Equivalence Rule Research Articles

A Process Algebra-Based Detection Model for Multithreaded Programs in Communication System

Concurrent behaviors of multithreaded programs cannot be described effectively by automata-based models. Thus, concurrent program intrusion attempts cannot be detected. To address this problem, we proposed the process algebra-based detection model for multithreaded programs (PADMP). We generate process expressions by static binary code analysis. We then add concurrency operators to process expressions and propose a model construction algorithm based on process algebra. We also present a definition of process equivalence and behavior detection rules. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately detect errors in multithreaded programs and has linear space?time complexity. The proposed method provides effective support for concurrent behavior modeling and detection.

Distinguishing Analyte from Noise Components in Mass Spectra of Complex Samples: Where to Cut the Noise?

Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) enables comprehensive analysis of complex molecular mixtures. Given the broad intensity ranges of components in the mass spectra, it is imperative to accurately determine a noise threshold level above which peak assignments will be made. Conventionally, to find the threshold level, the "N sigma" approach or an equivalent rule is used. However, the "N sigma" approach cannot be applied to mass spectra stored with partially removed noise (reduced-profile mode). It is also not directly applicable to mass spectra acquired in the absorption mode with removed negative spectral amplitudes. Moreover, N value selection is normally made based on a rule of thumb, meaning that the calculated threshold level may be biased. Here, we present a noise thresholding method which addresses these limitations for analysis of mass spectra of complex molecular mixtures. The introduced data-dependent thresholding method involves analysis of the distribution of logarithmic intensity of all peaks, including noise and analyte, for a given mass spectrum. Selected method applications include FTMS analysis of crude oil fractions as well as tandem MS analysis of intact proteins.

Extending Type Inference to Variational Programs

Through the use of conditional compilation and related tools, many software projects can be used to generate a huge number of related programs. The problem of typing such variational software is difficult. The brute-force strategy of generating all variants and typing each one individually is: (1) usually infeasible for efficiency reasons and (2) produces results that do not map well to the underlying variational program. Recent research has focused mainly on efficiency and addressed only the problem of type checking. In this work we tackle the more general problem of variational type inference and introduce variational types to represent the result of typing a variational program. We introduce the variational lambda calculus (VLC) as a formal foundation for research on typing variational programs. We define a type system for VLC in which VLC expressions are mapped to correspondingly variational types. We show that the type system is correct by proving that the typing of expressions is preserved over the process of variation elimination, which eventually results in a plain lambda calculus expression and its corresponding type. We identify a set of equivalence rules for variational types and prove that the type unification problem modulo these equivalence rules is unitary and decidable; we also present a sound and complete unification algorithm. Based on the unification algorithm, the variational type inference algorithm is an extension of algorithm W . We show that it is sound and complete and computes principal types. We also consider the extension of VLC with sum types, a necessary feature for supporting variational data types, and demonstrate that the previous theoretical results also hold under this extension. Finally, we characterize the complexity of variational type inference and demonstrate the efficiency gains over the brute-force strategy.

Lack of energetic equivalence in forest soil invertebrates

Ecological communities consist of small abundant and large non-abundant species. The energetic equivalence rule is an often-observed pattern that could be explained by equal energy usage among abundant small organisms and non-abundant large organisms. To generate this pattern, metabolism (as an indicator of individual energy use) and abundance have to scale inversely with body mass, and cancel each other out. In contrast, the pattern referred to as biomass equivalence states that the biomass of all species in an area should be constant across the body-mass range. In this study, we investigated forest soil communities with respect to metabolism, abundance, population energy use, and biomass. We focused on four land-use types in three different landscape blocks (Biodiversity Exploratories). The soil samples contained 870 species across 12 phylogenetic groups. Our results indicated positive sublinear metabolic scaling and negative sublinear abundance scaling with species body mass. The relationships varied mainly due to differences among phylogenetic groups or feeding types, and only marginally due to land-use type. However, these scaling relationships were not exactly inverse to each other, resulting in increasing population energy use and biomass with increasing body mass for most combinations of phylogenetic group or feeding type with land-use type. Thus, our results are mostly inconsistent with the classic perception of energetic equivalence, and reject the biomass equivalence hypothesis while documenting a specific and nonrandom pattern of how abundance, energy use, and biomass are distributed across size classes. However, these patterns are consistent with two alternative predictions: the resource-thinning hypothesis, which states that abundance decreases with trophic level, and the allometric degree hypothesis, which states that population energy use should increase with population average body mass, due to correlations with the number of links of consumers and resources. Overall, our results suggest that a synthesis of food web structures with metabolic theory may be most promising for predicting natural patterns of abundance, biomass, and energy use.

