Equivalent Loading Research Articles

Inhibition of Fatty-acid Synthase Induces Caspase-8-mediated Tumor Cell Apoptosis by Up-regulating DDIT4

Fatty-acid synthase (FAS) is up-regulated in a broad range of cancers, including those of the breast, prostate, and ovaries. In tumor cells, the inhibition of FAS elicits cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, so it is considered a potential drug target for oncology. Results from this study show that inhibition of FAS, by either knockdown with small interfering RNA or inhibition with the small molecule drug orlistat, leads to activation of the receptor-mediated apoptotic cascade (caspase-8-mediated) and ultimately to cell death. However, knockdown of two enzymes upstream of FAS, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha and ATP-citrate lyase, fails to activate caspase-8 or to elicit apoptosis in tumor cells, even though palmitate synthesis was suppressed. Using differential gene analysis, we traced the unique apoptotic effect of FAS inhibition to up-regulation of DDIT4 (DNA damage-inducible transcript 4), a stress-response gene that negatively regulates the mTOR pathway. These findings indicate that suppression of palmitate synthesis is not sufficient for eliciting tumor cell death and suggest that the unique effect of inhibition of FAS results from negative regulation of the mTOR pathway via DDIT4.

A new definition of strong motion duration and related parameters affecting the response of medium–long period structures

This study presents a new definition of the strong motion duration combining the alternative bracketed and significant duration definitions. Based on the time integral of the absolute ground velocity, a new index is defined, as cumulative absolute displacement (CAD), and used to estimate the strong motion duration. The proposed bracketed-significant duration t bs is found to be well correlated with the strong motion part of the records, especially in the case of near-source events. The duration t bs and the CAD index are used to assess the anticipated structural behavior of medium–long period structures. Two normalized parameters P 1 and P 2, representing the amplification of structural response and the number of equivalent loading cycles, respectively, are determined in terms of the t bs and CAD and the spectral velocity associated with the medium–long period range. P 1 and P 2 appear to be better correlated with the structural response than established well-known indices.

Cross-linked enzyme crystals of organophosphate hydrolase for electrochemical detection of organophosphorus compounds

Cross-linked enzyme crystals of organophosphate hydrolase (CLEC-OPH) prepared from crude recombinant E. coli cell lysate was used for the development of an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of organophosphate pesticides. CLEC-OPH showed an increased V max of 0.721 U mg protein−1 and a slightly lower K m of 0.083 mM on paraoxon compared to the crude enzyme, resulting in an improved catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m = 4.17 × 105 M−1 min−1) with a remarkable increase on thermostability. An amperometric biosensor was constructed based on glutaraldehyde and albumin cross-linkage of CLEC-OPH with carbon nanotubes. The sensor exhibited greater sensitivity and operational stability with a lower limit of detection when compared with a sensor using an equivalent loading of crude OPH in a non-crystal form. The application of crude enzyme-based CLEC would offer a simple and economical approach for the fabrication of efficient electrochemical biosensors.

Distraction of rhBMP-2-Generated Mandible: How Stable Is the Engineered Bone in Response to Subsequent Surgeries?

