Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Research Articles

Can analytics software measure end user computing electricity consumption?

The purpose of this research is to answer the question, ‘can analytics software measure end user computing electricity consumption?’ The rationale being that the success of traditional methodologies, such as watt metres, is limited by newly evolved barriers such as mobility and scale (Greenblatt et al., in Field data collection of miscellaneous electrical loads in Northern California: initial results. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory research paper, pp 4–5, 2013). Such limitations significantly reduce the availability of end user computing use phase energy consumption field data (Karpagam and Yung, in J Clean Prod 156:828, 2017). This causes computer manufacturers to instead rely upon no-user present energy efficiency benchmarks (Energy Star, in Product finder, product, certified computers, results. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy. https://www.energystar.gov/productfinder/product/certified-computers/results, 2021) to act as baseline data for product carbon footprint reports. As the benchmark approach is previously tested to cause scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions quantification to be inaccurate by − 48% to + 107% (Sutton-Parker, in Determining end user computing device Scope 2 GHG emissions with accurate use phase energy consumption measurement, 1877-0509. Amsterdam: Science Direct, Elsevier B.V., 2020), testing a new methodology that includes the impact of human–computer interaction is arguably of value. As such, the proposed method is tested using a distributed node based analytics software to capture both computer asset and human use profile data sets from one hundred and eleven computer users operating in a subject organisation for 30-days. The simple rationale is that the node, unlike a watt metre, is not restricted by location, can be deployed and monitored globally from a centralised location and can move with the computer to ensure constant measurement. The resulting data sets are used to populate a current use phase electricity consumption calculation data flow (Kawamoto et al., in Energy 27:255, 2001; Roth et al., in Energy consumption by office and telecommunications equipment in commercial buildings: energy consumption baseline, 2002) in order to examine for omissions. Additionally, to test for data accuracy, one computer user acts as a control subject, measuring electricity consumption with both a watt-metre and the analytics software. The rationale being that the watt-metre data is extensively proven to be accurate (Energy Star, in Energy star computers final version 8.0 Specification, Washington D.C., United States Department of Energy. https://www.energystar.gov/products/spec/computers_version_8_0_pd, 2020) and will therefore expose errors produced by the software in relation to power draw, on-time and resulting kilo-watt hours (kWh) values. Further to the data capture period, the findings are mixed. Positively, the new method overcomes the barriers of numerous, assorted devices (scale) operating in ever changing locations (mobility). This is achieved by the node reporting in real-time make and model asset data together with device specific electricity consumption and location data via internet technologies. Negatively, the control subject identifies that the electricity consumption values produced by the software are inaccurate by a relatively constant 48%. Furthermore, data omissions are experienced including the exclusion of computer displays caused by the node requiring an operating system to collect data. This latter point would exclude the energy consumption measurement and therefore concomitant greenhouse gas emissions of any displays connected to desktop or mobile computers. Consequently, whilst the research question is answered, the identification of the software exaggerating use phase energy consumption by 48% and excluding peripheral devices, determines the analytics methodology to be in need of further development. The rationale being that use phase consumption quantification is key to lifecycle assessment and greenhouse gas accounting protocol and both require high levels of accuracy (WBCSD and WRI, in The greenhouse gas protocol. A corporate accounting and reporting standard, Geneva, Switzerland and New York, USA. https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard, 2004). It is therefore recommended that further research be undertaken to specifically address omissions and to reduce the over reporting aspect identified as caused by algorithms in the software used to calculate hardware power draw.Graphical abstract

Updating the China Model

China's development model is undergoing dramatic change. No longer relying solely on cheap labor to manufacture exports, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is updating its approach in three distinct...

06/01741 Monitoring the energy-use effects of cool roofs on California commercial buildings: Akbari, H. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (10), 1007–1016

LBNL-54770 Monitoring the Energy-Use Effects of Cool Roofs on California Commercial Buildings Hashem Akbari, Ronnen Levinson, Steve Konopaki and Leo Rainer of the Davis Energy Group Heat Island Group Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 July 2004 This work was supported by the California Energy Commission under Contract No. 400-00-039 and Contract No. 500-99-013, Work Authorization 20, Task 14, through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- AC03-76SF00098.

