Sand Equivalent Research Articles

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE ROCK FROM THE PHOSPHATE MINING FIELD OF BLED EL HADBA, ALGERIA IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

In the world the demand and consumption of raw materials and minerals is sharply increasing, which has encouraged countries around the world to intensify the mining of different materials and ores such as phosphate. In Algeria, while phosphates are one of the country's most important natural resources; they are ranked third in the world in terms of proven reserves with 2,200,000 tones, mining of this ore is low. The Bled El Hadba deposit is one of the promising Djebel Onk’s deposits with 841 million tons of reserves and which starts mining in 2020. The ore is exploited by the open pit method, therefore a large quantity of waste rock will be evacuated to appropriate surfaces called waste rock dumps, and will consequently induce an increasingly serious destruction of the eco-environment. Intelligent use of solid mine waste to compensate for resource scarcity and protect the environment appears to be a necessity. The main purpose of our research work involves the characterization and environmental management of sand waste rocks from Bled El Hadba phosphate deposit. In this context, we studied a series of runs: Particle size analysis, Cleanliness by the equivalent of sand, and chemical analysis. The results obtained are promising and encouraging for the use of sand waste from the mining of phosphates from Bled El Hadba in the glass and building materials industry.

Granulometric stabilization of laterites from Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba for use in base course

The present article presents the study of three laterites from the Triãngulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba region, aiming to use it as a pavement base. The methodology used consisted of carrying out the tests prescribed by the DNIT 098/2007 standard and, as a complementary methodology, linear contraction, MCT classification, modulus of resilience and X-ray diffractometry were introduced. Four mixtures of laterite with sand were prepared aiming to correct the plasticity of the materials. Three samples of laterites and three of the four mixtures with sand showed sand equivalent values lower than 30%, showing that this is a characteristic of laterites in the region. Only the mixture LatJ3+A4 (70x30) presented a sand equivalent greater than 30%, but this sample presented the worst plasticity indicators in relation to the other mixtures. These results showed the need for further studies on the use of the sand equivalent of laterites. The linear contraction associated with the liquidity limit proved to be more accurate and efficient for the control of plasticity characteristics than the plasticity index together with the liquidity limit and the sand equivalent.

Experimental Study of the Usability of Recycling Marble Waste as Aggregate for Road Construction

The road construction industry consume a considerable amount of natural aggregates in the world. As a consequence, the increase in the natural aggregates demand increases the construction cost. On the other hand, marble spoil waste, generated from marble cutting and polishing process, is an environmental nuisance in the world. Indeed, an economical solution to this problem is the reuse of these wastes as an aggregates for road construction. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the usability of aggregate, obtained by crushing marble waste, as a conventional aggregate for road construction using an experimental investigation. To achieve this objective, these experimental tests were carried out on fine and coarse marble aggregate samples: sieve analysis, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, calcium carbonate content, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray- diffraction (XRD), densities, water absorption, equivalent of sand, Los Angeles, Micro Deval, flakiness index, and shape index. Finally, experimental test results show that the chemical composition and the physical and mechanical properties of marble aggregate recommend it to be used as a conventional aggregate for road construction.

Physical and mechanical characterization of pyroclastic materials in Baleng area (Bafoussam, West-Cameroon): implication for use in civil engineering