Congenital craniofacial abnormalities and pediatric maxillofacial trauma present special management challenges for the reconstructive surgeon. The presenting structures of a child are naturally quite small. Many of the conditions require multiple staged surgeries throughout the lifetime of the patient to compensate for continued growth. If reconstruction of the pediatric patient is carried out, this will only provide a temporary solution, as children outgrow their correction through maturation and normal development. One alternative to carrying out multiple surgeries is to wait for skeletal maturity. However, the negative psychologic and social impact of the deformity must be taken into consideration when delaying surgery. In current practice, a reconstructive surgeon replaces missing bone with harvested autogenous bone to help provide for structural support and strength. The problem with harvesting bone in a child is the limited amount of available bone, the creation of a second surgical site in the patient, the additional time for rehabilitation, and the increase in morbidity. Further, when future surgeries are necessary the available bone volume is compromised by the prior harvesting. Some patients simply run out of viable sites from which bone can be obtained. rhBMP-2 technology is a new and exciting clinical solution that may alleviate the need for harvesting the patient’s own bone. Studies have shown that new bone can be grown predictability. In the studies where INFUSE Bone Graft (Medtronic, Memphis, TN) was used as a bone graft material before placement of dental implants, the bone formed by rhBMP-2/ACS was able to successfully accept and support implants. It behaved like normal bone and continued to become more dense in response to loads, osseointegrated with the implants, and had equivalent functional loading rates to the autograft control group. Histologic samples provided further evidence of this normal bone formation. No studies have been undertaken, however, to specifically evaluate the response of this regenerated bone to subsequent surgery for distraction. Although there has been concern about the potential for antibody formation, there has been little antibody response when measured in clinical trials (0.7% to 6%), and the antibody response was transitory and h a d n o clinical effects. In a recent review assessing patients who received 2 separate exposures to rhBMP-2, no clinical complications or effects were reported although antibodies were not measured 3 (Dr Y.A. Cillo, personal communication, April 2007). This article presents a case of mandibular bone that has been generated entirely with rhBMP-2. This mandible has subsequently been osteotomized and distracted again with consolidation and growth of this bone.

Ethanol electrooxidation on platinum particles dispersed on poly(neutral red) film

The conductive polymer poly(neutral red) polymerized on a graphite electrode (PNR/graphite) as a support material was used for catalytic oxidation of ethanol in acidic solution and investigated by electrochemical methods. Pt particles loaded on the surface of PNR/graphite electrode exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation in comparison with Pt particles supported directly on graphite. With the equivalent loading mass of Pt catalyst, the special activity (SA) at peak a of the Pt/PNR/graphite electrode polymerized for 10 cycles in 5 × 10−4 M NR + 0.5 M H2SO4 solution is 3,478 A C−1 and about 2.20 times higher than that of the Pt/graphite electrode (1,582 A C−1). The results show that the electrochemical performance of Pt catalyst for ethanol oxidation is improved by the addition of PNR

Thermal Simulation of an Arbitrary Residual Stress Field in a Fully or Partially Autofrettaged Thick-Walled Spherical Pressure Vessel

The equivalent thermal load was previously shown to be the only feasible method by which the residual stresses due to autofrettage and its redistribution, as a result of cracking, can be implemented in a finite element (FE) analysis of a fully or partially autofrettaged thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel. The present analysis involves developing a similar methodology for treating an autofrettaged thick-walled spherical pressure vessel. A general procedure for evaluating the equivalent temperature loading for simulating an arbitrary, analytical or numerical spherosymmetric autofrettage residual stress field in a spherical pressure vessel is developed. Once presented, the algorithm is applied to two distinct cases. In the first case, an analytical expression for the equivalent thermal loading is obtained for the ideal autofrettage stress field in a spherical shell. In the second case, the algorithm is applied to the discrete numerical values of a realistic autofrettage residual stress field incorporating the Bauschinger effect. As a result, a discrete equivalent temperature field is obtained. Furthermore, a FE analysis is performed for each of the above cases, applying the respective temperature field to the spherical vessel. The induced stress fields are evaluated for each case and then compared to the original stress. The FE results prove that the proposed procedure yields equivalent temperature fields that in turn simulate very accurately the residual stress fields for both the ideal and the realistic autofrettage cases.

Digestion of thermally hydrolyzed sewage sludge by anaerobic sequencing batch reactor

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for the digestion of thermally hydrolyzed sewage sludge. Both mesophilic ASBR and continuous-flow stirred tank reactors (CSTR) were evaluated with an equivalent loading rate of 2.71 kg COD/m 3 day at 20-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 5.42 kg COD/m 3 day at 10-day HRT. The average total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removals of the ASBR at the 20-day and 10-day HRT were 67.71% and 61.66%, respectively. These were 12.38% and 27.92% higher than those obtained by CSTR. As a result, the average daily gas production of ASBR was 15% higher than that of the CSTR at 20-day HRT, and 31% higher than that of the CSTR at 10-day HRT. Solids in thermally hydrolyzed sludge accumulated within ASBR were able to reach a high steady state with solid content of 65–80 g/L. This resulted in a relatively high solid retention time (SRT) of 34–40 days in the ASBR at 10-day HRT. However, too much solid accumulation resulted in the unsteadiness of the ASBR, making regular discharge of digested sludge from the bottom of the ASBR necessary to keep the reactor stable. The evolution of the gas production, soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in an operation cycle of ASBR also showed that the ASBR was steady and feasible for the treatment of thermally hydrolyzed sludge.