06/01949 Life-cycle cost analysis of energy efficiency design options for residential furnaces and boilers: Lutz, J. et al. Energy, 2006, 31, (2–3), 311–329

LBNL-53950 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Energy Efficiency Design Options for Residential Furnaces and Boilers James Lutz, Alex Lekov, Camilla Dunham Whitehead, Peter Chan, Steve Meyers, and James McMahon Energy Analysis Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 January 2004 This work was supported by the Office of Building Technologies and Community Systems of the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Benefits of Peak Load Reduction Resulting from the Central Air-Conditioning (CAC) Standard

The benefits of reducing peak electricity demand could be one of the more important considerations in the current rulemaking for heat pumps and central air conditioners (CAC). The benefits are twofold: first, the direct cost savings from avoided generation and plant construction needed to meet peak loads, and second, the reduced risk of system outage and its consequent societal disruption. This analysis estimates the reduction in generator outages (i.e., unscheduled plant and excessive demand-related outages) due to the proposed CAC standards, and the value of the standards for three NERC regions: the New England Power Pool (NEPOOL), the California Independent System Operator (CA ISO), and the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) region. The analysis does not consider supply disruptions caused by security failures, transmission and distribution failures, or extreme weather events. Stratus Consulting provided the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) with load curves for the three regions analyzed, and LBNL determined the impact of the proposed CAC standards on the load curves. Using a Monte Carlo simulation based on historical capacity and demand data, Stratus Consulting modeled the loss of load expectation (LOLE) - the expected number of days in a year when the daily peak demand exceeds the available generating capacity - for each region with and without the proposed CAC standards. The difference in LOLE represents the impact of CAC standards on reducing the likelihood of generator outages. To value the proposed CAC standards, we estimated the value of the reduced energy consumed that results from the standards. The Stratus Asset Modeler (SAM) was used to estimate electricity prices for each region. SAM is a mean reverting model with jumps that captures the volatility in spot prices seen in deregulated markets. The model determines super-peak, peak, sub-shoulder peak, and off-peak prices for each month. SAM, which relies on market fundamentals in its price estimation, incorporates business cycles throughout the reserve margin forecast because industries such as electricity generation, with long lead times, exhibit periods of low returns followed by periods of high returns. Our analysis found that the proposed new CAC standards will reduce generator outages by 6% 12% in 2010. The proposed CAC standards yield a 19% to 20% reduction in outages in 2020 because tighter reserve margins are forecast. The proposed standards are valued at $3.9 to$14.5 million in 2010 and at $15.2 to $43.5 million in 2020.

Modeling Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow and Advective Contaminant Transport at a Heterogeneous Mountainous Site in Support of Remediation

Modeling Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow and Advective Contaminant Transport at a Heterogeneous Mountainous Site in Support of Remediation Strategy Quanlin Zhou, Jens T. Birkholzer, Iraj Javandel, and Preston D. Jordan Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Earth Sciences Division 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116, Berkeley CA 94720 USA Abstract A calibrated groundwater flow model for a contaminated site can provide substantial information for assessing and improving hydraulic measures implemented for remediation. A three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was developed for a contaminated mountainous site, at which interim corrective measures were initiated to limit further spreading of contaminants. This flow model accounts for complex geologic units that vary considerably in thickness, slope, and hydrogeologic properties, as well as large seasonal fluctuations of the groundwater table and flow rates. Other significant factors are local recharge from leaking underground storm drains and recharge from steep uphill areas. The zonation method was employed to account for the clustering of high and low hydraulic conductivities measured in a geologic unit. A composite model was used to represent the bulk effect of thin layers of relatively high hydraulic conductivity found within bedrock of otherwise low conductivity. The inverse simulator ITOUGH2 was used to calibrate the model for the distribution of rock properties. The model was initially calibrated using data collected between 1994 and 1996. To check the validity of the model, it was subsequently applied to predicting groundwater level fluctuation and groundwater flux between 1996 and 1998. Comparison of simulated and measured data demonstrated that the model is capable of predicting the complex flow reasonably well. Advective transport was approximated using pathways of particles originating from source areas of the plumes. The advective transport approximation was in good agreement with the trend of contaminant plumes observed over the years. The validated model was then refined to focus on a subsection of the large system. The refined model was subsequently used to assess the efficiency of hydraulic measures implemented for remediation.

