Reform Era Research Articles

Financial Literacy and other Factors Influencing Investment Behaviour of Individual Investor: A Review of Literature

Indian investor’s behavior has been changing drastically in the post-economic reforms era in investment activity, preferences in selecting various financial instruments, evaluating and in analyzing the investment avenues. In this paper the diverse literature available worldwide on individual investor behavior has been explored. Its main objective is to understand individual investor behavior.

The value of comparative research in an era of standards-based reforms

The impact of standards-based reforms on the professional practice of English teachers in Anglophone settings has been well documented. Such reforms typically foreground the importance of a particular form of English and standardised formulations of curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment, which facilitate easy measurement and comparisons between educational settings. In Australia, the impact has intensified to such an extent that traditional framings of English teacher practice, which emphasize responsiveness to the cultural and linguistic diversity of students, begin to look like a discourse of a bygone era. From an historical perspective, how has this come about? And what does English teacher practice look like in the current policy environment? Can comparative inquiry into language education, such as has been conducted under the auspices of the International Mother Tongue Education Network (IMEN) over the past four decades, provide intellectual resources to resist relentless pressures towards standardisation and measurement? The collaborative inquiry into the professional practice of one author at the heart of this essay arises out of our attempts to explore the potential of IMEN protocols to render the familiar strange and to see her practice with new eyes. In this way we seek to resist the ways standards-based reforms are radically reshaping the praxis of English educators in Australia.

Does Servant Leadership Affect Public Employees’ Innovative Behavior? The Mediating Role of Organizational Identity

Objective: In the context of China’s deepening reform era, innovation is the first driving force leading development. Involving a sample of 576 public employees from government agencies in Yunnan, China, the present study investigates the impact of servant leadership on public employees’ innovative behavior, as well as the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. Theoretical Framework: According to social identity theory, organizational identity signifies the extent to which individuals acknowledge and identify with their organization. Previous research has shown that leadership styles indirectly affect employee behaviors (e. g., innovative behaviors) through employees’ cognition and emotion [16-18], therefore, organizational identity may be a potential mediating variable in the correlation between servant leadership and the innovative behavior exhibited by employees. Method: Data was collected between September 2023 and January 2024 among public sector employees in Kunming, located in the Yunnan province. The data was collected in two phases at different time points. First, we distributed questionnaires among part-time MPA students in a university in Yunnan province in the first stage. Then, we continued to distribute questionnaires among full-time public employees at various public sectors in Kunming city. Results and Discussion: The results revealed a positive impact of servant leadership on the innovative behavior of Chinese public employees. Additionally, organizational identity partially mediated the association between servant leadership and the innovative behavior of Chinese public employees. These findings may provide some suggestions for the public organizations in China. Research Implications: The present study also has several practical implications for policy-makers within the public sector. First, public organizations ought to attach importance to the servant leadership because it can effectively promote employees’ innovative behavior. Specifically, public organizations can regard the traits of servant leadership as a criterion for selecting leaders within the public sector. By doing so, public organizations can encourage servant leadership style by selecting and promoting those employees with awareness and traits of serving others. Originality/Value: After deleting invalid questionnaires, 576 completed questionnaires were obtained finally. Of all the participants, 24% (n = 138) was male and 76% (n = 438) was female.77.6% of the participants were under the age of 26 years (n = 447). 61.8% (n = 356) have worked less five years in the public sector.

Polarization in the Political Choices of Regional Heads in the Reform Era, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Polarization in the Political Choices of Regional Heads in the Reform Era, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

IMPLEMENTATION AUTHORITY OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN THE INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW SYSTEM

This study delves into the historical evolution and significance of Indonesia's Constitutional Court, focusing on its speculated super authority and independent interpretation of the Constitution. Rooted in the global context of judicial review, the research traces the court's pivotal role back to discussions during the Draft Constitution at BPUPKI and its prominence in the 1945 reform era. With the primary goal of providing a comprehensive understanding of the Constitutional Court's journey, the study sheds light on its distinctive authority and pivotal role within Indonesia's legal and constitutional framework. The research explores the court's exclusive jurisdiction, making its decisions final and binding and limiting legal recourse for dissatisfied parties. By examining the court's historical development and legal foundations, the study elucidates the Constitutional Court's role as a guardian of the constitution. The research reveals that the court's significance stems from its establishment as a constitutional guardian during the 1945 reform era, gaining prominence with the Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution. The court's exclusive jurisdiction solidifies its position as a final arbiter in constitutional matters, shaping the legal landscape and restricting avenues for legal redress. In conclusion, the Constitutional Court has evolved into a central player in constitutional interpretation, wielding exclusive jurisdiction and serving as a final arbiter, emphasizing its unique authority and indispensable role in shaping Indonesia's legal and constitutional framework.