Transient Response of Submerged Plates Subject to Underwater Shock Loading: An Analytical Perspective

In this paper, Taylor’s floating air-backed plate (ABP) model is extended to the case of a submerged water-backed plate (WBP) within the acoustic range. The solution of the WBP is cast into the same format as that of the ABP with a modified fluid-structure interaction (FSI) parameter, which allows a unified analysis of the ABP and WBP using the same set of formulas. The influence of back conditions on fluid and structural dynamics, including fluid cavitation, is systematically investigated. Asymptotic limits are mathematically identified and physically interpolated. Results show that the WBP experiences lower equivalent pressure loading, reduced structural response, and hence lower peak momentum gaining. The time to reach peak momentum is shorter for the WBP than for the ABP. Cavitation is found to be almost inevitable for the ABP, while relevant to the WBP only for a small range of the FSI parameter. Implications to shock response of submerged structures are briefly discussed.

HMSH4-hMSH5 Adenosine Nucleotide Processing and Interactions with Homologous Recombination Machinery

We have previously demonstrated that the human heterodimeric meiosis-specific MutS homologs, hMSH4-hMSH5, bind uniquely to a Holliday Junction and its developmental progenitor (Snowden, T., Acharya, S., Butz, C., Berardini, M., and Fishel, R. (2004) Mol. Cell 15, 437-451). ATP binding by hMSH4-hMSH5 resulted in the formation of a sliding clamp that dissociated from the Holliday Junction crossover region embracing two duplex DNA arms. The loading of multiple hMSH4-hMSH5 sliding clamps was anticipated to stabilize the interaction between parental chromosomes during meiosis double-stranded break repair. Here we have identified the interaction region between the individual subunits of hMSH4-hMSH5 that are likely involved in clamp formation and show that each subunit of the heterodimer binds ATP. We have determined that ADP-->ATP exchange is uniquely provoked by Holliday Junction recognition. Moreover, the hydrolysis of ATP by hMSH4-hMSH5 appears to occur after the complex transits the open ends of model Holliday Junction oligonucleotides. Finally, we have identified several components of the double-stranded break repair machinery that strongly interact with hMSH4-hMSH5. These results further underline the function(s) and interactors of hMSH4-hMSH5 that ensure accurate chromosomal repair and segregation during meiosis.

Runx2- and Histone Deacetylase 3-mediated Repression Is Relieved in Differentiating Human Osteoblast Cells to Allow High Bone Sialoprotein Expression

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a bone matrix glycoprotein whose expression coincides with terminal osteoblastic differentiation and the onset of mineralization. In this study we show that BSP expression is considerably increased in confluent Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells and in differentiating normal human osteoblasts, concomitantly with the decrease of Runx2, a key transcription factor controlling bone formation. Therefore, we investigated the role of Runx2 in the regulation of BSP expression in Saos-2 cells. Using a mobility shift assay, we demonstrated that Runx2 binds to the BSP promoter only in preconfluent cells. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been recently shown to act as a Runx2 co-repressor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that both Runx2 and HDAC3 are detectable at the BSP promoter in preconfluent Saos-2 cells but not when they are confluent and overexpress BSP. Consistently, nuclear Runx2 protein level is down-regulated, whereas Saos-2 cells became increasingly confluent. Finally, the suppression of HDAC3, Runx2, or both by RNA interference induced the expression of BSP at both mRNA and protein levels in Saos-2 cells. Our data demonstrate that Runx2 and HDAC3 repress BSP gene expression and that this repression is suspended upon osteoblastic cell differentiation. Both the nuclear disappearance of Runx2 and the non-recruitment of HDAC3 represent new means to relieve Runx2-mediated suppression of BSP expression, thus allowing the acquisition of a fully differentiated and mineralization-competent phenotype by osteoblast cells.

