Equivalent Resistance Research Articles

Leading two-point resistances from transfer matrices in cylindrical, spider web, axial and grid resistor networks

Resistor networks are increasingly being considered in heuristic research as models for natural or artificial matter. The equivalent resistance between two nodes, the Two-Point Resistance (TPR), can be calculated using a variety of methods. The transfer matrix (TM) method was originally considered as a numerical tool for estimating percolation thresholds in random networks with a repeating pattern. The TM method is revisited here as an efficient tool to obtain, in a fast and elegant way, iteration relations and exact explicit expressions for leading TPRs that include a node in the last repeated pattern. Several rotationally invariant networks are studied, such as simple cylindrical networks, spider web networks and cylindrical networks with a central resistive axis, in which case the TM matrices are circulant matrices. Examples of explicit expressions are given for orders of rotation ≤4 or 5, depending on the case. The method can be applied in a similar way to networks with less symmetry, such as grids. The general expressions of TPRs obtained using the TM method can provide quantitative guidelines for resistor networks developed in materials science, environmental issues or industrial applications.

Determination of converter parameters for high-voltage electromechanical systems of stationary installations of industrial fans

Purpose. To study the electromagnetic processes in the circuit of the phase rotor of a high-voltage induction motor connected to the network through a step-up converter, to determine the parameters of the converter and their relationship with the voltage gain to ensure the optimal level of energy efficiency of the electromechanical system. Methodology. Methods of theoretical electrical engineering for the construction of a rotor circuit replacement scheme for an induction motor with a step-up converter, methods for solving a system of first-order differential equations, analytical methods. Findings. The expediency of using a converter that combines the rotor circuit of a high-voltage induction motor with the power supply network and provides regulation of the rotor EMF with the recovery of the slip energy of the induction motor rotor to the power supply network has been proved. This will ensure speed control of powerful high-voltage induction motors on the rotor side with an EMF of up to 600 V and significantly reduce the cost of a high-voltage electromechanical system. A methodology for determining the converter gain and the parameters of the rotor circuit of the electromechanical system is proposed, which allows determining the transformation ratio of the matching transformer at the optimal value of the voltage gain. The conditions of trouble-free operation of the inverter at the moment of start-up of the electromechanical system are determined. Achieving these conditions is ensured by determining the delay of the control signal to the power keys of the inverter of a step-up converter. The correlation between the voltage gain and the equivalent resistance of the rotor circuit of the electromechanical system is established. Originality. The ratio of the voltage gain to the equivalent resistance of the rotor circuit of the electromechanical system is established, which will ensure the matching of the rotor EMF with the voltage of the power supply network while maintaining a high level of energy efficiency. Practical value. A methodology for determining the gain and parameters of a step-up converter is proposed, which allows determining the transformation ratio of a matching transformer at the optimal value of the voltage gain. The proposed methodology can be applied to the modelling of complex powerful high-voltage electromechanical systems, especially for stationary installations of industrial fans.

Chitosan/Nitrogen-doped graphene nanocomposite for supercapacitor application

Abstract In this study, we explore the chitosan/nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (CS-NGO) nanocomposite using the hydrothermal method and incorporate it onto carbon paper by a deep coating technique for supercapacitor applications. The incorporation of CS-NGO, a non-toxic and environmentally friendly material, significantly enhances the electrochemical performance. The electrochemical properties are explored by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and impedance spectrum (EIS). The analyses reveal a specific capacitance increase from 2.84 μF cm−2 to 3.96 μF cm−2, a reduction in charge transfer resistance (Rct) from 24.75 Ω to 16.74 Ω, a decrease in Rs resistance from 4.9 Ω to 0 Ω, and a reduction of equivalent series resistance (ESR) from 12.87 Ω to 6.41 Ω. In addition, the results demonstrate remarkable enhancements in energy density and power density and an excellent cyclic stability of 100% over up to 1000 CV cycles of the CS-NGO electrode. These improvements are due to the potential of CS-NGO nanocomposite in developing high-performance, sustainable supercapacitors with the growing demand for green and safe energy storage solutions. This sign of success in this research is due to the new nanocomposite.

