Equivalent Programming Research Articles

PELATIHAN BAHASA INGGRIS DENGAN METODE BELAJAR 2C UNTUK SISWA PROGRAM PAKET C SETARA SMA IPS DI SANGGAR KEGIATAN BELAJAR (SKB) PURWOKERTO

Sanggar Kegiatan Belajar is one of the non-formal and informal educational institutions (PNFI) that organizes learning activities for the equivalency program. The problem that occurs in Purwokerto SKB is that the age of the learning citizens in a study group is various, each has different needs so that the sustainability of the program is difficult to maintain. Heterogeneous input of students and most of them come from the lower middle economic class and including families of recipients of the PKH program from the government is also one of the triggers for problems in learning. In addition, the absence of English language training is one of the problems that occur in SKB considering that English can be used as a plus point for students to get a job. The English language skills of the Paket C (SMA Equivalent) equivalency program students are still very low as evidenced by the average score of the final even semester test for the 2018/2019 academic year, which is 56.17 and the average score of UNBK in 2018 was 34.19. The lack of facilities and infrastructure that support the teaching and learning process of English is part of the causes of students' low English proficiency apart from input factors, student characteristics, interest and student motivation to learn. The use of learning methods that are fun, interactive, exploratory, systematic, creative and innovative is very helpful in improving students' English skills. The 2C method is a combination of two methods, namely the cooperative learning method and the contextual teaching and learning method. In this Community Partnership Program, the 2C method was used to train Paket C program students in improving their English language skills. Moreover, this Community Partnership Program was aimed to provide training to students in increasing their interest and motivation to learn English. The result of the training revealed that there was a significant improvement in students’ learning interest and motivation as well as their English performance.

Pendampingan Kesetaraan Paket-C Mata Pelajaran Matematika Semasa Pandemi Covid-19 di LPKA Batam

Education is the right of all Indonesian citizens guaranteed in Constitution of the Republic Indonesia, including children who are in criminal status. Criminal children are placed in LPKA with a maximum age of 18 years with compulsory education for 9 years. LPKA Batam provides assistance to the package C equivalence program aimed at fulfilling the learning program from the government even though it is in the status of a criminal child. LPKA is conducting moderation in the field of education, namely by online learning related to outbreak of COVID-19 since early 2020 when government implementing the PSBB policy. One of the education programs at LPKA Batam is the package C equivalency learning assistance program wich one subjects is mathematics. The problems in the learning process are the different initial abilities of students and limitations in terms of convenience and flexibility of learning while online. Thus, tutors use Google Meet for virtual meeting learning by providing material in the form of PPT or LKS. The tutor teaches understanding of mathematical concepts according to the curriculum and fosters learning motivation for the target children who take part in the package C equivalence program. At the end of the lesson, the tutor provides an evaluation of the material given as much as one question and is completed directly at the meeting. During the learning process students are very enthusiastic about receiving the material, students can solve r outine questions well, but need more assistance in solving non-routine questions. The implementation of the package C equivalence program mentoring activities in mathematics at LPKA Batam went well as seen from the responses of students who played an active role from the beginning to the end of the activity

The Effect of Learning Motivation on Learning Independence and Learning Outcomes of Students in the Package C Equivalence Program

The purposes of this research are (1) Knowing the effect of learning motivation on the learning independence of students in the Package C Equivalence Program in; (2) Knowing the effect of learning motivation on student learning outcomes of the Package C Equivalence Program students. This research uses quantitative research with correlational methods. The number of research samples was 120 students. There are two variables in this research, namely the independent variable and the dependent variable. The independent variable is the treatment of this study, namely learning motivation. The dependent variable is learning independence and learning outcomes. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and tests. Questionnaires are used to determine the results of learning motivation and learning independence, while tests are used to determine learning outcomes. Hypothesis test data analysis technique is simple linear regression analysis. The results and analysis of research data were obtained as follows: (1) There was an effect of learning motivation on the learning independence of students in the Package C Equality Program.

