Equivalent Elastic Strain Research Articles

Insight on the Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Ball-on-Socket Artificial Disc under Alternate Motion of Flexion Extension–Axial Rotation and Lateral Bending–Axial Rotation

Ball-on-socket articulation is the major structural type of artificial joints. The insight on the mechanical and bio-tribological characteristics of this structure is important for designing both the device itself and its wear assessment regime. Two kinds of ball-on-socket structures were studied including a simplified general model and a real artificial cervical disc. The bio-tribological behaviors were evaluated by in vitro wear simulation method using four kinds of pairs with different combinations of structure, frictional material and testing duration under alternate motion of FE-AR (flexion extension and axial rotation) and LB-AR (lateral bending and axial rotation). In order to analyze the formation mechanism of representative wear characteristics, the mechanical behaviors were also studied by finite element analysis method. The results indicated that there were similar mechanical and bio-tribological characteristics for these two structures after about 9 MC (Million Cycles) tests. Under the axial load, it revealed more serious wear severity in the edge region than that in the central region for both convex polymer component and concave metal component, which may be due to much higher values of equivalent stress and equivalent elastic strain in the edge region than that in the central region. Under FE (flexion extension) or LB (lateral bending) motion, it showed common wide and curved wear grooves with ring distribution in the edge region for both ball component and nucleus pulposus component, which may be attributed to the higher equivalent stress and equivalent elastic strain at the limit position. It just indicated several sliding scratches for TC4 (Ti6Al4V alloy) metal component with an abrasive wear mechanism, while it revealed plastic deformation, surface cracks, sliding scratches and wear grooves for XPE (crosslinking polyethylene) polymer component with a mix of abrasive wear and adhesive wear mechanism. Hence, there was a strong correlation between structural design and bio-tribological characteristics for ball-on-socket prostheses.

Structural design and economic analysis of prosthetic leg for below and above knee amputation

Amputation is a surgical process of cutting off a limb and the amputees seek immediate replacement of prosthetic legs at an affordable cost. In this paper, the structural and economic analysis of below-knee (BK) and above-knee (AK) prosthetic leg using high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyamide (PA) 6 or nylon 6, and polyamide (PA) 66 or nylon 66 materials with simulation software is carried out. The prosthetic leg with anatomical limb features such as the knee and ankle joints are analysed. The prosthetic legs are optimally designed to facilitate ease of manufacturing and to support varied loads imparted by the patient. The Von-Mises stress, equivalent elastic strain, and total deformation were obtained by considering loads for standing, walking, and running criteria. The analysis indicates that when polyamide is used as the base material, better structural performance is obtained in terms of strength compared to high-density polyethylene, while the latter facilitates reduced weight distribution with adequate strength properties.

The Analysis of Stone Trapping in Tire Tread for Various Road Conditions

A tire tends to trap stones in its tread pattern when the vehicle is on a move and this might affects the tire balance due to uneven tread wear of tread portion. The study aims to simulate stone trapping performance under various tire tread patterns and road conditions as well as assessing the performance of tires with stones trapped. The stone trapping phenomena on different tire tread pattern were analyzed under dry and wet road conditions. The tire models chosen were the symmetrical tire, asymmetrical tire, and directional tire. The model of these tires, stone and a flat road surface were created using SolidWorks and Fusion360 software and the static structural simulation is performed by using finite element analysis method. Tire inflation analysis and steady state rolling analysis were conducted to evaluate three parameters: total deformation, Von-Mises stress and equivalent elastic strain of the tires. It found that all three parameters are higher when stone trapped in tire for all tread pattern types. Symmetrical tread pattern provides the least wear and tear since it has the lowest increment of maximum equivalent elastic strain in both road conditions. Stone trapping in tire grooves would impact on the lifespan of the tire.

Static structural analysis of spur gear using ANSYS 15.0 and material selection by COPRAS, MOORA techniques

Structural analysis of components is an important task in design phase which ensures the success of the design before stepping for product manufacturing. The material selected for a product to serve a particular function need validation through certain analysis for the application desired. The present work aims to conduct structural analysis of spur gear pair subjected to different torque values such as 132, 190 and 225 Nm. Structural steel, Aluminium Silicon composite, AISI 4140 alloy steel and Ti6242S are the materials considered for static structural analysis to evaluate total deformation, strain energy, equivalent von mises stress and equivalent elastic strain by varying the torque for a spur gear pair. The analysis results are further taken as input for multi criteria decision making to identify the best and worst material options through COPRAS and MOORA. The weights of the individual output responses are evaluated through CRITIC method and utilized for calculating the weighted normalized matrix. COPRAS recommend Ti6242S as the best material and Structural steel as the worst preference. The recommendations of MOORA are in confliction with COPRAS. MOORA recommends Structural steel as the best material and Ti6242S as the worst option. The results are further validated through TOPSIS and it has a good agreement with COPRAS technique than MOORA. The novelty of the present work is that the results obtained from FEA have been taken as an input for multi criteria decision making for selecting the material.