Fast Algorithm on Stochastic Block Model for Exploring General Communities

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 一种基于随机块模型的快速广义社区发现算法 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1001.2013.04474 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(61033013,61370129);教育部创新团队项目(K10JB00440);北京市自然科学基金(4112046);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金;河北省科技厅项目(13210702D);河北省教育厅项目(ZD2010128);民航局科技基金项目(K12I00051) Fast Algorithm on Stochastic Block Model for Exploring General Communities Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随机块模型可以生成各种不同结构(称作广义社区,包括传统社区、二分结构、层次结构等)的网络,也可以根据概率对等原则发现网络中的广义社区.但简单的随机块模型在网络生成过程建模和模型学习方面存在许多问题,导致不能很好地发现实际网络的结构,其扩展模型GSB(general stochastic block)基于链接社区思想发现广义社区,但时间复杂度限制其在中大型规模网络中的应用.为了在无任何先验的情形下探索不同规模网络的潜在结构,基于GSB 模型设计一种快速算法FGSB,更快地发现网络的广义社区.FGSB 在迭代过程中动态学习网络结构参数,将GSB 模型的参数重新组织,减少不必要的参数,降低算法的存储空间;对收敛节点和边的参数进行裁剪,减少每次迭代的相关计算,节省算法的运行时间.FGSB 与GSB 模型求解算法有相同的结构发现能力,但FGSB 耗费的存储空间和运行时间比GSB 模型求解算法要低.在不同规模的人工网络和实际网络上验证得出:在近似相同的准确率下,FGSB 比GSB 模型求解算法快,且可发现大型网络的广义社区. Abstract:A stochastic block model can produce a wide variety of networks with different structures (named as general community, including traditional community, bipartite structure, hierarchical structure and etc); it also can detect general community in networks according to the rules of stochastic equivalence. However, the simple stochastic block model has some problems in modeling the generation of the networks and learning the models, showing poor results in fitting the practical networks. The GSB (general stochastic block) model is an extension of the stochastic block model, which is based on the idea of link community and is provided to detect general communities. But its complexity limits its applications in medium and large networks. In order to explore the latent structures of networks with different scales without prior knowledge about networks, a fast algorithm on the GSB model (FGSB) is designed to explore general communities in networks faster. FGSB dynamically learns the parameters related to the network structure in the process of iterations. It reduces the storage memory by reorganizing parameters to cut down unnecessary parameters, and saves the running time by pruning the related parameters of converging nodes and edges to decrease the computing time of each iteration. FGSB has the same ability of structure detection as the GSB model, but its complexities of time and storage are lower. Tests on synthetic benchmarks and real-world networks have demonstrated that FGSB not only can run faster than the algorithm of the GSB model in the similar accuracy, but also can detect general communities for large networks. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Structures of frequent itemsets and classifying structures of association rule set by order relations

This paper shows a mathematical foundation for almost important features in the problem of discovering knowledge by association rules. The sets of itemsets and association rules are partitioned into disjoint classes by two appropriate equivalence relations based on closures. The structure and unique representation of frequent itemsets are figured out through their generators and corresponding eliminable itemsets. Due to this structure, each equivalence rule class is split into different sets of basic and consequence rules according to an order relation. Indeed, the basic set comprises minimal elements basic rules whose forms are explicitly showed. Then, we propose operators to non-repeatedly deduce all consequence rules by adding, deleting or moving appropriate eliminable itemsets in both sides of basic rules. Further, we show that mining association rules based on a new order relation, min relation, is better than four other ones in terms of reductions in the time to extract basic rules, their cardinalities and rule lengths. These theoretical results are proven to be reliable. Experimental study on many benchmark databases shows the efficiency of the corresponding algorithms. Our approach e.g., the partitions of the frequent itemset and association rule sets is suitable to deal with big data because it can be exploited in parallel and distributed environment.