Stochastic Programming for Liner Ship Routing and Scheduling under Uncertain Sea Ice Conditions

It is anticipated that in the foreseeable future the Northern Sea Route (NSR) will be able to serve commercial shipping as an alternative transportation shortcut between East Asia and Europe, especially in the summer season. The sailing time, however, is heavily subject to the variation of sea ice conditions along this route. Any participating shipping company must consider how to mitigate the ill effects on itinerary planning caused by sailing time and cost uncertainty. Finding a good trade-off between the benefit from a tight schedule and the risk caused by an unexpected delay is a key element in relevant routing and scheduling decisions, and may be beyond the reach of traditional deterministic planning models. With the aim of maximizing profit over all possible shipping environment scenarios, this article proposes a two-stage stochastic nonlinear integer programming model for liner ship routing and scheduling with uncertain shipping time and cost, the nonlinearity of which arises from the coexistence of schedule-sensitive shipping demand and uncertain arrival time variables in the objective function. The model is converted into an equivalent linear integer programming counterpart by introducing a set of nominal delay variables, and Benders decomposition is applied to solve the linearized problem. Numerical experiments and sensitivity analyses are conducted to validate the efficacy and effectiveness of the model, the results of which suggest several managerial insights that can be used to guide liner ship route and schedule planning under uncertain shipping conditions.

An Equivalent Linear Programming Form of General Linear Fractional Programming: A Duality Approach

Linear fractional programming has been an important planning tool for the past four decades. The main contribution of this study is to show, under some assumptions, for a linear programming problem, that there are two different dual problems (one linear programming and one linear fractional functional programming) that are equivalent. In other words, we formulate a linear programming problem that is equivalent to the general linear fractional functional programming problem. These equivalent models have some interesting properties which help us to prove the related duality theorems in an easy manner. A traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is taken, as an instance, to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.

Pendampingan Kesetaraan Paket-C Mata Pelajaran Matematika Semasa Pandemi Covid-19 di LPKA Batam

Education is the right of all Indonesian citizens guaranteed in Constitution of the Republic Indonesia, including children who are in criminal status. Criminal children are placed in LPKA with a maximum age of 18 years with compulsory education for 9 years. LPKA Batam provides assistance to the package C equivalence program aimed at fulfilling the learning program from the government even though it is in the status of a criminal child. LPKA is conducting moderation in the field of education, namely by online learning related to outbreak of COVID-19 since early 2020 when government implementing the PSBB policy. One of the education programs at LPKA Batam is the package C equivalency learning assistance program wich one subjects is mathematics. The problems in the learning process are the different initial abilities of students and limitations in terms of convenience and flexibility of learning while online. Thus, tutors use Google Meet for virtual meeting learning by providing material in the form of PPT or LKS. The tutor teaches understanding of mathematical concepts according to the curriculum and fosters learning motivation for the target children who take part in the package C equivalence program. At the end of the lesson, the tutor provides an evaluation of the material given as much as one question and is completed directly at the meeting. During the learning process students are very enthusiastic about receiving the material, students can solve routine questions well, but need more assistance in solving non-routine questions. The implementation of the package C equivalence program mentoring activities in mathematics at LPKA Batam went well as seen from the responses of students who played an active role from the beginning to the end of the activity.

The Cloze Procedure as a Measure of Program Understanding.(Dept.E)

The process of program understanding plays an important role in testing, and maintenance phases of software life cycle. There have been numerous investigations of the influence of various aspects of a program on program understanding, using many different measures of understanding. Some of the different measures include time to find a bug, a comprehension quiz, ability to reporduce a functionally equivalent program without notes, time to perform modification. All of these measures have some limitations. A new measure called CLOZE procedure, which has less limitations as well as other advantages such as ease of administration and grading, is investigated in this paper . The paper reports on a controlled experiment that compared CLOZE procedure and the time to find a bug as measuring program understanding. The experiment results indicated that the CLOZE procedure measure is a fair measure for program understanding. It may best be used in educational environments where computerizing test construction, as well as grading, is highly appreciated.

