5G Era Research Articles

Vacuum filtration-assisted design of hierarchical structure in polyimide-BN composite films: Toward enhanced thermal conductivity, low dielectric and electrical insulation

With the advent of the 5G era, the demand for heat dissipation using high thermal conductivity (TC) materials is becoming increasingly urgent. The electrical insulation and thermal stability of dielectric polymer composites are also notable in electrical and electronic applications. Nevertheless, the improvement in TC of dielectric polymer composites is typically accomplished at the expense of electrical insulating capabilities. Herein, we fabricated polyimide (PI) composites with ordered structure by combining electrostatic spinning, vacuum filtration deposition and blade-coating. The modified boron nitride nanosheets (mBN) not only enhanced the interaction between filler and PI matrix, but also reduced the interface thermal resistance. Benefiting from the hierarchical structure, the in-plane TC of prepared composite was 17.44 W/mK at 18.79 vol% mBN content, which is 9.6 times higher than that of pure PI. Moreover, the composites were electrically insulating, with the volume resistivity of about 1013 Ω cm, and exhibited great flexibility, exceptional thermal stability (THRI ＞ 269 °C), excellent thermal dissipation capability and low dielectric characteristics. In summary, this work offers a novel perspective to design highly thermally conductive composites and these composites have vast application potential in flexible electronic devices or circuits.

FGDB‐MLPP: A fine‐grained data‐sharing scheme with blockchain based on multi‐level privacy protection

AbstractIn the era of 5G, billions of terminal devices achieve global interconnection and intercommunication, which leads to the generation of massive data. However, the existing cloud‐based data‐sharing mechanism faces challenges such as sensitive information leakage and data islands, which makes it difficult to achieve secure sharing across domains. In this paper, the authors propose a fine‐grained data‐sharing scheme based on blockchain and ciphertext policy attribute‐based encryption, and design a verifiable outsourced computation method to reduce the computational pressure of end users. Second, the authors comprehensively consider the user's identity privacy and transaction privacy, and propose a multi‐level privacy protection method based on ring signature and garbled bloom filter, which enhance the user's data privacy and availability, and prevent the traceability of requests. Finally, the authors design a set of interconnected smart contracts, and verify that their scheme can achieve secure and efficient data sharing through security analysis and performance testing.

The effects of 5G network on people and the environment: A machine learning approach to the comprehensive analysis

The progression of telecommunications, starting from the inception of 1G networks in 1979 to the advent of 5G technology in 2019, represents a significant journey of advancement for humanity. As we approach the era of 5G, characterized by heightened machine-to-machine connectivity and transformative applications in AI, IoT, and cloud computing, it becomes imperative to acknowledge and address concerns regarding its potential impacts on health and the environment. Utilizing machine learning algorithms, particularly implemented in Python for this research, provides a potent approach to analyzing intricate datasets concerning 5G signals and their potential correlations with healthcare outcomes. After carefully cleaning and preparing the data and conducting linear regression analysis, uncovered evidence backing the notion that 5G antennas emit greater levels of radiation compared to 4G antennas emerged - a fact often concealed by corporations. Despite relying on a restricted dataset, the results emphasize the necessity for more accurate data to improve model precision. Ongoing research endeavors are vital to alleviate public anxieties regarding 5G technology, thereby fostering trust and bolstering awareness on a wider front.

Design and research of digital twin platform for handicraft intangible cultural heritage -Yangxin Cloth Paste

AbstractIn the context of the 5G era, the rapid development of digital technology and its integration with intangible cultural heritage (ICH) can facilitate the dynamic transmission of ICH.The research purposes to construct a virtual experience platform for handmade ICH using the handmade ICH of East Hubei Province in China—Yangxin Cloth Paste as a case study through Digital Twin technology. It explores the application of digital twin technology in the field of handmade ICH transmission and aids the dynamic transmission of handmade ICH. Firstly, the research collected tangible and procedural data of the Yangxin Cloth Paste. By using photogrammetric techniques, a model of the handicraft was built and an effective digital twin conversion procedure was designed. Next, the research set up a framework for a digital twin platform for handmade ICH, designing systems for the production, display, and transaction of ICH handicrafts. Lastly, its effectiveness was validated by user satisfaction evaluation guiding subsequent optimization direction. The platform innovatively uses digital twin technology to help users visualize handicraft ICH. Through the combination of digital twin technology and virtual reality technology, it creates a realistic virtual reality experience of ICH of handicraft, stimulates users' interest in exploring ICH of handicraft, and contributes to the process protection, dissemination and development of handicraft ICH.

