Era Of Women Research Articles

Le pouvoir des cadres féminins dans l'entreprise américaine : illusion ou réalité ?

The power of women executives in the American corporation : A reality or a delusion ? The equal employment opportunity policies seemed to open up a new era for women who planned to go into managerial positions in corporations. In 1983, women executives were more affected by the effects of the economic crisis than their male counterparts. Such a trend is reflected in the promotional policies of the firms and in terms of salary differentials as well as scope of authority. Besides, hierarchies are still prejudiced against minority groups and are not willing to integrate more than token individuals at the upper echelons. The yardsticks of power are meted out by subtle discrepancies in the way an individual can control and influence decision-making processes. When power is effective, sexual discriminations are immaterial. But hierarchies are reluctant to let women break through the barriers and have access to power.

Woman's Era in the Police Department

MTADAM citizen, long before she V became a citizen in the strict sense of the term, had abandoned the hectic spring and fall method of housecleaning in favor of the regular use of a vacuum cleaner, and as she makes her way in increasing numbers from the comparative serenity of the home into the maelstrom of civic affairs she carries this wisdom with her and smiles, sometimes covertly, sometimes most openly, at the old-fashioned housekeeping methods of her brother citizen. Particularly does she smile over the police department, where every so often, with a precision which might be mathematically calculated, some American city finds graft, persecution, and stupidity among its police. In order not to fall behind in the parade of municipal fashion, it blazons its affliction on the front pages of the local press and sends them humming over the wires of the national news service. At this very moment, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, and Washington are striving for a leading r61e in this crime drama, but even the natural stardom of a federal city pales beside the magnificent technique of a Chicago. Sometimes the deus ex machina is the political party which is but which has the acumen to know its opponent's weakest spot; sometimes it is a body of indignant citizens honestly trying to right a wrong; and in the Capital it is a congressional investigating committee enjoying the noble sport of Solons. When the dust has cleared away, what will be left? Some reputations rightfully damaged, some reputations wrongfully damaged, and a citizenship which has less faith than ever in its police. Will thoughtful reconstrucion follow in the path of this destruction? Will there emerge a scientific method of identification; a record system which will make the story of the city's criminals and their haunts an open book; or motor cars and cycles which will cut down the man power necessary to patrol vast areas; or signal lights to summon the forces instantly in an emergency? Will there be a training school to equip the raw recruit for the intricacies of his job, lest he go out, as many have done before him, with a night stick in his hand, a map of his beat in his pocket and in his keeping the life and happiness of the citizens? Will the deus ex machina tarry to tighten up the Civil Service regulations, so that the feebleminded, the law breakers, and the favorites of the ward boss, shall not be chosen ahead of honest men and true? Will there be a chief of police who has education, vision and scientific knowledge and who compares in calibre with the commissioner of public health, or the superintendent of schools? Most important of all, will the people be led to a new attitude towards the police, giving them understanding and support, so that they can battle successfully against the national crime problem? Will they cease to view the police as merely punitive and see them as protective and preventive agents, guarding the people? Will they realize that the police are exercising the police power, which is the regulation of life of the people, than which nothing is more venerable historically, nor more fundamental politically? And that