Bafoussam, like other regions along the Cameroon Volcanic Line has huge pyroclastic resources. These materials are widely used in civil engineering works and result from different volcanic activities and therefore display locally different geotechnical properties. Thus, pyroclastic rocks in the Takouche quarry (Baleng-Bafoussam) were subjected to physical and mechanical analysis in order to determine their suitability and to optimize their use in civil engineering. Results indicate that the Takouche pyroclastic rocks are organized in five strata according to their color, structure and grain size. Except the stratum 2 with a water content of 14.4%, the others and the mixture of all strata displayed a low water content (> 7%) and therefore a low percentage of fine particles and are suitable for the production of concretes and realization of pavement bases. Based on absolute density (2.53–2.75 t/m3), pyroclastic materials of Takouche are common aggregates of the ungraded sand type and can be used for road construction and concrete works. The sand equivalent (69.0–92.8%) and the absorption coefficient (0.01–0.14%) reveal that these materials are very clean sands and contain poorly accessible pores. However, materials of stratum 2 with a sand equivalent of 69.0% and absorption coefficient of 0.14% allow the formation of concretes, exclusively with the use of Portland cement. The optimal dry density (1.83–2.07 t/m3) and optimal water content (8.0–12.5%) which are Optimum Proctor Modified parameters evidenced that materials from stratum 2 require treatment/correction before their use in road embankments. Meanwhile, materials from the remaining strata and the mixture of strata can be directly used and need to be improved only as base layer for heavy traffics T4 and T5. Referring to the 95% CBR values which range from 25 to 98, materials of stratum 1 and the mixed strata can be used as base layers for T3 traffic. In the mean-time, materials from stratum 3 and stratum 4 can be used as base layers for roads with a low volume of traffic. Nevertheless, materials from stratum 2 with a 95% CBR value of 25 need to be improved before their use as base layer. Moreover, the particle size distribution curves of materials extracted from stratum 1 to stratum 4, and the mixture of all strata do not belong to any particle size grading of sand for concrete. This study suggests proposals with the aim to improve the quality of the studied materials for their better use as concrete sand and backfill material. The correction involves the addition of fine volcanic ash to the pyroclastic rocks collected near the Takouche quarry. The resulting gains in compressive strength of concrete are quite considerable and vary from 52.87% to 97.23%, compared to the strength of concrete usually formulated by local users. The CBR coefficient after correction increases significantly with the maximum value of 115. Finally, the corrected aggregates provide good characteristics for their better use in road construction and concrete formulation.

Experimental Investigation of the Effective Parameters on the Strength of Soil - Cement

Soil-cement is a mixture of Portland cement, soil and water, which are bonded together due to the cement hydration and compaction. It have durability, low permeability and resistance against wear. Water to cement ratio, cement content and type have been commonly investigated as the most effective factors on the compressive strength of soil-cement. This study aims at the investigation of the effects of some other factors, such as Sand Equivalent (SE), Plasticity Index (PI), and gradation of the soil on the compressive and flexural strength of soil-cement. Results show that the compressive and flexural strength of soil-cement increases with increasing the sand equivalent and decreasing the plasticity index of the soil.

Physical Characterization of Batie and Bandjoun-Djione Sands (West-Cameroon), Used in the Manufacture of Concrete: Improvement of Resistance to Compression

The objective of this work, was to characterize the sands of the quarries of: Bandjoun-Djione, Djengou, Hiala and La’gou I, mainly from their mechanical strengths, the equivalent of sand and the finesse module. In order to study the compressive strength of concrete made from these sands, we determined their granularity, fineness modulus and density; the concrete was then formulated by the Dreux-Gorisse method. A total of 72 specimens were constructed with the objective of achieving an average compressive strength of 25 MPa at 28 days. But we have obtained a compressive strength at 28 days, varying from 13.14 MPa to 17.50 MPa. The correction of the modulus of fineness of these sands made it possible to improve the granularity and increase the compressive strength of these concretes by more than 70%. We have thus obtained the compression resistance of 25 MPa aimed for each of the corrected sands.