Using Hong Kong as a springboard: China’s indirect exports via Hong Kong in the 1950s

ABSTRACT Although Hong Kong’s entrepôt role in China’s foreign trade has long received scholarly attention, there is a relative paucity of studies on China’s indirect exports via Hong Kong in the Mao era (1949–1976). Using data from Chinese and Hong Kong trade statistics, this study estimates China’s indirect exports via Hong Kong in the 1950s and calculates their share in China’s export trade. The principal findings are threefold. First, their value, destination, and commodity composition changed markedly. Second, their share in China’s export trade declined during the decade, but the speed and extent of the decline varied by destination. In particular, their share in China’s exports to the non-Communist world initially increased from 1950 to 1952 and subsequently decreased. Third, their share in China’s exports to the non-Communist world was slightly higher in the 1950s than in the 1980s. These findings support recent historical studies indicating that Hong Kong played an essential role in selling Chinese goods to non-Communist countries during the early Mao era. Fundamentally, this study modifies the widely held view that Hong Kong’s entrepôt role in China’s foreign trade was much less important in the Mao era than in the post-1978 reform era.

French Psychiatry and Alcoholism in the 1950s and 1960s: The Paradoxes of Outpatient Care

Summary This article examines the place of alcoholic patients in French psychiatry in the 1950s and 1960s, an era of incipient psychiatric reform. Relying on medical literature, national and department archives, as well as hitherto unexploited patient files from one of the first anti-alcoholic consultations opened in the early 1950s in Paris, it shows how new therapies and drugs, such as disulfiram, revived the interest of psychiatrists for alcoholism and enabled the outpatient treatment of alcoholics. However, the study of patient trajectories reveals that ambulatory care did not substitute itself for hospitalisation. The article then analyses how the psychiatrist–patient relation was transformed in the framework of the consultation, and included new stakeholders such as social workers and family members. It finally explains why therapeutic enthusiasm gave way, at the end of the 1960s, to increasing doubts concerning the role of the psychiatrist in the cure of alcoholism.

Cross-cultural Management of Foreign Teachers in International Schools

Economic globalization has accelerated the exchange and integration of cultures among countries worldwide, intensifying the process of educational internationalization. In the new era of educational reform and openness, with the increasing number of international schools, more foreign teachers specializing in various languages and disciplines come to China to work in the international schools. The cross-cultural management issues of foreign teachers have gradually become prominent. This article explores strategies for managing foreign teachers, focusing on recruitment, compensation, training, and performance evaluation, to help international schools better address the challenges of cross-cultural management of foreign teachers in China.

The value of microvascular breast reconstruction: Cost equivalence of TRAM and DIEP flaps implications in the era of CMS reforms.

Recent CMS billing changes have raised concerns about insurance coverage for deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. This study compared the costs and utilization of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM), DIEP, and latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps in breast reconstruction. The study utilized the National Inpatient Sample database to identify female patients who underwent DIEP, TRAM, and LD flap procedures from 2016 to 2019. Key data such as patient demographics, length of stay, complications, and costs (adjusted to 2021 USD) were analyzed, focusing on differences across the flap types. A total of 17,770 weighted patient encounters were identified, with the median age being 51. The majority underwent DIEP flaps (73.5%), followed by TRAM (14.2%) and LD (12.1%) flaps. The findings revealed that DIEP and TRAM flaps had a similar length of stay (LOS), while LD flaps typically had a shorter LOS. The total hospital charges to costs using cost-to-charge ratio were also comparable between DIEP and TRAM flaps, whereas LD flaps were significantly less expensive. Factors such as income quartile, primary payer of hospitalization, and geographic region significantly influenced flap choice. The study's results appear to contradict the prevailing notion that TRAM flaps are more cost-effective than DIEP flaps. The total hospital charges to costs using cost-to-charge ratio and hospital stays associated with TRAM and DIEP flaps were found to be similar. These findings suggest that changes in the insurance landscape, which may limit the use of DIEP flaps, could undermine patient autonomy while not necessarily reducing healthcare costs. Such policy shifts could favor less costly options like the LD flap, potentially altering the landscape of microvascular breast reconstruction.