Investigation on barrier layers of Pt/BaTiO3/Pt based thin film capacitors

Barium titanate is a ferroelectric material used as a dielectric in thin film capacitors owing to its high dielectric constant. Barrier layers are utilized in these capacitors to improve the capacitors' performance. In this paper, zinc oxide and aluminium oxide are kept on both sides of BaTiO3 as barrier layers in Pt/BT/Pt capacitors and different dielectric properties are studied. The parameters such as capacitance density, leakage current, ESR, dielectric loss and dielectric strength of Pt/BT/Pt capacitors with barrier layers of different sizes are simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics modeling software. Aluminum oxide of 2 nm thickness as a barrier layer gives optimal performance. The leakage current, dielectric loss, capacitance density, equivalent series resistance and dielectric strength of Pt/BT/Pt capacitor are found to be 0.519 mA, 9.62x10‐12, 172.8 fF/µm2, 9.62 kΩ, 108 V/m respectively whereas that of Pt/ALO/BT/ALO/Pt capacitor are found to be 1.56x10‐18A, 7.81x10‐18, 11.6 fF/µm2, 9.01x1015 Ω, 5.05x109 V/m respectively. The low capacitance in Pt/ALO/BT/ALO/Pt capacitor is due to the low dielectric constant of Al2O3 layer. The reduced leakage current and increased equivalent series resistance is due to the low conductivity of the Al2O3 layer. The use of aluminium layer can reduce the electric field leading to improved dielectric strength.

Analysis of the Impact of Clusters on Productivity of Multi-Fracturing Horizontal Well in Shale Gas

Shale gas reservoirs with nanoporous media have become one of the primary resources for natural gas development. The nanopore diameters of shale reservoirs range from 5 to 200 nm, with permeability ranging from 1 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−6 μm2. The natural gas production from shale gas reservoirs is low, necessitating the use of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells. Segmented multi-cluster perforation fracturing is an effective method for shale gas extraction in these wells. The number of clusters significantly impacts the productivity of horizontal wells. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the impact of cluster numbers on fracture productivity in shale gas reservoir development. In this study, the equivalent flow resistance method was applied to establish a productivity model for multi-stage hydraulic fracturing horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs considering diffusion and slip. An approximate analytical solution was obtained, and the effects of cluster length, diffusion coefficient, and fracture network permeability on productivity were analyzed. The results show that gas production gradually increases with the increase in the number of clusters and cluster length. However, as the number of clusters increases, the interference between clusters leads to a decrease in the productivity of individual clusters. As the fracture permeability, fracture network permeability, and diffusion coefficient increase, shale gas production also gradually increases. The permeability of the fracture network has the greatest impact on productivity. These research results are beneficial for the design of clusters in horizontal well fracturing and are of great importance for the development and production of shale gas reservoirs.

Synthesis and properties of flexible supercapacitor based on zinc-aluminum layered doubled hydroxide

A flexible, effective supercapacitor using zinc-aluminum-layered double hydroxides (Zn-Al LDHs) as an electrode material is reported. Nanosheets of Zn-Al LDHs were synthesized using a chemical bath deposition method, and they were present in a well-standing shape covering the complete area of the Al foil. The imaging of these nanosheets showed that their average thickness is between 60 and 80 nm, with a width and length average of 1.3 and 0.6 μm, respectively. These dimensions help to create the connection arrangements of sheets with a high specific surface area of 88 m2/g which increased electrochemical active sites for charge storage. The X-ray diffraction further approves the structural properties of the prepared material. The flexibility of the supercapacitor was examined by bending and folding up the device to 180° with little mechanical deformation. The highest capacitance value is found to be ∼597F/g in the case of the flat condition. The capacitance value decreased to ∼387F/g after folding the device 30°, and these values drooped slightly after more increasing the folding angle. The energy density (ED) remains nearly constant at any folding angle (ED=3.39Wh/kg at 30° and ED=3.7Wh/kg at 135°), and similarly, the power density (PD) remains nearly constant (PD=27 kW/kg at 30° and 135°). The aforementioned approves the flexibility of the Zn-Al LHD because it provides lifelong stability (87 % retaining after 2000 charge/discharge cycles) and stable efficiency after different bending and twisting conditions. The impedance measurements along with the obtained equivalent circuits confirm the electrical characteristics of the as-prepared electrodes with low equivalent series resistances, ensuing the promising conductive path in the supercapacitor device.