Structure Test of a Light Amphibious Composite Airplane with Hammerstein Model Drop Test Identification

This paper presents the development of a universal test rig for the structural testing of a light amphibious composite airplane. The test rig is built for the purpose of testing the strength of all significant parts of the airplane, including wings, stabilizers, empennage, and landing gear, to comply with the ASTM-F2245 standard specification for the design and performance of a light sport airplane. The FEM analysis by ANSYS also confirms the corresponding results of structural deformation and the equivalent elastic strain between the model and the experiment within acceptable percentage error. A Hammerstein model is proposed to identify landing gear transfer functions and predict the dynamic behaviors of the landing gear absorption system. A full-scale drop test at the standard height shows no sign of any detrimental or failure of the joints and structure of the amphibious airplane.

Optimization of Model and Structural Analysis Hypoid Gear

The purpose of this work is to analyze structural behaviour of differential hypoid gear. For the studying of the structural analysis of the gear is made up of the different composite materials & as well as alloy materials compared with conventional metallic materials. As, composite materials provide enough strength and emerged as a good alternative for replacing metallic gears which is Ni-Cr steel. The alloy materials considered here is Aluminium alloy, Grey cast iron, and the composite material is Epoxy E-Glass unidirectional and compare with existing gear material Ni-Cr steel. This work makes an attempt to replace the metallic gears of Ni-Cr steel with alloy & composite materials based on static structural analysis results. For the analysis purpose the solid model is created by using CATIAV5R20 design software and ANSYS 17.1 is used to determine the Total deformation, Von-Mises stress and the equivalent elastic strain for the different selected materials at three different speeds.

Assessment of steel wire’s fatigue life using finite elements modelling and experimental testing

Various applications consist of wire rope as one of their most important construction parts. Wire ropes formed of three parts as basis; wires, strands and core. to get a deep understanding of wire ropes and their mechanical properties, it is essential to study their main part; the wire. For this reason, steel wire has been studied in this work to get its fatigue life as the number of cycles to failure using finite element modeling. FEM results have been verified using experiments; Flex tester machine and fatigue apparatus which is created and structured for this study. Outcomes have proved that using of bigger bending diameters resulted in increasing the fatigue life of the steel wire and vice versa. It is noticed that the FEM results have small and reasonable value of deviation comparing to the experimental results. Other mechanical properties of the steel wire have been obtained from FEM such as; equivalent Von-Mises stress, equivalent elastic strain, equivalent plastic strain and equivalent total strain.

Static analysis of different spoke structure of airless and conventional tyre

An airless tyre is known as non-pneumatic tyres which are not advocated by air pressure. The major issues related to pneumatic tyre are puncture and flatness due to wear and tear, which lead to the development of airless tyres. The aim of this work is to conduct static analysis of airless tyre, considering various 3D printing materials with different spoke structures. The spoke structures like honeycomb, triangular and diamond and the 3D printing materials such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene + Polycarbonate (ABS+PC), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) are considered for modelling of airless tyre. For conventional tyre, Neoprene rubber is considered. The static analysis is conducted using ANSYS workbench 19.2, and the total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, equivalent von-mises stress and strain energy are compared and evaluated for conventional and airless tyre.

3D Model of Bone Scaffolds Based on the Mechanical Behaviour for a Hybrid Nano Bio-composites