Mapping the Binding Site on Small Ankyrin 1 for Obscurin

Small ankyrin 1 (sAnk1), an integral protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum encoded by the ANK1 gene, binds with nanomolar affinity to the C terminus of obscurin, a giant protein surrounding the contractile apparatus in striated muscle. We used site-directed mutagenesis to characterize the binding site on sAnk1, specifically addressing the role of two putative amphipathic, positively charged helices. We measured binding qualitatively by blot overlay assays and quantitatively by surface plasmon resonance and showed that both positively charged sequences are required for activity. We showed further that substitution of a lysine or arginine with an alanine or glutamate located at the same position along either of the two putative helices has similar inhibitory or stimulatory effects on binding and that the effects of a particular mutation depended on the position of the mutated amino acid in each helix. We modeled the structure of the binding region of sAnk1 by homology with ankyrin repeats of human Notch1, which have a similar pattern of charged and hydrophobic residues. Our modeling suggested that each of the two positively charged sequences forms pairs of amphipathic, anti-parallel alpha-helices flanked by beta-hairpin-like turns. Most of the residues in homologous positions along each helical unit have similar, though not identical, orientations. CD spectroscopy confirmed the alpha-helical content of sAnk1, approximately 33%, predicted by the model. Thus, structural and mutational studies of the binding region on sAnk1 for obscurin suggest that it consists of two ankyrin repeats with very similar structures.

A Protein Kinase Cε-Anti-apoptotic Kinase Signaling Complex Protects Human Vascular Endothelial Cells against Apoptosis through Induction of Bcl-2

Endothelial cell apoptosis is associated with vascular injury and predisposes to atherogenesis. Endothelial cells express anti-apoptotic genes including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and survivin, which also contribute to angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. We report a central role for protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) in the regulation of Bcl-2 expression and cytoprotection of human vascular endothelium against apoptosis. Using myristoylated inhibitory peptides, a predominant role for PKCepsilon in vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial resistance to apoptosis was revealed. Immunoblotting of endothelial cells infected with an adenovirus expressing a constitutively active form of PKCepsilon (Adv-PKCepsilon-CA) or control Adv-beta-galactosidase demonstrated a 3-fold, PKCepsilon-dependent increase in Bcl-2 expression, with no significant change in Bcl-XL, Bad, Bak, or Bax. The induction of Bcl-2 inhibited apoptosis induced by serum starvation or etoposide, and PKCepsilon activation attenuated etoposide-induced caspase-3 cleavage. The functional role of Bcl-2 was confirmed with Bcl-2 antagonist HA-14-1. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase attenuated vascular endothelial growth factor-induced protection against apoptosis, and this was rescued by overexpression of constitutively active PKCepsilon, suggesting PKCepsilon acts downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated a physical interaction between PKCepsilon and Akt, which resulted in formation of a signaling complex, leading to optimal induction of Bcl-2. This study reveals a pivotal role for PKCepsilon in endothelial cell cytoprotection against apoptosis. We demonstrate that PKCepsilon forms a signaling complex and acts co-operatively with Akt to protect human vascular endothelial cells against apoptosis through induction of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage.

Ground Movements – A Hidden Source of Loading on Deep Foundations

AbstractGround movements can arise from a large number of sources and can have a significant effect on nearby piles and deep foundations. The loading of the piles by ground movements is a different mechanism to that arising from direct applied loading to the pile head, and consequently it is not generally possible to adequately analyze the effects of ground movements simply by applying some type of equivalent loading to the pile head. The main effects of ground movements are the development of additional movements, axial forces and bending moments in the piles, and thus the key design aspects are related to movements and to the structural integrity of the pile. However, the ultimate geotechnical load carrying capacity is generally not affected by the ground movements themselves.This paper will describe an approach to the analysis of ground movement effects on piles, considering axial and lateral movements separately. Some of the main features of pile response will be discussed for three specific problems ...