Pengaruh Abu Dan Proporsi Pasir-Kompos Di Dalam Media Pada Pertumbuhan Tanaman Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of the addition of ash and sand-compost proportion in the media on the growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Theexperiment was conducted on December 2015 to January 2016 in the Botanical Laboratory,Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Lampung University, andwas conducted in a complete randomized design by using two treatments. The first treatmentwas the addition of ash in two equivalents (with and without ash), the second treatment wasthe addition of sand-compost proportion in four equivalents (2 kg of sand, 1¾ kg of sand +¼ kg of compost, 1½ kg of sand + ½ kg of compost, 1¼ kg of sand + ¾ kg of compost). Theobserved variables of the growth were the number of the roots, the crown’s length, the wetweight, and the dry weight. The number of the roots was determined by observing thenumber of the roots present at the base of the stalk of each plants. The length of the crown(cm) was determined by measuring it from the stalk’s base to the edge of the longest leaf.The wet weight (g) was determined by measuring the whole part of the plant using ananalytical balance. The dry weight (g) was measured after the plants were stored in an ovenfor three hours in the temperature of 70o-80oC. The result showed that the best growth wasobtained from the media with the sand equivalent of 1¼ kg of sand added with ¾ kg ofcompost without ash.Key words: Ash, compost, growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), sand

Geotechnical and Geophysical Study of Ain Harrouda New City (Morocco)

A reconnaissance study of soil properties is realized in the implantation area of the future town of Ain Harouda (Morocco). This study used two approaches: geotechnic and geophysic. The geotechnical approach begins with 11 mechanical core drilling and 5 wells using mechanical shovel with sampling for laboratory testing and particularly identification tests. This study showed that the settlement area of the new city of Ain Harrouda consists of a primary base consisting of schists and quartzites. These are surmounted by conglomerates and calcarenites plio-quaternary age. It also determined the intrinsic characteristics of the each geological formation that make up the study area, include water content, density, particle size analysis by sieving, sedimentation particle size analysis, the value of methylene blue (VBS), the equivalent of sand, limits Atterberg. The geophysical approach consists of electrical resistivity technique with 5 vertical electric sounding and 8 electrical tomography profiles. This approach was used to determine the resistivity corresponding to each type of land and also the consistency of the soil. It allowed to distinguish the substratum characterized by high resistivity (more than 3000 ohm.m), and the sedimentary cover represented by three classes of average resistivity: 200 to 1600 Ohm.m for calcareous sandstones, 50 to 100 Ohm.m for silty sands, and very low for clays (less than 50 ohms. m). The results obtained shows that the study area appears healthy and suitable for the construction of the new town of Ain Harrouda.

Laboratory Investigations of Frost Susceptibility of Aggregates Applied to Road Base Courses

In order to ensure the bearing capacity and durability of road pavements in cold climate areas, it is necessary to use materials which are resistant to harmful frost impact, known as frost heaving. Frost heave cause adverse volume changes, the upwards swelling of a pavement after freezing and deterioration of the bearing capacity of the structure after thawing. In winter, road carriageway temperatures may reach tmin = −30 ˚C under Polish conditions, which results in the freezing of the structural pavement and subgrade layers. Due to frost penetration into the pavement and the subgrade, heaves may form in soils and unbound pavement structural layers. Road bases made of unbound mixtures of continuously graded aggregates may be frost susceptible. Potential frost susceptibility of road materials and soils is determined by laboratory testing. Frost susceptibility is connected directly with the content and quality of fine particles in an aggregates. Frost heave can be predicted on the basis of different properties of soils or aggregates. The article presents the results of laboratory tests of 14 typical natural aggregate road mixtures, continuously graded 0/31.5mm and practically applied to road base courses. Frost susceptibility of the aggregates was determined during laboratory testing of the following properties: content of fine-grain fractions <0.002 mm, <0.02 mm, <0.075 mm, plastic limit, liquid limit and sand equivalent. The aggregates were also compacted and frozen in a cylinder and then their frost heave value was determined. Correlations between fine-grain fractions, plastic limit, liquid limit, plasticity index, sand equivalent and frost have of the aggregates were analysed. The tests showed no correlations between plastic limit or plasticity index and frost have of the aggregates. Differences were also noted in criteria applied for predict frost susceptibility of aggregates based on fines content. The conclusions of the tests can be used in practice to determine or verify requirements for aggregates or their mixtures applied to road base courses.