Impact of Nickel Strip Configurations on Resistance and Voltage Drop in Lithium Ion Battery Packs

The impact of nickel strip designs on the resistance and voltage drop in lithium ion battery packs is examined in this study. In a series parallel battery pack configuration, the effectiveness of coated and pure nickel strips is assessed, with particular attention paid to how they influence voltage drop, internal resistance, and overall efficiency. Each of the 24 series and 3 parallel cells that make up the battery pack has an internal resistance of 6 mΩ. Two configurations are analyzed: one utilizing pure nickel strips and another with coated nickel strips. The resistivity, cross sectional area, and length of the material are used to compute the equivalent resistance of the nickel strips for each arrangement. Voltage dips at a load current of 50A are determined to compare the performance of both strip. The study also looks at the voltage drop at key locations in the battery pack, including particular bent strips. The findings show that the coated nickel design displays a larger resistance (0.237Ω) and voltage drop (11.735V) than the pure nickel configuration, which has a lower total resistance (0.048Ω) and voltage drop (2.82V). Evaluation of the voltage drop during charging is also done for charging currents of 6A and 10A, demonstrating that the pure nickel arrangement allows for more efficient charging. One of the main elements affecting battery pack performance is internal resistance, which has a direct impact on the system's voltage drop and overall energy efficiency. The thickness, width, resistivity, and number of parallel strips utilized in this nickel strip material all have a major effect on the battery pack's total resistance. Because of this, the nickel strip design can improve or worsen the pack's power delivery, particularly in high load scenarios.

A Data-Driven Online Prediction Model for Battery Charging Efficiency Accounting for Entropic Heat

This study proposes a charging efficiency calculation model based on an equivalent internal resistance framework. A data-driven neural network model is developed to predict the charging efficiency of lithium titanate (LTO) batteries for 5% state of charge (SOC) segments under various charging conditions. By considering the impact of entropy change on the open-circuit voltage (OCV) during the charging process, the accuracy of energy efficiency calculations is improved. Incorporating battery data under various charging conditions, and comparing the predictive accuracy and computational complexity of different hyperparameter configurations, we establish a backpropagation neural network model designed for implementation in embedded systems. The model predicts the energy efficiency of subsequent 5% SOC segments based on the current SOC and operating conditions. The results indicate that the model achieves a prediction error of only 0.29% under unknown charging conditions while also facilitating the deployment of the neural network model in embedded systems. In future applications, the relevant predictive data can be transmitted in real time to the cooling system for thermal generation forecasting and predictive control of battery systems, thereby enhancing temperature control precision and improving cooling system efficiency.

Design of a tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC): One-dimensional steady state modeling

In this study, a one-dimensional steady-state model has been established for rapidly predicting the output performance of tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which will be used for the structural and material design of T-SIS-SOFC to improve output performance. This model simplifies ohmic polarization, activation polarization, and concentration polarization into equivalent resistances, while also considering the impact of contact resistance, interconnects, supports, and current collectors on the output performance. After validation, the model has proven reliable in predicting the output performance of cells with different structures. For a single cell, ohmic polarization is the primary influencing factor, and increasing conductivity through methods such as raising temperature, modifying materials, or reducing thickness can significantly reduce ohmic polarization. For the entire tubular SOFC system, when the total length is fixed, there exists an optimal number of cells and an optimal length for each cell. Based on the material and structure of the single cell unit employed in this paper, the maximum output power, approximately 48 W, is achieved when the number of cell units is 30.

Co-doped Ni-PBA anchored on optimized ZIF-67-derived Co/N-doped hollow carbon framework for high-performance hybrid capacitive deionization

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are considered to be a promising electrode material for hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) due to their open lattice structure, adjustable composition and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the performance of PBAs in practical applications is limited by their low intrinsic conductivity and structural degradation. Herein, we demonstrate an advanced heterostructure CoNi-PBA@Co/N-HC by anchoring cobalt-doped nickel hexacyanoferrate (CoNi-PBA) on cobalt/nitrogen-doped hollow porous carbon (Co/N-HC) derived from cobalt-based metal–organic frameworks (ZIF-67). Co/N-HC as the conductive growth framework of CoNi-PBA can not only promote the rapid charge transfer and efficient ion diffusion, but also mitigate the structural degradation of CoNi-PBA crystals during ion intercalation/deintercalation. Moreover, the doped Co in CoNi-PBA is derived from Co/N-HC, allowing the heterostructures to form more stable and tighter interconnections. Therefore, the optimal PBA@Co/N-HC300 electrode exhibits reduced equivalent series resistance (Rs 1.10 Ω < Rs (PBA) 1.41 Ω), enhanced ion diffusion rate (DNa+ 2.86 × 10−16 > DNa+(PBA) 4.65 × 10−18) and exceptional electrochemical stability (99 % capacitance retention, 500 times CV tests). Correspondingly, the HCDI cell PBA@Co/N-HC300//Co/N-HC demonstrates good Na+ removal capacity (33.37 mg·g−1), excellent charge efficiency (83.65 %), diminished energy consumption (0.657 kWh kg−1-NaCl) and improved cycle stability (90.8 % capacity retention, 40 cycles).