Bridging the gap – MTI experience to an excellent MTI experience – An experiential, theme driven, concordance verifying study

AimsTo collate experiences of international medical graduates (trained psychiatrists) on the Medical Training Initiative (MTI) and equivalent programs (International Medical Fellowship (IMF)/CESR Fellowships) in the United Kingdom and to understand shared themes.MethodThree psychiatrists with the experience of being part of MTI/IMF program, for a minimum of 1 year, participated in theme guided, focussed discussions to understand common experiences. These discussion where limited to 3 broad headings. Opportunities to grow, what we wish the college knew and what we wished the trusts and supervisors knew. The experiential accounts were captured and circulated among a group of 20 MTI/IMF/CESR fellowship doctors and rated on a 5 point Likert scale varying between strongly agree to strongly disagree.ResultThe findings suggest that the expectations and experiences of the psychiatrists on such programs share some common themes. Most of them had varied experiences under the theme ‘opportunities to grow’. The suggestions for what these doctors ‘wished the trusts, college and supervisors knew’ had a good concordance among the 20 doctors who reviewed the themes and suggestions. The details of the themes and commonalities will be discussed at the conference.ConclusionThe expectations and experiences of the doctors on MTI/equivalent program share common themes. Bridging the gap between MTI experience to an excellent MTI experience would involve identifying such shared experiences, that could potentially guide development of processes, thereby making these training fellowships better tailored to each trainee.

The Implementation of Curriculum at Kuttab Al-Fatih Surabaya

This research describes the concept of the kuttab curriculum during the ancient time and its implementation at the lembaga pendidikan kuttab al-fatih surabaya as part of the national education system. this research is qualified as a special study approach. the data is collected using interview, observation and documents. whereas in analyzing data it uses the concept of analysis of miles and huberman, which is data reduction, data presentation and making conclusion. this research concludes that: 1. formerly the concept of the kuttab curriculum during the ancient time was made only to wish for allah's blessing but later developed to have a social and even material aim. also the content of its curriculum is very simple and uses a separate curriculum pattern. 2. the concept of the kuttab curriculum which is applied at the lembaga pendidikan kuttab al- fatih surabaya contains the aim and contents of the curriculum, teaching method and the system of evaluation as well. kuttab al-fatih educational institution surabaya also uses an informal education (pusat kegiatan belajar masyarakat/pkbm) in applying its educational program by creating an equivalence program in order to achieve the primary education diploma known as the package a diploma as part of the national education which is available in indonesia.

Development of Unrestricted Fuzzy Linear Fractional Programming Problems Applied in Real Case

Purpose: We formulate a linear fractional programming (LFP) problem in which costs of the objective functions and constraints all are taken to be triangular fuzzy numbers. Methodology: The fuzzy LFP problem is transformed into an equivalent crisp line fractional programming (CLFP) problem by using the centroid ranking function. This proposed method is based on crisp LFP and has a simple structure. Findings: To show the efficiency of our proposed method a real life problem has been illustrated. The discussion of the practical problem will help decision makers to realise the usefulness of the CLFP problem. Value: Using centroid ranking function, we overcome the all limitations of our day to day real life problem. Finally, a result analysis is also established for applicability of our method.

Coping with shortages caused by disruptive events in automobile supply chains

AbstractUnpredictable disruptive events significantly increase the difficulty of the management of automobile supply chains. In this paper, we propose an automobile production planning problem with component chips substitution in a finite planning horizon. The shortage of one chip can be compensated by another chip of the same type with a higher‐end feature at an additional cost. Therefore, the automobile manufacturer can divert the on‐hand inventory of chips to product lines that are more profitable in the event of shortages caused by supply chain disruptions. To cope with this, we propose a max‐min robust optimization model that captures the uncertain supplies of chips. We show that the robust model has a mixed‐integer programming equivalence that can be solved by a commercial IP solver directly. We compare the max‐min robust model with the corresponding deterministic and two‐stage stochastic models for the same problem through extensive numerical experiments. The computational results show that the max‐min robust model outperforms the other two models in terms of the average and worst‐case profits.