Ceramic/polymer Nano composites in the view of possessing design uniqueness and property combinations have gained a great attention and reported to be the materials of the 21st century that are not found in conventional composites. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study, develop and improve the bio-mechanic for a designed and fabricated Ceramic/polymer bio-composite for a human natural bone repair and replacement in the case of complex fracture and bone diseases by adding the Nano fillers ceramic particles to the Polymer Matrix Nano composites (PMNC) for fabricated a hybrid Titanium dioxide and yttria stabilized zirconia reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix bio-composites properties. These bioactive composites have been investigated by using hot pressing technique at different compression pressures of (30, 60, and 90 MPa) at a compounding temperature of (180, 190, and 200 °C). The SOLIDWORKS 17.0 and the finite element ANSYS 15.7 software programs were used to the simulation, modelling and analysing of femur bone biomechanics that can withstand the highest stresses and strains. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique was used to improve and verify the results. For all the fabricated Nano bio-composites systems, the results showed that the obtained output parameters values were increased with increasing the process input parameters, also the vice versa for the strain energy and equivalent elastic strain values, also the Nano ceramic compositions represented the main factor influenced the results. The main investigates results of the current research deduced that for the increase of the Nano ceramic powder (TiO2) contain from 1% to 10%, the compression fracture strength and the micro-Vickers hardness values increased by 50% and by 8.45%, respectively, and when adding 2% of zirconia (ZrO2), an additional increase in the compression fracture strength and micro hardness by 28.21% and 40.19% achieved, respectively. When using 10% TiO2 + 2% ZrO2/HDPE bio-composite at highest compact temperature of 200 °C and compounding pressure of 90 MPa, the strain energy and the equivalent elastic strain reduced by 82.69% and 14.53% when compared with using of 1% TiO2 content. While when increasing the nano ceramic content from 1% to 10% without adding the ZrO2 nano filler, they reduced by 142.25% and 67.81%, respectively. The maximum equivalent von Misses stress obtained is equal to 39.957MPa and when increasing the nano ceramic content from 1% to 10%, the stress safety factors and fatigue live values increased by 58.38% and by 46.28%, respectively and when adding 2% of zirconia (ZrO2), the stress safety factor reached its maximum values, with an additional increase in its values by 21.42% and 69.40%, respectively. These results give great choices to use successful in vivo tests and for a better life performance with any age, patient status and degree of injury.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BICYCLE HELMET MOULDING PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

The use of material like synthetic plastic going through injection moulding arising the health problem and hazard to the operator and the environment. The melting plastic used for injection moulding are hazardous to the operator where the potentials of getting skin burns from contact with the heated barrel or from splattering hot plastic and gases or vapours. Photochemical oxidation contain in the plastic depleting the ozone layer. The aim of the study is to design an open mould suitable for the hand lay-up technique of the Kenaf fiber with epoxy resin adhesion. The analysis of the mould designed by using CAD is to study its mechanical properties such as plasticity. The analysis shown the critical part of the moulding is at its centre where the deformation happened. The mould will return to its original shape when the force applied is removed due to the maximum value for shear and equivalent elastic strain did not reach 0.4 m/m which will cause silicon rubber material to tear and failed.

Numerical evaluation of Knuckle Joint with stainless steel material for total deformation and Von Mises analysis

A knuckle joint is used to connect the two rods which are under the tensile load, when there is requirement of small amount of flexibility or angular moment is necessary. There is always axial or linear line of action of load. So modelling and analysis of knuckle joint under a certain condition is carried out. Modelling and analysis of a knuckle joint was performed by using 3D software CATIA & Finite Element Analysis (FEA) respectively. For analysis we use Stainless Steel materials. The maximum elastic strain intensity is 0.00052959 m/m and the minimum elastic strain intensity is 5.1094e-10 m/m. The maximum equivalent elastic strain is 0.00038217 m/m and the minimum equivalent elastic strain is 4.4217e-10 m/m. The maximum equivalent (Von Mises) stress is 7.6421e7 Pa and the minimum equivalent (Von Mises) stress is 72.422 Pa. The maximum total deformation is 7.0468e-6 m and the minimum total deformation is 0 m.

Stress analysis of the connecting rod of compression ignition engine

The focus of this study is to carry out stress analysis of the connecting rod of compression ignition engine using finite element method. Commercial finite element code ANSYS is used to perform this investigation. Four different materials viz., A356, A356-5%SiC-10% Flyash stir cum squeeze casting, A356-5%SiC-10% Flyash stir casting, and Al2024-T3 is selected for the connecting rod. Static structural mechanical properties namely, total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, and equivalent (von-misses) stress is calculated. A356-5%SiC-10% Flyash stir cum squeeze casting material gives the lesser total deformation, equivalent elastic strain and equivalent stress values among all the tested materials. Total deformation of A356-5%SiC-10% Flyash stir cum squeeze casting material is reduced by 38.50% in comparison with base material (A356). Moreover, the equivalent stress distribution of A356-5%SiC-10% Flyash stir cum squeeze casting material is nearly same with the base material (A356).