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Corrigendum

Exclusion, Qualitative Selection and Short-Listing in the 2011 Proposal for a New Public Sector Procurement Directive, as Amended by the 30 November 2012 Compromise Text

This paper provides some initial thoughts on the new rules on exclusion, qualitative selection and short-listing in the new public sector procurement directive bound to repeal Directive 2004/18. The assessment is based on a comparison with the equivalent rules under the current Directive, as well as on the problems and implementation difficulties that the author envisages.

Discontinuities and alternative scalings in the density–mass relationship of anuran larvae

Size–density relationships (SDRs) frequently follow a power-law relationship, with exponents that compensate for the increase in population-level metabolic demand—the energetic equivalence rule. However, these exponents present a range of values, and elucidating its methodological and biological determinants has become a main issue. So far, a restricted set of potential relationships, mechanisms, and taxa have been considered. Here, we analyzed SDR in a population of tadpoles inhabiting a network of 16 temporal ponds. Alternative scaling regimes were detected using pacewise regressions and estimating exponents with maximum likelihood (ML). If discontinuities in the SDR are ignored, a scaling close to values reported elsewhere is observed. However, estimated slopes between discontinuities are steeper (threefold to fivefold) than those often reported, but congruent with the performance predicted for ML and the biases reported for other methods. Our estimations largely deviate from an energetic equivalence, suggesting that large individuals use less energy per unit area. The detection of different SDRs in the same database, with a strong decay in abundance with body size, points to a pattern poorly considered in previous studies, widening the range of patterns, mechanisms, and ecological, or evolutionary consequences of the SDRs.

Decreasing higher-order absolute risk aversion and higher-degree stochastic dominance

Fishburn and Vickson (Stochastic dominance: an approach to decision-making under risk, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, pp. 39–113, 1978) showed that, when applied to random alternatives with an equal mean, 3rd-degree and decreasing absolute risk aversion stochastic dominances represent equivalent rules. The present paper generalizes this result to higher degrees. Specifically, higher-degree stochastic dominance rules and common preference by all decision makers with decreasing higher-order absolute risk aversion are shown to coincide under appropriate constraints on the respective moments of the random variables to be compared.

Class Action and Class Settlement in a European Perspective

This article analyses the options for introducing common European rules on class action lawsuits with an opt-out-model in individual cases. An analysis is made of how the risks of misuse of class actions can be prevented. The article considers the Dutch rules on class settlements and the advantage of integrating equivalent rules into a European rule set. The Danish rules, which have now been in effect for some years, are then considered.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Environmental Law

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play an essential role in promoting sustainable development. They are decisive actors in the formation of international law, sometimes even more than some states, so their actions must be described to understand the international legal-political arena. NGOs have become real actors in international law in proposing and negotiating new standards, such as the implementation and control of international environmental law. While such participation is sometimes visible, in most cases it is difficult to identify, especially in regard to the creation of law. The role of NGOs is based mainly on cooperation with states, businesses, and other NGOs, but also on confrontation.As for the control of standards, on the national level, access to justice is always blocked by the non-recognition of the legitimacy of acting, both in Europe and in the United States, and the lack of information on environmental issues. The role of NGOs exists and is possible in both the countries of the South and those of the North, and some countries of the South, like Brazil, have no equivalent rules in other countries to promote access to justice for these NGOs. Thus, the independent evolution of the environmental movement in the South and in the North gave rise to distinct realities in these countries. Internationally, acceptance by international organizations is not homogeneous: the International Court of Justice shows itself to be more closed, while the WTO is beginning to open itself, if only offering restrictive rules of participation; and NAFTA lies between the agencies studied, more open to the participation of NGOs. NGOs of the South, like those of the North, also contribute to reducing the growth of inequalities between the North and South, promoting development programs, whether funded by states or not, technology transfer, and the reduction of domestic inequalities in different countries. They participate, thus, in promoting values of international environmental law, such as sustainable development and risk control activities. These actions in the courts or elsewhere are directed against companies or governments. The actions of NGOs against companies touch on several areas, but in the case of biotechnology their intervention is most striking, in the late 90s and at the beginning of the 21st century.To study the importance of NGOs, this paper has three parts. First, it presents multiple definitions of NGOs. In part 2, it examines whether NGOs are truly important and active actors in international environmental law, especially in cooperation with states. In part 4, we will show how they contribute to the construction of international environmental law in opposition to states.