Approaches for Solving Fully Fuzzy Rough Multi-Objective Nonlinear Programming Problems

Practical nonlinear programming problem often encounters uncertainty and indecision due to various factors that cannot be controlled. To overcome these limitations, fully fuzzy rough approaches are applied to such a problem. In this paper, an effective two approaches are proposed to solve fully fuzzy rough multi-objective nonlinear programming problems (FFRMONLP) where all the variables and parameters are fuzzy rough triangular numbers. The first, based on a slice sum technique, a fully fuzzy rough multi-objective nonlinear problem has turned into five equivalent multi-objective nonlinear programming (FFMONLP) problems. The second proposed method for solving FFRMONLP problems is α-cut approach, where the triangular fuzzy rough variables and parameters of the FFRMONLP problem are converted into rough interval variables and parameters by α-level cut, moreover the rough MONLP problem turns into four MONLP problems. Furthermore, the weighted sum method is used in both proposed approaches to convert multi-objective nonlinear problems into an equivalent nonlinear programming problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated by numerical examples.

The Effect of E-Learning on Students' Learning Interest in the Equivalence Education Program

The Equivalence Education Program is non-formal education that applies learning with the e-learning system to substitute conventional learning in formal education school. This study aims to identify and analyze (1) e-learning conducted by students, (2) students 'interest in learning, and (3) the effect of e-learning on students' learning interest in the Package C Equivalence Program at PKBM Pioneer Karanganyar. The method used is a quantitative approach focusing on the ex post facto approach. The research sample was 45 students of Package C at PKBM Pioneer Karanganyar, out of a total population of 141 Package C students. The data were collected using questionnaire and documentation. The analysis technique used is statistical and inferential analysis techniques focusing on simple linear regression analysis techniques. The results showed that (1) Package C students at PKBM Pioneer Karanganyar appreciated that the e-learning was equivalent to online learning (2) Package C students at PKBM Pioneer Karanganyar had high learning interest, (3) there was a positive influence and e-learning was significant for students' interest in learning in the Package C Program at PKBM Pioneer Karanganyar. The benefit of this research is to provide an overview of online learning that is fun to students.

New Generalized Dynamic Process in Dynamic Programming and Integral Equation

New Generalized Dynamic Process in Dynamic Programming and Integral Equation

Empowerment Based on Non Formal Education Through Local Potential in The Processing of Lampung Coffee

Covid 19 has caused all sectors to weaken. Regional strength can be built through the economic recovery of each region, which is supported by educational empowerment programs to utilize the regional potential. The purpose of this study was to provide the results of developing entrepreneurial skills in students of the PAKET C equivalency program based on local potential through training in Lampung coffee processing. The skills provided include the production and marketing of Lampung coffee into processed food such as biscuits, air fresheners, and ready-to-brew ground coffee. Lampung coffee product marketing has been marketed throughout Indonesia and even abroad. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach which is defined as a problem-solving procedure by describing the situation of the subject or object (person, institution, or society) based on real conditions. Collecting data using the method of observation, interviews, correspondence documentation, and literature study of relevant research to obtain secondary data. Data analysis using descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the students had the skills to produce and market Lampung coffee at PKBM Kencana. Every month each student earns 2 to 3 million. This research makes a scientific contribution to the study of non-formal education that leads to the quality of education in society.

Discursive processing of cultural topics in broadcast content of programs on Polish Radio One — a confrontative review

The article describes the analysis of ways in which cultural topics are presented in radio broadcasts. Two episodes of the programme Cztery pory roku (broadcast by Polish Radio One) were analysed. The aim was to determine if the discourse generated by the radio station contains the cultural background (related to Fat Thursday) that is used in communication with the audience, and if so — what are the transformation areas and general principles of it.The examined material was selected in a non-probabilistic way, considering the proportional weight of the compared elements. The analysed content consists of two episodes (dated 23rd February 2017 and 20th February 2020) — this made the confrontative comparison method available. The sample was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative research part contains calculations of air time management for both episodes and summary of proportions between equivalent programme contents in different years. The qualitative research part reports the composition of broadcast content and its macrostructure. Here are shown the means used by the station to shape the discourse to process the cultural content and also ways of using the cultural background in the generated media discourse.The results prove that there is an area of consistency in the broadcaster’s discourse — unaffected by a three-year distance between the analysed episodes. The structure of the programme mostly does not change as well as its substantive shape. Among the noticed changes are (in the 2020 episode): a widened time period containing culture-related topics, a limited number of social-sensitive topics, a growth in the number of mentioned global topics but without their substantive extension.