Audit market concentration in an emerging economy

The aimed of this study is to ascertain the relationship between audit attributes and audit quality in an emerging economy. The study deliberately cover the post-Enron era and postaudit reforms era decipher the activities of audit after the demise of Enron. This study used selected quoted firms in Nigeria for a period of sixteen (16) years, 2006 – 2021. The models were built based on a study of extant literature, GOA and audit reforms. Ordinary least square econometric technique was employed to analyze data extracted from a secondary source. The outcomes of this study revealed that Audit client size has positive relationship with audit quality. The result further revealed that audit client complexity has negative relationship with audit quality. Finally, the result revealed that audit client business risk has no significant relationship with taudit quality. This study recommended that Alternative appointment processes for auditors, e.g. involving shareholder panels, or appointment by regulator.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Menjadi Mc Pada Acara Resepsi Pernikahan Melayu Riau Pada Siswa SMA Negeri 7 Kecamatan Senapelan Kota Pekanbaru

The Master of Ceremony (MC) is a professional event host responsible for guiding and entertaining various events. The MC plays a crucial role in ensuring that events, ranging from formal activities to weddings, run smoothly according to the predetermined schedule provided by event organizers and protocol officers. In addition to this, the MC is tasked with thoroughly understanding the event, as directed by the event organizer. This community service program is organized for the students of SMA Negeri 7 in Senapelan District. Recognizing the significance of fostering and developing Malay culture and the Malay (BMR) region, the Riau Provincial Government has initiated programs in line with the reform era. The primary objective of this program is to enhance the students' abilities to become proficient and professional MCs. The event will focus on interpreting, training, and practicing the art of being an effective MC, particularly for Riau Malay Wedding Receptions.The program aims to contribute to the improvement of MC skills, providing valuable assistance to the students of SMA Negeri 7 in Senapelan District, Pekanbaru. The visiting team from the Faculty of Cultural Studies at Universitas Lancang Kuning is expected to aid the school and its students in understanding Riau Malay culture, with a specific focus on improving MC capabilities for Riau Malay Wedding Receptions. In today's era, those who possess a strong understanding of this field are taking significant strides, and the demand for professionals in this domain is on the rise.

Toward a Generalizable Understanding of Rightist Movements: Utilizing the Revolutionary Right’s Value Wars in Iran (1995–2009) as a Case Study

Bringing rightist movement studies into the Iranian context, this study advances a generalizable understanding of the ideological, moral, and cultural activism of Islamist movements and their rightist counterparts. While numerous studies have discussed the economic explanation of rightist movements, I integrate Islamist movements in the Muslim world and rightist movements in the West to develop a generalizable cultural and moral explanation of rightist movements. Value and ideological conflicts, as well as moral outrage, drive this integrated understanding of rightist movements. The rise of innovative and contentious forms of millennialism in Iran—especially the increasing salience of the Jamkaran mosque, the rise of new media outlets and millennial discourses, and pertinent policies—provide evidence for proposing this generalizable understanding. I argue that the rise of performative contentions surrounding millennialism, known as Mahdaviat, within the pro-regime revolutionary rightist movement in Iran was Islamists’ ideological response to liberal threat perceptions. These threat perceptions were activated before the liberal Reform era (1997–2005). After the ascent of Ahmadinejad to power in 2005, ideological millennialism became the dominant discursive field in Iran’s state politics. Drawing on narratives of prominent Islamist figures and media personalities in Iran and events surrounding Mahdaviat, this paper advances a generalizable argument of the moral and cultural explanation of rightist movements.

China’s Opening to the World: Models, Stages, and Directions

The article includes four sections: the historical stages of China’s opening-up, the developmental patterns of China’s opening-up, the open policy of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), and the bilateral opening-up developments between China and Russia. Starting with elaboration of the primary processes of China’s opening-up since the era of reform and opening-up, summarizing the distinct historical stages of China’s opening-up and the main features of each developmental phase. Subsequently, it analyzes the characteristics of China’s external development in spatial patterns, and selects two typical cases of China’s external development, namely Hainan Free Trade Port and Chongqing, for further analysis. Furthermore, it meticulously reviews the opening initiatives in key sectors of the GBA’s development and its contributions to China’s high-level external openness. Finally, the article briefly introduces the main measures and outcomes of enhancing bilateral openness between China and Russia under the current international circumstances.