Application analysis and development forecast of 5G in media field

The arrival of 5G era has brought many changes in the media field. Visually, the maturity of ultra-high-definition video and VR technology brings a more real perception; In terms of engagement, real-time interaction makes people more engaged and reduces the demands on the user's hardware; In the form of expression, "short video +" will become a direction of contemporary media integration. In addition to these opportunities, the arrival of 5G also comes with risks, and efforts should be made to prevent problems.

SLA-ORECS: an SLA-oriented framework for reallocating resources in edge-cloud systems

The emergence of the Fifth Generation (5G) era has ushered in a new era of diverse business scenarios, primarily characterized by data-intensive and latency-sensitive applications. Edge computing technology integrates the information services environment with cloud computing capabilities at the edge of the network. However, the evolving landscape of business models necessitates a unified edge architecture capable of accommodating diverse requirements, posing substantial challenges for service providers in meeting Service-Level Agreements (SLAs).In response to these challenges, we introduce SLA-ORECS. This innovative framework dynamically allocates dedicated and shared resources within the edge-cloud system to cater to service requests with varying SLAs, thereby facilitating performance isolation. Furthermore, we have developed an optimization algorithm to enhance the efficiency of SLA assurance during request dispatch.The evaluation of SLA-ORECS highlights its noteworthy performance improvements, particularly in terms of system throughput and average time consumption.

RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE MECHANISM OF WeChat TRAVEL PRODUCTS SHARING ON POTENTIAL TOURISTS’ TRAVEL INTENTION

In China, WeChat has become an excellent place for Chinese tourists to share their travel products and experiences nowadays due to its wide audience, high usage rate, and immediacy. According to the 49th Statistical Report on the Development of the Internet in China, as of December 2021, the number of social media users in China reached 1.007 billion, accounting for 97.5% of the overall number of Internet users. 43.8% of users use WeChat to “share their lives or opinions”, indicating that WeChat is currently the most widely used and most representative Chinese social media in China. With the advent of the 5G era, WeChat and the products on its platform will further unleash the social value of WeChat, and the value it holds for the development and expansion of the travel market should not be underestimated. Several investigations have shown that the majority of adults are keen to travel to a destination because they are inspired by the travel products and other related content shared by their friends on social media, with a large proportion deciding to travel for reasons of benign envy (Yang Yi, 2020; Liu et al., 2018). Yet, few people know how the role of benign envy can drive travel intention, particularly in terms of intention to visit a tourist destination previously mentioned by WeChat friends. Meanwhile, the relationship between different types of travel product sharing on WeChat and travel intention has not been rigorously examined in research. To fill this research gap, this study aims to conduct an empirical investigation to attest to the travel product sharing-travel intention link. Specially, we investigate whether sharing travel products on WeChat can drive an individual’s destination travel intention through benign envy and how such benign envy can be triggered on social media.

Optical access networks for fixed and mobile applications [Invited Tutorial

Optical access networks are playing a more critical role in providing diverse emerging applications for human- and machine-type communications. With the ever-growing demand for higher capacity, higher fidelity, and massive connections, numerous innovative transmission schemes and digital signal processing algorithms have been proposed in a cost-effective way. Here, we focus on two main scenarios, namely, fixed and mobile access. For the fixed access network, the solutions are categorized into direct detection, simplified coherent detection, and self-coherent detection. For the mobile fronthaul, we classify the schemes according to the functional split, including the analog radio-over-fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI), enhanced CPRI (eCPRI), and integrated and hybrid digital/analog-over-fiber interfaces. This tutorial provides an overview of the enabling technologies for fixed and mobile applications in the fifth-generation (5G) era and beyond.

Synthesis of (WZrNbTaM)C (M = Cr, Ni, Ti) ceramic powders and the electromagnetic wave absorption in 2–18 GHz

AbstractWith the advent of the 5G era, while enjoying the convenience of information in our daily lives, we also face the challenge of dealing with increased and more complex electromagnetic (EM) radiation issues. Therefore, finding EM wave absorbing materials for the operating frequency range (2–18 GHz) of most electronic products has become an important aspect of ensuring human health and environmental safety. In this study, a variety of elements were incorporated into (WZrNbTaM)C powders by calculation and design, where M is Ni, Cr, or Ti. Phase and microstructural analysis demonstrated the successful preparation of a single‐phase solid solution with uniform elements distribution. The magnetic properties of the powders containing Ni and Cr elements exhibited significant improvement. Further analysis revealed that both the impedance matching and EM wave attenuation capabilities of (WZrNbTaCr)C and (WZrNbTaNi)C were enhanced, thereby improving their absorption performance. Compared to (WZrNbTaTi)C, (WZrNbTaCr)C and (WZrNbTaNi)C exhibit a significant improvement in minimum reflection loss (RL), with an increase of 27.1% and 37.2%, reaching −45.21 and −48.79 dB, respectively. The maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) has also increased by 22.9% and 48.6%, reaching 3.44 and 4.16 GHz, respectively. It is noteworthy that (WZrNbTaCr)C and (WZrNbTaNi)C achieved these excellent absorption properties while maintaining a matching thickness of 1.07 and 1.17 mm. This lightweight and thin performance meets the requirements for use in special scenarios while ensuring the outstanding absorption performance.

