 year-1). This is because SCMs are more focused on improving the state and impacts, and there are no necessary managerial responses to the components of the driving forces and pressures. Given that the proactive approach has less contribution than the reactive approach in SCMs, in addition to the reactive approach, it is necessary to pay more attention to the proactive approach to reduce the soil erosion rate of the watershed and decrease the relevant negative impacts.

Performance evaluation of EPM and MPSIAC Models for determination of Erosion Status of Shahriari Watershed

Performance evaluation of EPM and MPSIAC Models for determination of Erosion Status of Shahriari Watershed

Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Erosion and a Quantitative Analysis of Its Determinants in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China.

As the most typical ecologically fragile area in South China, the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) suffers from water and soil loss, which has threatened the local ecological environment. Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion and exploring its determinants are of great significance in preventing soil erosion and maintaining ecological sustainability in the TGRA. This study investigates the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion and quantitatively identifies the determinants in the TGRA based on the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) and geographical detector method. This study concluded that the soil erosion status generally improved from 1990 to 2015, showing an increasing trend from 1990 to 2000 and a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2010. Slope, land use, and vegetation coverage were the dominant individual factors affecting soil erosion in the TGRA. For the interaction factor, the combinations of land-use type and slope and vegetation coverage and slope were the key determinants, explaining 68.7% and 63.1% of the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion in the TGRA from 1990 to 2015, respectively. Moderate and higher levels of soil erosion occurred in areas where the slope was greater than 25°. Among the land-use types, dry land and bare land were prone to soil erosion. These findings reveal that land-use type and vegetation coverage should be considered for the effective prevention of soil erosion, and cultivation on sloped farmland should be prohibited, especially on slopes higher than 25° in the TGRA.