From Politics of Islam to Terrorism: Discovering the Roots of Islamophobia in Indonesia

Islamophobia is an issue that has affected both minority and majority Muslim communities in many countries, including Indonesia. To gain a deeper understanding of Islamophobia in Indonesia, this study focuses on two of eight components of Islamophobia identified by Sabri Ciftci (2012), namely, Islam is perceived as a political ideology and is associated with violence. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including historical-comparative and survey, the authors explore how the Indonesian government has dealt with Islamophobia since the Old and New Order periods. This research also delves into how Islamophobia has impacted minority Christians and moderate Muslims during the Reform Era, where Islam is often associated with religious intolerance and terrorism. The results indicate that Islamophobia in Indonesia has three primary root causes linked to certain Islamic societal behaviour: political tensions between Islamic fundamentalists and nationalists regarding the state ideology, religious tensions between radical Muslims and Christians resulting in intolerance, and acts of terrorism using Islamic symbols. This research concludes Islamophobia in Indonesia has switched from the government to the community level, requiring the government policy to eliminate Islamophobia in a pluralistic society.

Land cover changes in rural communities of Zimbabwe pre and post land reform era; a case of Shurugwi South constituency

ABSTRACT The study assessed land cover changes in rural communities of Zimbabwe pre and post land reform era (1980 - 2020). A mixed methods research design was adopted with the use of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Remote sensing, questionnaires, interviews and observations were used for data collection. Microsoft Excel and ArcMap 10.5 software were adopted for data analysis. Results indicated that clearance of land for agriculture especially crop production, wood abstraction for domestic use and selling, establishment of settlements were the major drivers of change in Shurugwi South. Between 2000 and 2020, results showed that water bodies, shrub land and dense woodlands declined whilst grassland and cultivated/bare land increased. Findings indicated that the rates of increase in cultivated/bare lands and grassland were faster between 2000 and 2020. More so, generally water bodies and shrub land decreased during the 2000–2020 period. These changes indicated that land reform program and associated land reallocation in 2000 influenced the rates and pattern of land cover changes. The changes in land ownership and use rights following the land reforms affected land use patterns between 2000 and 2020. Naturally vegetated land is depleting hence the need for land resource conservation.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF POLITIZATION OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE DURING THE GREAT REFORMS

This article presents the stages of politicization of Russian literature in the era of the Great Reforms. The first stage is the end of the reign of Nicholas I (1848-1855), the second is the period of preparation for the Great Reforms (1855-1861), the third is the period of the Great Reforms (1861-1866), the fourth is the period of the end of the Great Reforms (1866-1881). The first period can be characterized as the period of the emergence of political literature, as yet without a pronounced social ideal. Censorship increased during this period, but important features of the liberal ideal were articulated in the literature. The second period was characterized by the weakening of censorship, the emergence of a number of new newspapers and magazines. Then literary criticism begins to play an important social role and the maximum politicization of the literary process takes place. At the same time, a patriarchal social ideal was formulated in a number of works of art. The third period was distinguished by the fact that raznochintsy authors began to play an important role in literature. This led to the emergence of opposing parties of “nihilists” and “anti-nihilists”, as well as to the emergence of the phenomenon of the anti-nihilist novel. First half of 1860 became the time of the formation of a social ideal of raznochintsy. The fourth period can be characterized as a period of reflection on the results of the Great Reforms, as a time for writers to rethink their views and develop new ideas about the social ideal.

Penerapan Hukuman Mati Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia Ditinjau dari Sisi Hak Asasi Manusia

The rampant corruption that has plagued Indonesia recently has prompted law enforcement officials to continuously strive and brainstorm hard on how to impose punishments or sanctions that can deter corrupt individuals and those contemplating such despicable acts. Many suggestions and viewpoints have been put forth by observers and legal experts in the country regarding appropriate punishments for corrupt individuals to instill a sense of deterrence among wrongdoers and provide a "shock therapy" for those considering corrupt activities. Various actions have been proposed, such as imposing social sanctions, seizing all their assets (leading to poverty), and even imposing the death penalty on corrupt perpetrators. In the current era of reform, efforts to prevent and eradicate corruption and the corresponding punishments for offenders have evolved alongside the increasing discourse on imposing the death penalty for criminal acts. There are many arguments for and against the death penalty in corruption cases. These differing opinions on the death penalty vary, with some agreeing to set an example and serve as a deterrent to those considering similar actions, while others disagree because they find it unjust and a violation of someone's right to life. In Indonesia, the implementation of the death penalty for corrupt individuals is already regulated by laws and regulations. Article 2 paragraph (2) of Law No. 20 of 2001 regarding the Eradication of Corruption states: "In the event that the act of corruption as referred to in paragraph (1) is committed under certain circumstances, the death penalty may be imposed." Paragraph (1) reads as follows: "Any person who, unlawfully, enriches oneself or others or a corporation to the detriment of the state's finances and economy, shall be punished with life imprisonment or a minimum of 4 (four) years and a maximum of 20 (twenty) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from at least Rp200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiah) to a maximum of Rp1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah).