Design and Deconstruction of the Intelligent System of College Physical Education in the Era of 5G + Artificial Intelligence

Design and Deconstruction of the Intelligent System of College Physical Education in the Era of 5G + Artificial Intelligence

Smarter Grid in the 5G Era: Integrating the Internet of Things With a Cyber-Physical System

Smarter Grid in the 5G Era: Integrating the Internet of Things With a Cyber-Physical System

Innovation and Effect Evaluation Algorithm of Library's Refined Reading Promotion Activities in the 5G Era

Innovation and Effect Evaluation Algorithm of Library's Refined Reading Promotion Activities in the 5G Era

Teaching innovation and practice of communication principles in the context of the 5G era

As a cutting-edge technology in the field of communication, 5G technology poses new challenges and opportunities to the teaching of communication principles courses. "Communication Principles", as the core course of these majors, must be constantly updated to adapt to the development of new communication technologies. This article takes the "Principles of Communication" course as an example, combines the characteristics of 5G technology and education, discusses the characteristics of the course and the current teaching situation, and proposes a series of teaching reform measures. These measures include structural adjustments to theoretical course content, using Matlab virtual simulation technology to strengthen experimental teaching, combining postgraduate entrance examination professional knowledge explanations, introducing after-school 5G practical training and professional certificate assessment, etc. Practice has proven that these teaching reforms can effectively improve the integration of theory and practice, enhance students' ability to analyze and solve problems, and better meet the training needs of applied talents.

Progress of research on the bonding-strength improvement of two-layer adhesive-free flexible copper-clad laminates.

The arrival of the 5G era has placed high demands on the electronic products. Developing thin, light, and portable electronic products capable of simultaneously improving the transmission rate and reducing the signal delay and transmission loss is necessary to meet such demands. The traditional three-layer, adhesive, flexible copper-clad laminate (3L-FCCL) cannot satisfy these demands because of its adhesive component. The large thickness and poor heat resistance disadvantages of 3L-FCCL can be avoided with a two-layer, adhesive-free, flexible copper-clad laminate (2L-FCCL). However, 2L-FCCL has low bonding strength. This work introduces the selection of conductor materials and insulating base films for flexible copper-clad laminates. Modification studies aimed at increasing the bonding performance of 2L-FCCL are summarized based on three aspects. These modification techniques include the surface treatment of copper foils, modification and surface treatment of polyimide films, and surface treatment of liquid-crystal polymers. Prospects are further provided.

Way leaves, rights of way and ducting policies for 5G mobile network deployment in India using international best practices

PurposeThis paper aims to draw lessons for telecommunications (telecom) network deployment in India, from a study of policy and regulatory approaches taken by other federal administrations in streamlining processes for site clearances, grant of rights of way (RoW) and approvals for local infrastructure deployment and sharing. With the urgent need for setting up small cells and rapid fiberisation of networks in the 5G era, the importance of such processes has gained prominence.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopt qualitative thematic content analysis with three-tier coding and classification to identify themes in archival and current documentary data and information obtained from subject-matter experts in the countries studied.FindingsFormulation and implementation of telecom policy is led by national governments. However, national telecom administrations, in recognition of new needs, have co-opted states and local authorities as partners in development of telecom networks, providing the overall framework, guidance and appropriate incentives where required.Practical implicationsThis cooperative model could work well in India, where telecom policy making and regulation is the prerogative of the central government, but administration of RoW and local clearances for cable laying, tower siting and associated infrastructure activities for expanding telecom networks are left to decentralised decision-making in the states and local bodies.Originality/valueThis research attempts to sytematise, thematise and draw cross-country comparisons to inform regulatory and administrative policy for 5G infrastructure rollout in India.