Achievement of comprehensive wear and thermal property of cold spayed CuCrZr coating via gradient structure design

To address the inherent challenge of optimizing both strength and conductivity of the CuCrZr alloy, cold spraying is employed to enhance its surface with a comprehensive range of performance attributes. A novel gradient structure, featuring a SiC/CuCrZr layer at the top and an AlN/CuCrZr layer at the bottom, successfully fulfills the comprehensive requirements for wear resistance and thermal conductivity. Results show that the composite coating is composed of extensively deformed CuCrZr particles and undeformed ceramic particles and its microhardness and thermal conductivity closely adhere to the rule of mixtures. Additionally, the gradient coating shows the equivalent wear resistance to the SiC-CuCrZr coating. This study demonstrates the remarkable versatility of cold spraying in fabricating seamless gradient coating, while achieving predictable and controllable variations in microhardness and thermal conductivity across the coating’s thickness.

Preparation and characterization of high performance super activated carbon based on coupled coal/sargassum precursors

High electrochemical performance supercapacitors require activated carbon with high specific surface area, suitable pore size distribution and surface properties, and high electrical conductivity as electrode materials, whereas there exists a trade-off relationship between specific surface area and electrical conductivity, which is not well met by a single type of carbon source. To solve this problem, the coal and sargassum are adopted to obtain the coupling product via co-thermal dissolution, followed by carbonization and KOH activation. The effects of mixing mass ratio and activation temperature on the prepared activated carbon (AC) are investigated using single factor experimental method. The experimental results show that AC1/3-800 has abundant micropore and mesopore content, good pore structure connectivity, high electrical conductivity and good wettability, and superior electrochemical properties compared with other activated carbons prepared in this experiment. Its total specific surface area is up to 2098.5 m2·g–1, the pore volume is up to 1.33 cm3·g–1, the content of mespores with diameter of 6–8 nm is significantly increased, and the pore size distribution is wide and uniform. When the current density increases from 0.1 A·g–1 to 10 A·g–1, the gravimetric capacitance decreases from 219 F·g–1 to 186 F·g–1 with a capacitance retention of 84.9%, the equivalent series resistance is very small, and the rate performance and reversibility of charging and discharging have also been excellent.

Thermal characterization of vertical interface by scanning photothermal radiometry.

In this work, scanning photothermal radiometry is used for imaging and to characterize a submicron crack. From the thermal images, the evolution of the crack is mapped in the space with micrometer resolution. A vertical contact interface at the steel-steel junction is used to represent a micro-crack with a thickness less than 0.5μm. The thermal quadrupole approach is used to model the heat transfer within the semi-infinite vertical crack. Then, using the phase mapping and that calculated from the model, the estimation of both the equivalent thermal boundary resistance of the interface and the average interface thickness was done.

Performance Enhancement of Self-Powered Electrochromic Device via a PEDOT:PSS Electrode Inherited with Intrinsic Roughness of Substrate.

The electrode optimization and rational design are of great significance for the performance enhancement of self-powered electrochromic devices (ECDs). It can be effectively enhanced by developing interfacial properties of electrodes, which can promote the internal ion transport within functional components consisting of an electrode, electrochromic layer, and electrolyte layer and thus obtain performance improvement of fabricated devices. This work aims to construct the electrode of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) on different substrates and promote interface performance of the prepared electrodes via inheriting the surface topography of substrates. Besides, the prepared PEDOT:PSS electrodes as a dual-function layer including the electrochromic and electrode layer are employed to assemble the ECDs. It is found that the intrinsic roughness of the paper substrate can facilitate the electrochemical performance of the prepared PEDOT:PSS electrode on it effectively, thereby showing a superior electrochemical surface area and diffusion coefficient as well as a lower charge-transfer resistance of 13.56 Ω. Similarly, for the prepared self-powered ECD on the paper substrate, it also indicates a high light absorption property (0.413), well-defined electrochromic contrast (33.09), fast switching (τc = 4.0 s, τb = 6.8 s), high coloration efficiency (92.275 cm2 C-1), high areal capacity (10.93 mAh m-2) at 0.01 mA cm-2, and lower equivalent series resistance (176.2 Ω) in comparison to parallel ECDs on the PET and glass substrate. Leveraging the intrinsic roughness of the substrate is able to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrodes, which can also provide a new strategy for the construction of high-performance self-powered ECDs.