Effect of granulometric correction of dune sand and pneumatic waste metal fibers on shrinkage of concrete in arid climates

This paper reports result of a study conducted to investigate the effect of granulometric correction of dune sand and addition of pneumatic waste metal fibers on the drying shrinkage of dune sand concrete. Valorization of these materials provides both economic and environmental advantages.A correction of the granulometry of dune sand (DS) by river sand (RS) was undertaken with the proportions of 50% DS + 50% RS and 40% DS + 60% RS. Two types of fibers f1 (lf = 20, d = 0.28 mm) and f2 (lf = 30, d = 0.28 mm) with l/d ratios of respectively 71.43 and 107.14 were incorporated with volume fractions of 0.5% and 1%.For the sands obtained from mixing DS and RS, an improvement of fineness modulus of dune sand, and the sand equivalent of river sand were observed, compared respectively to 100% DS and 100% RS. The granulometric correction of dune sand and the addition of fibers reduced the drying shrinkage. The maximum of shrinkage reduction was obtained for the mixtures prepared with 40% DS and 60% RS. The fibers having the highest aspect ratio and a volume fraction of 1% presented a more significant effect on drying shrinkage. The more significant reduction of shrinkage was 40.53% compared to concrete without fibers. Weight loss was higher for the fiber reinforced sand concretes compared to plain sand concretes.

Cone penetration tests in a virtual calibration chamber

A virtual calibration chamber was built using a three-dimensional model based on the discrete-element method. The chamber was then filled with a scaled granular equivalent of Ticino sand, the material properties of which were selected by curve-fitting triaxial tests. Cone penetration tests were then performed under different initial densities and isotropic stresses. Penetration resistance in the virtual calibration chamber was affected by the same cone/chamber size effect that affects physical calibration chambers and was corrected accordingly. The corrected cone resistance obtained from the virtual calibration chamber cone penetration tests shows good quantitative agreement with correlations that summarise previous physical results.

Laboratory compaction of fly ash and fly ash with cement additions

The use of power-industry wastes as a material for earthen structures depends on its compactibility. It has been confirmed that a fly ash/bottom ash mix compacted several times in Proctor's moulds are not representative. The relationship between dry density of solid particles and water content for re-used waste samples was determined. The re-compaction effect on grain-size distribution, density of solid particles, specific surface and sand equivalent of wastes was investigated. Tests were conducted on fly ash samples compacted by the Standard and Modified Proctor methods. Another aim of the paper was to investigate the influence of cement additions on the compactibility of a fly ash/bottom ash mix. Waste samples in the natural state and with different percentages of cement additions (2, 5 and 10%) were compacted by both impact compaction methods to obtain compactibility curves ρ d ( w ) . It was found that cement addition resulted in an increased ρ d max value, while w opt decreased. Linear regression relationships for changes in compaction parameters after cement stabilisation are also given.

Characteristics of Typical Minnesota Aggregates

The consensus aggregate properties recommended in SUPERPAVE and selected mixture properties were evaluated for a wide range of Minnesota aggregate sources obtained from 16 construction projects completed in 1993. Measured aggregate properties included the sand equivalent (SE) and fine aggregate angularity for the fine aggregate fractions, and percentage of fractured faces and flat and elongated particles in the coarse aggregate fractions. Laboratory-compacted samples were prepared and tested to determine air voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), tensile strengths, and an assessment of the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures. Only 3 of 29 SE values for individual stockpiles were less than 40 percent. These values were not significantly affected by changes in either the general mineralogy (i.e., igneous, limestone, mixed) or the percentage passing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve. Single regression analyses indicated no significant relationship between SE and either mixture moisture sensitivity or VMA. While all 25 stockpiles tested had fine aggregate angularity values greater than 40, 9 stockpiles had values below 45. It was suggested that since Minnesota aggregate gradations commonly pass through the SUPERPAVE re-stricted zone (one purpose of which is to limit the use of rounded natural sands), the minimum fine aggregate angularity value be set at 45 for all mixtures to preclude the use of 100 percent natural sands. A significant number of Minnesota coarse aggregate stockpiles have a moderate to high content of flat particles (20 to 50 percent).