Evaluation of smart scenic spot construction in China

The arrival of “Internet Plus” and the 5G era has brought rapid digital transformation. Many scenic spots in China are conforming to trends of the times by embarking on this transformation and beginning to become smart scenic spots. Yet these sites continue to face challenges in the process of smart construction. Moreover, theoretical guidance on the smart construction of scenic spots is lacking. We adopted a questionnaire survey method to study smart construction at 5A and 4A scenic spots in China. Based on the results, we established a smart scenic spot evaluation system via the Delphi method and the analytic hierarchy process. Our proposed system included infrastructure construction, smart service, smart management, and smart marketing as primary indicators. With the help of a geographic information system, we also discovered that scenic spots' locations influence smart construction. Findings can inform countermeasures and evaluation standards for China's smart scenic spot construction, offering guidance for improving sites' smartness.

Rainbow link beamforming technology and relevant analysis

In the 5G era, millimeter wave has been mentioned as an important position. Millimeter wave has some problems that cannot be ignored: the free space path loss and atmospheric attenuation. To overcome these problems, millimeter wave systems rely on beamforming to overcome losses. Traditional techniques utilize phase antenna arrays for beamforming, which can cause delays in the time consumption and beam scheduling, and due to limited beams, this technology can only be connected to a limited number of devices, and each transmission occupies the entire bandwidth. This paper introduces a new technology called rainbow link, which is implemented by a new true time delay (TTD) array structure. This technology can achieve the allocation of different subcarriers to a large number of users in the corresponding beamforming direction. Users only need to select appropriate frequency resources. In this work, we calculate the performance of rainbow link with different parameters, and our results show that given 1 GHz bandwidth using 64 element antenna arrays, a rainbow-link cell achieves 1ms latency and 0.6M symbols per second with 0.03 active user rate.

Probing Cosmology with Baryon Acoustic Oscillations Using Gravitational Waves

The third-generation (3G) gravitational wave (GW) detectors such as the Einstein Telescope or Cosmic Explorer are expected to play an important role in cosmology. With the help of 3G detectors, we will be able to probe large-scale structure features such as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), galaxy bias, etc. We explore the possibility to do precision cosmology, with the 3G GW detectors by measuring the angular BAO scale using localization volumes of compact binary merger events. Through simulations, we show that with a 3G detector network, by probing the angular BAO scale using purely GW observations, we can constrain the Hubble constant for the standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) with 90% credible regions as . When combined with BAO measurements from galaxy surveys, we show that it can be used to constrain various models of cosmology such as parameterized models for dark energy equations of state. We also show how cosmological constraints using BAO measurements from GW observations in the 3G era will complement the same from spectroscopic surveys.

Preparation and properties of mesoporous SiO2/polyimide composite films

AbstractAlthough polyimide films have a low dielectric constant, with the advent of the 5G era, the dielectric properties of the material are required to be further improved. Therein, we prepared controlled hollow mesoporous SiO2 nanomicrospheres by the hard template method to make mesoporous low dielectric polyimide films. The composite membrane exhibits better thermal stability, mechanical properties, and hydrophobicity compared to the pure membrane. Hollow mesoporous SiO2 dispersed in polyimide can reduce the inhomogeneity of charge distribution between molecules and reduce the interaction between polar chemical bonds and aromatic rings, thus improving the dielectric properties of the whole film. The minimum dielectric constant of the composite films was 2.80 when the hollow mesoporous SiO2 was added at 1.0%. These results fully indicate that the addition of hollow mesoporous SiO2 is beneficial to the multifaceted performance of the polyimide films.Highlights Preparation of hollow mesoporous SiO2 microspheres by using different polystyrene microsphere solutions and TEOS ratios. Synthesis of composite films with different contents of hollow mesoporous SiO2 as functional fillers. The effect of hollow mesoporous SiO2 content on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of PI composite films was investigated. Addition of hollow mesoporous SiO2 reduces the dielectric constant of polyimide composite films.

Joint task offloading and resource allocation for secure OFDMA-based mobile edge computing systems

With the advent of the fifth generation (5G) era, Mobile edge computing (MEC) has become a promising technology. In order to increase the spectrum utilization efficiency and mitigate interference between users, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology is introduced into MEC systems. However, uplink offloading signals from users to servers are vulnerable to malicious eavesdropping. We utilize physical layer security, specifically, jamming caused by servers and co-frequency interference provided by users in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) groups to address this issue. This paper investigates an OFDMA based MEC system which consists of multiple users, multiple servers and an eavesdropper. For this system, an innovative algorithm is designed to minimize latency of the system through optimizing resource allocation and task offloading policy which has lower computation complexity while ensuring its security. The proposed scheme can decrease system latency and ensure secure communication according to experimental results.