곡판의 용접변형 예측을 위한 간이 해석법

A three-dimensional finite element model has been used to simulate the bead on plate welding of curved steel plates having curvature in the welding direction. By using traditional method such as thermal-elastic-plastic(TEP) finite element analysis. the weld-induced deformation can be accurately predicted. However, three-dimensional finite element analysis is not practical in analyzing the weld-induced deformation of large and complex structures such as ship structures in view of computing time and cost. In this study, used is the equivalent loading method based on inherent strain to illustrate the effect of the longitudinal curvature upon the weld-induced deformation of curved plates.

Single-stage, batch, leach-bed, thermophilic anaerobic digestion of spent sugar beet pulp

Spent sugar beet pulp as received was digested in a single-stage, batch, unmixed, leach-bed, laboratory scale thermophilic anaerobic digester. Biogasification of each 0.450 kg (wet weight) batch of spent pulp was initiated by inoculating with anaerobically digested liquor from previous run. The average methane yield was 0.336 m 3 CH 4 at STP (kg VS) −1, the maximum methane production rate was 0.087 m 3 CH 4 at STP (kg VS) −1 d −1, average lag time to initiate methanogenesis was only 0.44 days and time required to achieve 95% methane yield was 8 days. The pH in the digesters ranged between 8.0 and 9.5. High rates of methane generation were sustained even at high pH values. The equivalent organic loading rate in the batch digesters was 4 kg COD m −3 d −1. The digestion process used here offers significant improvements over one-stage and two-stage systems reported in the literature with comparable performance as it is a single-stage system where the feedstock does not require size reduction, and mixing is not required in the digester.

Phosphatidylinositol Ether Lipid Analogues That Inhibit AKT Also Independently Activate the Stress Kinase, p38α, through MKK3/6-independent and -dependent Mechanisms

Previously, we identified five active phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues (PIAs) that target the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt and selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells with high levels of Akt activity. To examine specificity, PIAs were screened against a panel of 29 purified kinases. No kinase was inhibited, but one isoform of p38, p38alpha, was uniformly activated 2-fold. Molecular modeling of p38alpha revealed the presence of two regions that could interact with PIAs, one in the activation loop and a heretofore unappreciated region in the upper lobe that resembles a pleckstrin homology domain. In cells, two phases of activation were observed, an early phase that was independent of the upstream kinase MKK3/6 and inhibited by the p38 inhibitor SB203580 and a latter phase that was coincident with MKK3/6 activation. In short term xenograft experiments that employed immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, PIA administration increased phosphorylation of p38 but not MKK3/6 in tumors in a statistically significant manner. Although PIAs rapidly activated p38 with similar time and dose dependence as Akt inhibition, p38 activation and Akt inhibition were independent events induced by PIAs. Using SB203580 or p38alpha(-/-) cells, we showed that p38alpha is not required for PIA-induced apoptosis but is required for H(2)O(2)- and anisomycin-induced apoptosis. Nonetheless, activation of p38a contributes to PIA-induced apoptosis, because reconstitution of p38a into p38alpha(-/-) cells increased apoptosis. These studies indicate that p38alpha is activated by PIAs through a novel mechanism and show that p38alpha activation contributes to PIA-induced cell death. Independent modulation of Akt and p38alpha could account for the profound cytotoxicity of PIAs.

Biomechanics of phalangeal curvature

Phalangeal curvature has been widely cited in primate functional morphology and is one of the key traits in the ongoing debate about whether the locomotion of early hominins included a significant degree of arboreality. This study examines the biomechanics of phalangeal curvature using data on hand posture, muscle recruitment, and anatomical moment arms to develop a finite element (FE) model of a siamang manual proximal phalanx during suspensory grasping. Strain patterns from experiments on intact cadaver forelimbs validated the model. The strain distribution in the curved siamang phalanx FE model was compared to that in a mathematically straight rendition in order to test the hypotheses that curvature: 1) reduces strain and 2) results in lower bending strains but relatively higher compression. In the suspensory posture, joint reaction forces load the articular ends of the phalanx in compression and dorsally, while muscle forces acting through the flexor sheath pull the mid-shaft palmarly. These forces compress the phalanx dorsally and tense it palmarly, effectively bending it ‘open.’ Strains in the curved model were roughly half that of the straight model despite equivalent lengths, areas, mechanical properties, and loading conditions in the two models. The curved model also experienced a higher ratio of compressive to tensile strains. Curvature reduces strains during grasping hand postures because the curved bone is more closely aligned with the joint reaction forces. Therefore, phalangeal curvature reduces the strains associated with arboreal, and especially suspensory, activity involving flexed digits. These results offer a biomechanical explanation for the observed association between phalangeal curvature and arboreality.