RSS query algebra: Towards a better news management

Existing XML query algebras are not fully appropriate to retrieve RSS news items mainly due to three reasons: (1) RSS document is text rich and its content is dependent on the wording and verification of the author, thus semantic-aware operators are needed; (2) news items are dynamic and consequently time oriented retrieval is needed; and (3) a news item may evolve through time, or overlap with other news items and hence identifying relationships between items is needed. In this paper, we aim to solve these issues by providing a dedicated RSS algebra based on semantic-aware operators which are capable of considering RSS characteristics. The provided operators are application domain specific and can be tuned according to the user preferences. We also provide a set of query rewriting and equivalence rules that would be used during query simplification and optimization. In addition and in order to validate our proposal, we develop a prototype called EasyRSSManager that allows a user to formulate RSS query using our operators.

Energy In-Equivalence in Australian Marsupials: Evidence for Disruption of the Continent’s Mammal Assemblage, or Are Rules Meant to Be Broken?

The energy equivalence rule (EER) is a macroecological hypothesis that posits that total population energy use (PEU) should be independent of species body mass, because population densities and energy metabolisms scale with body mass in a directly inverse manner. However, evidence supporting the EER is equivocal, and the use of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in such studies has been questioned; ecologically-relevant indices like field metabolic rate (FMR) are probably more appropriate. In this regard, Australian marsupials present a novel test for the EER because, unlike eutherians, marsupial BMRs and FMRs scale differently with body mass. Based on either FMR or BMR, Australian marsupial PEU did not obey an EER, and scaled positively with body mass based on ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. Importantly, the scaling of marsupial population density with body mass had a slope of −0.37, significantly shallower than the expected slope of −0.75, and not directly inverse of body-mass scaling exponents for BMR (0.72) or FMR (0.62). The findings suggest that the EER may not be a causal, universal rule, or that for reasons not yet clear, it is not operating for Australia’s unique native fauna.

Application of Fuzzy Control with Market-Based Control Strategy to Structures

The market-based control as a control strategy is developed based on an analogy between the control force-energy source in the structural area and the supply demand in the free market. The optimal problem of control force from an actuator is transformed to that of the allocation resource in the market. Since the supply-demand relation model and iteration procedure for the optimal price solution are necessary and relatively hard to understand and perform for civil engineers, the fuzzy logical method is proposed in the framework of the market-based control to acquire an equivalent system corresponding to the market-based control method. An equivalent fuzzy logical rule is established through analyzing a single-degree-of-freedom system with the controller using the MBC strategy under earthquakes. The results show that the fuzzy logical method is able to also reduce the displacement and acceleration responses effectively similar to the MBC method, and the consumed computational time for the fuzzy logical method is obviously saved.

Methods of analytical mechanics for exact Cosserat elastic rod dynamics

Thin elastic rod mechanics with background of a kind of single molecule such as DNA and other engineering object has entered into a new developing stage. In this paper the vector method of exact Cosserat elastic rod dynamics is transformed into the form of analytical mechanics with the arc length and time as its independent variables, whose aims are to find new tools for studying rod mechanics and to develop the area of applications of classical analytical mechanics. Based on the plane cross-section assumption, a cross-section of the rod is taken as an object. Basic formulas on deformation and motion of the section are given. After defining virtual displacement of a cross-section and its equivalent variation rule, a differential variational principle such as d’Alembert-Lagrange one is established, from which dynamical equations of thin elastic rod are expressed as Lagrange equations or Nielsen equations under the condition of linear elasticity of the rod. For the rod statics when there exist conserved quantities, Lagrange equation which makes use of these quantities is derived and its first integral is discussed. Finally integral variational principle is derived from differential one, and expressed as Hamilton principle under the condition of linear elasticity. Hamilton canonical equations in phase space with 3×6 dimensions are also derived. All of the results have formed the method of analytical mechanics of dynamics of an exact Cosserat elastic rod, so that the further problems such as symmetry and conserved quantities, and numerical simulation of the rod dynamics may be further studied.