FROM MY PERSPECTIVE: Avoiding “The Big Mistake” in forecasting technology adoption

,1End-Use Forecasting Group, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy AnalysisDepartment, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Building 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road,University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAReceived 10 May 2000; received in revised form 30 May 2001; accepted 1 June 2001Keywords: Forecasting; Technology adoption; Policy analysis; Analytical pitfalls

13th annual meeting of the als users' association

A complement of 266 users, staff, and vendors descended upon the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) from Monday through Wednesday, October 16-18, 2000 for the thirteenth edition of the annual Advanced Light Source (ALS) users meeting. In a departure from previous practice, the meeting featured an increased emphasis on workshops with the result that the proceedings were equally divided between oral and poster presentations and the workshops. After the traditional welcomes and facility updates on the first morning, science dominated the first day and a half comprising the formal meeting with a session of highlights from young researchers, three sessions of scientific highlights from the ALS and elsewhere, and a poster session that included a student poster competition. A set of seven workshops covering research areas of current or growing interest at the ALS rounded out the final day and a half of the meeting.

Preliminary Results from an Advanced Lighting Controls Testbed

LBNL-41633 L-212 Presented at the IESNA 1998 Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, August 10-12, 1998, and to be published in the Proceedings and considered for p`ublication in the JIES. Preliminary Results from An Advanced Lighting Controls Testbed Francis Rubinstein, Judith Jennings, Douglas Avery Building Technologies Program Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California, USA 94720 Steven Blanc Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Customer Energy Management Dept., Research & Development Group 2303 Camino Ramon, Suite 100 San Ramon, California, USA 94583 March 1998 This work was supported by the General Services Administration, Pacific Rim Region; the Pacific, Gas & Electric Co.; and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Federal Energy Management Programs and by the Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs, Office of Building Equipment of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Reinventing the supercomputer center at NERSC

The next generation of symmetric multiprocessors will add another level of memory hierarchy and new barriers to effective use of supercomputers. Helping scientists overcome such barriers to using high-performance computers was a key objective in the relocation of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) to Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The relocation makes it easier for NERSC to collaborate closely with scientists at Berkeley Lab and throughout the energy research community, with scientists at the adjacent University of California's Berkeley campus, and with major computer and data communications companies throughout the San Francisco Bay area.

Superconducting magnets for a muon collider

Superconducting Magnets for a Muon Collider Michael A. Green Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley CA. 94720 The existence of a muon collider will be dependent on the use of superconducting magnets. Superconducting magnets for the µ - µ + collider will be found in the following locations: the π - π + capture system, the muon phase rotation system, the muon cooling system, the recirculating acceleration system, the collider ring, and the collider detector system. This report describes superconducting magnets for each of these sections except the detector. In addition to superconducting magnets, superconducting RF cavities will be found in the recirculating accelerator sections and the collider ring. The use of superconducting magnets is dictated by the need for high magnetic fields in order to reduce the length of various machine components. The performance of all of the superconducting magnets will be affected the energy deposited from muon decay products. 1 . INTRODUCTION The proposed muon collider[1-5] consists of the following components: 1) a 10 GeV proton source that generates about 1.5 x 10 1 5 protons per second, 2) a target section that produces and captures pions, 3) a section where the pions decay to muons that are phase rotated to compact bunch, 4) a muon cooling section where the muon emitance is reduced three orders of magnitude, 5) several rings to accelerate muons to 2 TeV, 6) the collider ring, and 7) the detector. Superconducting magnets will be found in all of these sections except for the proton source. This report describes the superconducting solenoids in the pion capture system around the target. A brief description of the solenoids needed in the phase rotation and the muon cooling sections is presented. Dipole and quadrupoles for the recirculating accelerator rings and the collider ring are also described. This report does not include any discussion about superconducting magnets that are part of the detector system around the collider collision point. A muon decays to two neutrinos and electron or positron (depending on the charge state of the original muon). Roughly forty percent of the muon energy ends up in the decay electron or positron. The energy in the electron or positron can be deposited in various parts of the muon collider and its subsystems. The problem of muon decay is at its worst in the collider ring, but it is a problem for superconducting magnets and RF cavities throughout the muon collider subsystems. Muons have a life time that is dictated by its energy. The mean life of a muon at rest is about 2.197 µs. At the collider full energy the of 2 TeV, the muons will have a mean life of 41.6 ms. This means that the repetition rate for the muon collider must be of the order of the muon life time in the collider ring if high colliding ring luminocities are to be maintained. In order to maintain a luminocity of 10 3 5 cm -2 s -1 in a collider ring with a ∫* of 3 mm at the collision point, over 1.2 x 10 1 4 muons per second must be created and stored in a ring with 7 T bending magnets. The collider ring must have two bunches (one of each charge state) of 2x10 1 2 muons per bunch at a repetition rate of 30 Hz in order to have the desired luminocity at the collision point. This work was performed with the support of the Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, United States Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC03-76SF00098.