Glass fiber entrapped sorbent for reformates desulfurization for logistic PEM fuel cell power systems

Glass fiber entrapped ZnO/SiO 2 sorbent (GFES) was developed to remove sulfur species (mainly hydrogen sulfide, H 2S) from reformates for logistic PEM fuel cell power systems. Due to the use of microfibrous media and nanosized ZnO grains on highly porous SiO 2 support, GFES demonstrated excellent desulfurization performance and potential to miniaturize the desulfurization reactors. In the thin bed test, GFES (2.5 mm bed thickness) attained a breakthrough time of 540 min with up to 75% ZnO utilization at 1 ppm breakthrough. At equivalent ZnO loading, GFES yielded a breakthrough time twice as long as the ZnO/SiO 2 sorbent; at equivalent bed volume, GFES provided a three times longer breakthrough time (with 67% reduction in ZnO loading) than packed beds of 1–2 mm commercial extrudates. GFES is highly regenerable compared with the commercial extrudates, and can easily be regenerated in situ in air at 500 °C. During 50 regeneration/desulfurization cycles, GFES maintained its desulfurization performance and structural integrity. A composite bed consisting of a packed bed of large extrudates followed by a polishing layer of GFES demonstrated a great extension in gas life and overall bed utilization. This approach synergistically combines the high volume loading of packed beds with the overall contacting efficiency of small particulates.

TGF-β activates Erk MAP kinase signalling through direct phosphorylation of ShcA

Erk1/Erk2 MAP kinases are key regulators of cell behaviour and their activation is generally associated with tyrosine kinase signalling. However, TGF-beta stimulation also activates Erk MAP kinases through an undefined mechanism, albeit to a much lower level than receptor tyrosine kinase stimulation. We report that upon TGF-beta stimulation, the activated TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaRI) recruits and directly phosphorylates ShcA proteins on tyrosine and serine. This dual phosphorylation results from an intrinsic TbetaRI tyrosine kinase activity that complements its well-defined serine-threonine kinase function. TGF-beta-induced ShcA phosphorylation induces ShcA association with Grb2 and Sos, thereby initiating the well-characterised pathway linking receptor tyrosine kinases with Erk MAP kinases. We also found that TbetaRI is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to TGF-beta. Thus, TbetaRI, like the TGF-beta type II receptor, is a dual-specificity kinase. Recruitment of tyrosine kinase signalling pathways may account for aspects of TGF-beta biology that are independent of Smad signalling.

Computer modeling and seismic performance assessment of historic Aspendos theatre in Antalya, Turkey

Computer modeling and earthquake simulation of historic structures and monuments is important for understanding their behavior and for predicting their response for preservation and strengthening studies. This paper focuses on analytical and experimental studies conducted on the historic Aspendos theatre, which is a 2200-year-old structure located in Antalya, Turkey. Concerts and performances are still presented at the Aspendos theatre and the recent usage of high decibel amplifiers during concerts generates an increasing amount of concern about the structural safety of the theatre. A detailed 3D-FE model and on-site dynamic acceleration measurements were used to evaluate seismic performance by response-spectrum and time-history analyses. The same model was utilized to evaluate the resonance conditions of slender and lightly damped theatre walls under sound-induced vibrations by equivalent static loading. The maximum tensile stresses calculated for the earthquake loading were several times the assumed tensile capacity of the material and dead load generated compressive stresses, especially at the base and upper corners of the walls. The building is expected to experience heavy structural damage during a possible large earthquake and it may be assumed that the theatre must have been repaired many times during its lifetime. Sound-induced resonance state stresses were relatively less critical but might still pose danger under rare and unfavorable conditions. Vertical reinforcement placement inside the slender walls would improve the out-of-bending capacity while connecting inner and outer walls by two levels of slab would enhance load transfer mechanisms to the perpendicular side walls and improve the theatre’s structural performance.