Flexible screen-printed supercapacitors with asymmetric PANI/CDC–AC electrodes and aqueous electrolyte

Abstract We report the fabrication and electrical performance of screen-printed flexible supercapacitors based on activated carbon (AC) and polyaniline (PANI)/carbide-derived carbon (CDC) composite electrodes, and neutral aqueous electrolytes. The devices are entirely constructed from safe, low-cost, and non-toxic materials, fabricated through a mass production capable screen printing process, and fully disposable with normal household waste. Symmetric and asymmetric cells with a thin planar face-to-face structure were fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, using eco-friendly chitosan binder based electrode inks, and printed graphite current collectors. The asymmetric cell configuration, with a PANI/CDC positive electrode and an AC negative electrode, demonstrated significantly improved electrochemical performance, through increased operating voltage, energy density and power density, improved cyclic stability and rate capability, and decreased equivalent series resistance (ESR) and leakage current, compared to previously reported symmetric PANI/CDC supercapacitors. The fabricated asymmetric devices had an average capacitance of 250–270 mF, ESR of 20–23 Ω, and leakage current of 140–150 µA, depending on the PANI/CDC variant used. Energy densities of 4.8 Wh kg-1 and 4.9 Wh kg-1, power densities of 1.6 kW kg-1 and 1.5 kW kg-1, and capacitance retention rates of 93 % and 97 % after 2,000 charge-discharge cycles, were achieved with PANI/CDC (10:1) and (30:1) variants, respectively.

A novel formula for representing the equivalent resistance of the m×n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$m\ imes n$$\\end{document} cylindrical resistor network

The problem of solving the equivalent resistance between two points for resistor networks has important significance in physics. This paper mainly changes and rewrites the formula for calculating the resistance between two points of an unconventional m×n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$m\ imes n$$\\end{document} cylindrical resistor network with a zero resistor axis and any two left and right boundaries. To enhance the efficiency of calculating the equivalent resistance between two points, Chebyshev polynomials and hyperbolic cosine functions are employed to represent the new formula. And in the inference process, the famous discrete cosine transform of the third kind (DCT-III) is used to process the matrix. We give the equivalent resistance formula for several special cases, and display them by a three-dimensional graph. Subsequently, the calculation efficiency of the original formula and the rewritten formula are compared. At the end of the paper, a heuristic algorithm suitable for robot path planning on cylindrical environment is proposed.

Induction Coil Design Considerations for High-Frequency Domestic Cooktops

The use of wide band gap (WBG) semiconductor switches in power converters is increasing day by day due to their superior chemical and physical properties, such as electrical field strength, drift speed, and thermal conductivity. These new-generation power switches offer advantages over traditional induction cooker systems, such as fast and environmentally friendly heating. The size of passive components can be reduced, and the decreasing inductance value of induction coils and capacitors with low ESR (equivalent series resistance) values contributes to total efficiency. Other design parameters, such as passive components with lower values, heatsinks with low volumes, cooling fans with low power, and induction coils with fewer turns, can offset the cost of WBG power devices. High-frequency operation can also be effective in heating non-ferromagnetic materials like aluminum and copper, making them suitable for heating these types of pans without complex induction coil and power converter designs. However, the use of these new generation power switches necessitates a re-examination of induction coil design. High switching frequency leads to a high resonance frequency in the power converter, which requires lower-value passive components compared to conventional cookers. The most important component is the induction coil, which requires fewer turns and magnetic cores. This study examines the induction heating equivalent circuit, discusses the general structure and design parameters of the induction coil, and performs FEM (finite element method) analyses using Ansys Maxwell. The results show that the induction coil inductance value in new-generation cookers decreases by 80% compared to traditional cookers, and the number of windings and magnetic cores decreases by 50%. These analyses, performed for high-power applications, are also performed for low-power applications. While the inductance value of the induction coil is 90 μH at low frequencies, it is reduced to the range of 5 μH to 20 μH at high frequencies. The number of windings is reduced by half or a quarter. The new-generation cooker system experimentally verifies the coil design based on the parameters derived from the analysis.