PROBLEMATIKA KOMUNIKASI KELUARGA DAN PENANGGULANGANNYA Komparasi Konsep Tri Kaya Parisudha dan Gottmans Horsemen

In essence, humans as social creatures cannot be separated from interaction. Everyone wants to talk, wants to express different opinions with the aim of obtaining information. This creates a process called communication. Communication was a very common thing in ancient times, even in prehistoric times. It's just that at that time communication was done in a different way, and of course communication at that time was done in a very simple way. In line with the development of time and human civilization, communication models are experiencing rapid development day by day. In the beginning, before the discovery of electronic media as a source of communication, people communicated by making simple tools made from improvised materials and tools such as gongs. Some people in the past and perhaps even today know of a form of communication through the sound of a gong. Through the sound of the gong, it is symbolized as a symbol of past communication, and most of it is one-sided, so it can be said that there are not many components involved in communication. This process only involves one person or group of people as the communicator and another party as the listener. It was different when the reform era began and various innovations emerged from both communication experts and practitioners. Communication is a need and an important means to get to know yourself and others. Who we are and how we interact with others is discovered through communication. Without us realizing it, we carry out these communication activities in every activity of our lives. Through communication we will understand ourselves and others so that we can develop our self-understanding in family and community relationships and develop shared concepts in the social environment. In fact, we can find small communication groups that often occur every day in the family environment in husband-wife relationships. Even though communication always occurs in every interaction in human life, not every communication that occurs can lead to understanding. And it is not uncommon for every communication carried out to give rise to debates and discrepancies between each other due to differences in understanding of each communication participant.

Rousseau's Natural Education Thought and Its Practical Significance Are Revealed -- Take Emile as an Example

Rousseau's birth of natural education was a landmark event in the birth of modern education. Rousseau's natural education believed that attention should be paid to the natural changes in students' physiology and psychology, in accordance with their nature. This educational ideology has had a huge impact on the history of world education, influencing the emergence and development of a series of educational ideas by educators. It still has certain significance and value in the current era of education system reform. Rousseau's natural education philosophy advocates blaming nature, cultivating natural individuals, and respecting individual natural instincts, which has had a profound impact on the development history of Western society. This article combines Rousseau's work "Emile" to deeply analyze the connotation and characteristics of his natural education thought, interpret Rousseau's natural education thought, and elaborate on the practical significance of Rousseau's natural education thought to contemporary education from the aspects of respecting and adapting to students' natural nature, respecting and highlighting students' subjectivity, respecting and paying attention to students' individual differences, and paying attention to and promoting students' comprehensive development. The aim is to provide important reference and inspiration for the development of education and the development of education at all stages.

Peculiarities of aristocratic education at the beginning of the 19th century

AbstractThis paper examines the education of the Hungarian aristocracy in the period from 1790 to 1848. Since the progressive-minded members of this social class, which was highly qualified by European standards, played a significant role in promoting culture and education, especially since the Reform Era, I wanted to find out what educational characteristics underpinned their education. I explored the question of what trends prevailed in the different directions of home education and how the political, social and intellectual challenges and changes in the first half of the 19th century affected private education. In the course of the research, I applied the traditional method of educational history, source and document analysis and the analytical (deductive) research strategy. After studying the Hungarian, German and English literature on the subject, I examined and evaluated the primary sources available in Hungary - diaries, memoirs, journal articles, autobiographical writings, records of foreign travellers, archival and manuscript sources. In addition to asserting their primary power interests and their role as patrons, a small but crucial group of aristocrats took an active role in raising the level of national culture and education. They championed the cause of education, founded educational institutions and thus became mediators of culture for other strata of society. Their education, enlightened thinking and European erudition undoubtedly contributed to their recognition of this role and task and their commitment to it.