Perception of medical education by learners and teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of online teaching

ABSTRACT COVID-19 lockdowns have deeply impacted teaching programs. Online teaching has suddenly become the main form of medical education, a form that may be used as long as the pandemic continues. We aimed at analyzing how online teaching was perceived by both teachers and learners to help determine how to adapt curricula in the next few years. An anonymous cross-sectional survey of medical students, pediatric residents, neonatal fellows, and their respective teachers was conducted between June and August 2020 to assess feelings about quality, attendance, equivalence, and sustainability of online teaching programs. 146 Students and 26 teachers completed the survey. 89% of students agreed that the offered online teaching was an appropriate way of teaching during the pandemic. Less than half of learners and teachers felt they have received or provided a training of an equivalent level and quality as in usual courses. About one-third thought that this online teaching should continue after the crisis ends. Medical school students had significantly more mixed opinions on online teaching than residents and fellows did. Attendance of learners significantly improved with synchronous online classes (p < 0.001), and among more advanced learners (p < 0.002). Our study is the first of this kind to assess simultaneously the feelings of learners at different levels (medical students, residents, and fellows) and their respective teachers of pediatric on programs taught online. It showed that online programs were perceived as appropriate ways of teaching during the COVID pandemic. Further studies are, however, needed to assess the efficacy of such teaching methods on medical skills and communication capabilities.

Gradual type theory

AbstractGradually typed languages are designed to support both dynamically typed and statically typed programming styles while preserving the benefits of each. Sound gradually typed languages dynamically check types at runtime at the boundary between statically typed and dynamically typed modules. However, there is much disagreement in the gradual typing literature over how to enforce complex types such as tuples, lists, functions and objects. In this paper, we propose a new perspective on the design of runtime gradual type enforcement: runtime type casts exist precisely to ensure the correctness of certain type-based refactorings and optimizations. For instance, for simple types, a language designer might desire that beta-eta equality is valid. We show that this perspective is useful by demonstrating that a cast semantics can be derived from beta-eta equality. We do this by providing an axiomatic account program equivalence in a gradual cast calculus in a logic we callgradual type theory(GTT). Based on Levy’s call-by-push-value, GTT allows us to axiomatize both call-by-value and call-by-name gradual languages. We then show that we can derive the behavior of casts for simple types from the corresponding eta equality principle and the assumption that the language satisfies a property calledgraduality, also known as the dynamic gradual guarantee. Since we can derive the semantics from the assumption of eta equality, we also receive a useful contrapositive: any observably different cast semantics that satisfies gradualitymustviolate the eta equality. We show the consistency and applicability of our axiomatic theory by proving that a contract-based implementation using the lazy cast semantics gives a logical relations model of our type theory, where equivalence in GTT implies contextual equivalence of the programs. Since GTT also axiomatizes the dynamic gradual guarantee, our model also establishes this central theorem of gradual typing. The model is parameterized by the implementation of the dynamic types, and so gives a family of implementations that validate type-based optimization and the gradual guarantee.

Dynamic Plan Control: An Effective Tool to Manage Demand Considering Mobile Internet Network Congestion

Rapidly increasing mobile data traffic have placed a significant burden on mobile Internet networks. Due to limited network capacity, a mobile network is congested when it handles too much data traffic simultaneously. In turn, some customers leave the network, which induces a revenue loss for the mobile service provider. To manage demand and maximize revenue, we propose a dynamic plan control method for the mobile service providers under connection-speed-restriction pricing. This method allows the mobile service provider to dynamically set the data plans’ availability for potential customers’ new subscriptions. With dynamic plan control, the service provider can adjust data network utilization and achieve high customer satisfaction and a low churn rate, which reflect high service supply chain performance. To find the optimal control policy, we transform the high-dimensional dynamic programming problem into an equivalent mixed integer linear programming problem. We find that dynamic plan control is an effective tool for managing demand and increasing revenue in the long term. Numerical evaluation with a large European mobile service provider further supports our conclusion. Furthermore, when network capacity or potential customers’ willingness to join the network changes, the dynamic plan control method generates robust revenue for the service provider.

High School Equivalency Program (ED)

High School Equivalency Program (ED)