Numerical Simulation Research of Equivalent Strain in Every Pass of H-Beam in Cogging Beam Blank

In order to guarantee organization and performance requirements of H-beam, a certain compression ratio is needed from stock to products. This paper choose blank special-shaped billet, using DEFORM finite element software, simulated and analyzed change rule of H-beam equivalent strain when beam blank is cogging. Simulation results show that:The compression ratio is 10.78 from stock to products. The stock dimension meet requirements of from A hole to CCS rolling after BD cogging. The equivalent strain rule during the entire process of beam blank cogging is mainly focus waist and haunch joint.

Composition and structure of a snake assemblage in an altered tropical forest-plantation mosaic in Bangladesh

Despite the growing trends in quantitative field studies on tropical snake assemblages around the world, Asian tropical snake assemblages have remained less profoundly studied. A snake assemblage in an altered tropical forest-plantation mosaic in Bangladesh was studied for six months. Data were collected on the species composition and their relative frequency of occurrence. On the basis of these data, some major patterns highlighted by earlier studies on tropical snake ecology were tested. More specifically, we tested, the existence of: (1) non-random habitat niche partitioning, (2) the energetic equivalence rule, and (3) different mean body sizes among snake guilds, with distinctly smaller body sizes being expected among the subterranean species. A total of 374 specimens belonging to 34 different species were collected. High mean habitat niche overlap among species was observed, and there was no apparent non-random niche partitioning by snakes either considering all species together or dividing them by guild. The ‘energetic equivalence rule’ was verified, with larger species being less abundant than smaller species. Body sizes differed significantly across species’ habits, with subterranean species being not only significantly smaller but also revealing the least interspecific variation, and terrestrial/arboreal species showing the greatest interspecific variation. Overall, tropical Asian snake assemblages seem to be similar to tropical African snake assemblages in terms of their general organization.

Improving Rule Base Quality to Enhance Production Systems Performance

Production systems have a special value since they are used in state-space searching algorithms and expert systems in addition to their use as a model for problem solving in artificial intelligence. Therefore, it is of high importance to consider different techniques to improve their performance. In this research, rule base is the component of the production system that we aim to focus on. This work therefore seeks to investigate this component and its relationship with other components and demonstrate how the improvement of its quality has a great impact on the performance of the production system as a whole. In this paper, the improvement of rule base quality is accomplished in two steps. The first step involves re-writing the rules having conjunctions of literals and producing a new set of equivalent rules in which long inference chains can be obtained easily. The second step involves augmenting the rule base with inference short-cut rules devised from the long inference chains. These inference short-cut rules have a great impact on the performance of the production system. Finally, simulations are performed on randomly generated rule bases with different sizes and goals to be proved. The simulations demonstrate that the suggested enhancements are very beneficial in improving the performance of production systems.

Linear time-dependent constraints programming with MSVL

This paper investigates specifying and solving linear time-dependent constraints with an interval temporal logic programming language MSVL. To this end, linear constraint statements involving linear equality and non-strict inequality are first defined. Further, the time-dependent relations in the constraints are specified by temporal operators, such as [InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.]. Thus, linear time-dependent constraints can be smoothly incorporated into MSVL. Moreover, to solve the linear constraints within MSVL by means of reduction, the operational semantics for linear constraints is given. In particular, semantic equivalence rules and transition rules within a state are presented, which enable us to reduce linear equations, inequalities and optimization problems in a convenient way. Besides, the operational semantics is proved to be sound. Finally, a production scheduling application is provided to illustrate how our approach works in practice.