Task Force Report on ASTM D 2419: Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate, Prepared for ASTM Subcommittee D 04.51

Abstract This interlaboratory study compared ASTM D 2419 test results using three different sample preparation techniques. Established preparation Procedures A and B were compared against a new proposed Procedure C, currently being used by the Georgia Department of Transportation (DOT). Sand equivalent (SE) testing was done at eight different laboratories, and the data were analyzed by ASTM Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods (E 691) computer program, Interlaboratory Data Analysis Software. Results of this study conclude that the proposed Procedure C gives essentially the same results as Procedure A and is easier and less cumbersome to perform. Results also showed that there is no reason to differentiate between SE values above or below 80 when applying a precision statement. The second part of this study compared SE results from tests using minus No. 4 (4.75-mm) material against tests using minus No. 10 (2.0 mm). It was felt that SE testing with larger top-size particles, particularly with flat or elongated aggregates, tends to trap plastic fines and gives poorer results than tests run with smaller top-size particles. This study shows that tests using minus No. 10 (2.0-mm) material gives more consistent results than using minus No. 4 (4.75 mm).

El control de la limpieza de las arenas por medio del ensayo del azul de metileno

In the first part of this work, the main lines of the investigation work developed at LABEIN on the «Influence of the limy and clayey slimes from calcareous crushed sands on concrete properties» are presented. As a consequence of it, new limits are proposed to consideration regarding the admissible content of slime in crushed sands, reaching a limit higher than 15%, controling the slime nature by means of an equivalent of normal sand and specially by Methylene Blue. The second part of the work is devoted to the development of the methodology for the obtention of Methylene Blue, in sands used in the elaboration of concrete which have a little amount of clay, taking as a base the method applied by French normative, duly adapted and with different expression of the results.

Upper Mississippian-Lower Pennsylvanian Stratigraphy of Central Montana and Williston Basin

Tyler formation is the name of the rock sequence between the black shales of the Heath formation and the carbonates of the Amsden formation (restricted). The Tyler formation is divided into two members, and the division is made at the base of the A zone, which consists of the Bear Gulch limestone tongue and its sand equivalent. The upper member is called the Cameron Creek member. The Alaska Bench limestone is considered a member of the Amsden formation (restricted). The sand map of the Tyler formation shows what is believed to have been a normal marine to restricted beach-offshore bar type of depositional environment. This is true both in central Montana and Williston Basin, but the erosional unconformity at the base of the Tyler formation is evident only in central Mon ana. The sands in the lower member of the Tyler formation in central Montana are called the Sumatra sands. The upper sand in the Tyler-Heath of Williston Basin is termed the Fryburg sand, and the middle sand is the Fritz sand. The age of the Heath formation is believed to be Late Chester, whereas the overlying Tyler formation is Early Pennsylvanian (Morrow). The Amsden formation (restricted) is dated as Morrow-Atoka.

Stratigraphy of Cuyama Valley Area, California: ABSTRACT

The sedimentary rocks in Cuyama Valley range in age from Cretaceous(?) to Pliocene-Pleistocene. The major rock units in ascending order are: Cretaceous(?) interbedded sandstone and shale; Pattiway formation, Eocene(?); Simmler formation, continental Oligocene(?); Soda Lake sand, Soda Lake shale, and Painted Rock sand members of the lower Miocene Vaqueros formation; Saltos shale and Whiterock shale members of the lower and middle Miocene Monterey formation; Bitter Creek formation, the sand equivalent of the Monterey formation; Caliente formation, in large part the eastern continental equivalent of the Bitter Creek and Monterey formations; Santa Margarita formation, upper Miocene and its continental equivalent on the east, the Quatal formation; and the Morales formation, co tinental Pliocene(?). The time-stratigraphic sequence of some of these rock units can be determined from microfaunal, megafaunal and vertebrate fossil assemblages. End_of_Article - Last_Page 189------------