Parameters optimization of PEMFC model based on gazelle optimization algorithm

Fuel cells (FCs) play a crucial role in converting stored hydrogen energy into electricity. However, accurately modeling and optimizing their performance is challenging due to the lack of critical parameter data—specifically, seven key parameters including four semi-empirical coefficients (ξ1, ξ2, ξ3, ξ4), an adjusting parametric coefficient (β), a constant equivalent resistance (Rc), and an adjustable parameter (λ). These essential parameters are typically not provided in manufacturers' datasheets, creating a significant gap in the precise calibration and optimization of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs).This study addresses this gap by applying seven population-based meta-heuristic algorithms to estimate and optimize these unknown parameters. Among these, the Gazelle Optimization Algorithm (GOA) is identified as particularly effective, offering superior precision and rapid convergence. Our research evaluates the performance of these algorithms using indicators such as Standard Deviation (StD) and Sum of Squared Errors (SSE). The GOA achieved exceptionally low SSE values of 7.637606 × 10^-3, 1.28694222 × 10−2, and 2.288128 for the Horizon 500W, BCS 500W, and NedStack PS6 stacks, respectively, along with corresponding StD values of 2.275703 × 10−9, 9.12077649 × 10−15, and 3.26518838 × 10−14. These results underscore the algorithm's accuracy and effectiveness in optimizing PEMFC parameters, closely aligning with the manufacturers' polarization curves.The study's findings, validated across these three different fuel cell stacks, highlight the GOA's superiority over other methods in terms of accuracy and convergence speed. This manuscript contributes to the field by providing a robust method for accurately optimizing PEMFC parameters, which are critical for enhancing the overall performance of fuel cells. The results also demonstrate the GOA's potential as a superior optimization tool in the field of fuel cell technology.

Pixel Circuit Design for X-ray Detection Utilizing a-IGZO Thin-Film Transistors

Abstract In recent advancements, X-ray detectors have made significant progress. Active pixel sensors exhibit superior Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) compared to passive counterparts. The conventional pixel circuit for X-ray detectors has three transistors and one capacitor. We focused on simplifying this pixel to enhance resolution. Our research introduces and verifies a novel pixel circuit developed for high-resolution X-ray detectors. The proposed pixel circuit is composed by two n-type thin-film transistors and one capacitor. It requires two scan pulses and three operational stages. This structure can effectively reduce the component area of the pixel circuit. We designed RPI LEVEL = 35 amorphous TFT model and simulated for verify our proposed pixel circuit. In results, proposed pixel circuit successfully operated and shows 2.5 μV when the equivalent resistance of detector (RDetector) is 10 MΩ, and 8.38 V when RDetector is 1 MΩ. To minimize the harmful effects of X-ray exposure, reducing the dosage is essential. Sensitivity and low noise are crucial factors, and the proposed circuit offers a compact design, increased sensitivity, and higher output voltage.

Investigating a Detection Method for Viruses and Pathogens Using a Dual-Microcantilever Sensor.

Piezoresistive microcantilever sensors for the detection of viruses, pathogens, and trace chemical gasses, with appropriate measurement and signal processing methods, can be a powerful instrument with high speed and sensitivity, with in situ and real-time capabilities. This paper discusses a novel method for mass sensing on the order of a few femtograms, using a dual-microcantilever piezoresistive sensor with a vibrating common base. The two microcantilevers have controllably shifted natural frequencies with only one of them being active. Two active piezoresistors are located on the surfaces of each of the two flexures, which are specifically connected in a Wheatstone bridge with two more equivalent passive resistors located on the sensor base. A dedicated experimental system measures the voltages of the two half-bridges and, after determining their amplitude-frequency responses, finds the modulus of their differences. The modified amplitude-frequency response possesses a cusp point which is a function of the natural frequencies of the microcantilevers. The signal processing theory is derived, and experiments are carried out on the temperature variation in the natural frequency of the active microcantilever. Theoretical and experimental data of the temperature-frequency influence and equivalent mass with the same impact are obtained. The results confirm the sensor's applicability for the detection of ultra-small objects, including early diagnosis and prediction in microbiology, for example, for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus, other viruses, and pathogens. The versatile nature of the method makes it applicable to other fields such as medicine, chemistry, and ecology.