Biomechanical Analysis of the Zirconia and Graphene-based CAD-CAM Dental Bridges at Different Pontic Length: A Finite Element Analysis

Introduction: During masticatory loading, dental bridges are subjected to various forces that might generate deflections in the bridge framework. For this reason, designing long-span bridges require great care about flexions that happen during the function. This can be compensated by increasing occluso-gingival height, using rigid materials and enhancing resistance to deflection by modifying the abutments’ preparations. The current study hypothesied that the stress, deflection, strain and deformation of the fixed partial dentures are guided by the three-dimensional configurations of the pontic areas, and all other parameters could be mutually changed with different influence on the overall outcome. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the difference in the amount of stress, deflection, strain and deformation on using different materials and configurations in the pontic and connector area of the dental bridge using the 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Materials and Methods: An invitro virtual biomechanical analysis using 3D FEA method was conducted. 3D models were created from the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of a dentulous patient and two materials were selected for this study, Zirconia and enhanced graphene-based polymer. The study models were assembled into four groups as the following: Group I: 3-unit Zirconia fixed-fixed bridge; Group II: 3-unit Graphene fixed-fixed bridge; Group III: 4-unit Zirconia fixed-fixed bridge; Group IV: 4-unit Graphene fixed-fixed bridge. Using FEA software a 600 N load was applied and the resultant normal stress, deflection, maximum equivalent strain and total deformation data were monitored, collected and interpreted. Results: The findings of the current study showed higher values of normal stress, deflection, equivalent elastic strain and total deformation in Graphene-based bridges (group II and IV) than the Zirconia-based bridges (group I and III). It should also be mentioned that normal stress, deflection, equivalent elastic strain, and total deformation showed higher values in the three-unit bridge (group I and II) than their corresponding 4-unit bridge groups (group III and IV). Conclusion: This biomechanical analysis confirmed that the stress concentration and deflection of the fixed bridge are influenced by material characteristics. However, configuration of the pontic area could influence the studied mechanical parameters regardless the length of the dental bridge.

Design and structural analysis of different piezoelectric tile materials subjected to varied loading conditions

Piezoelectric tiles can be used to generate electricity but its sturdiness to withstand any applied load is a major concern. The material should withstand all types of loadings. Therefore, the focus of this study is to analyze the withstanding ability of the piezo tile by considering different piezo tile materials tested under different loading conditions. Two materials namely, structural steel and carbon fiber is selected as tile materials which is subjected to uniform distributed load and non-uniform distributed load conditions. Finite element method is chosen to carry out the analysis using commercial finite element code ANSYS. The static structural properties namely, total deformation, equivalent (von-misses) stress and equivalent elastic strain is compared for both these materials tested at different loading conditions. Based on the parameters, the structural steel is observed to the apt material for fabrication of piezo tile used for tapping power from footsteps.

Static structural analysis of cross flow vertical axis wind turbine

The focus of this study is to perform structural analysis on the cross flow vertical axis wind turbine using finite element code ANSYS. Two different materials, namely aluminium alloy 2024 and magnesium is chosen. The wind turbine is tested for two different applied force namely 26.16 N and 13.08 N obtained based on the wind velocity (4 m/s to 10 m/s). These materials are chosen as it is lighter in weight and possess higher strength. The static mechanical properties of these materials used for making cross flow wind turbine are investigated and the properties namely, maximum principal stress, equivalent stress, total deformation, equivalent elastic strain and maximum principal elastic strain are plotted. The maximum principal elastic strain and total deformation of magnesium material based cross flow turbine is almost negligible compared to aluminium alloy based wind turbine. The maximum principal stress as well as equivalent stress induced in magnesium material based cross flow wind turbine is lesser by nearly 175% and 100% respectively. Therefore, magnesium material is found to be the suitable material that can be used for fabricating cross flow wind turbine.

Simulation studies to analyze the static mechanical properties of helical Savonius vertical axis wind turbine blade

The focus of this study is to analyze the static mechanical properties of the helical Savonius vertical axis wind turbine blade. Commercial finite element code ANSYS is used to perform the static structural analysis. The helical Savonius wind turbine blade is tested by force varying from 15 N to 25 N representing the wind conditions ranging from 5 m/s to 11 m/s. The properties namely, maximum principal stress, equivalent (von-misses) stress, shear stress, maximum shear stress, equivalent elastic strain, and total deformation are analysed. The various static mechanical properties are observed to be the maximum for wind load of 15 N. The outer edges of the helical Savonius vertical axis wind turbine blade is observed to have the maximum total deformation values and the prolonged use of the helical Savonius wind turbine blade will lead to damage along the outer edges of the turbine blade leading to failure of the wind turbine blade.

Design optimization of a diesel connecting rod

Abstract Connection rods are mechanical components used for generating motion from a crankshaft’s piston alternating motion. The credibility and performance of vehicles depends on the design of the connecting rod. There have been numerous reported cases of connecting rod failure based on the structural design, loading type and the type of materials used in its production. To insure safety and satisfies customers demand in automotive industries a robust and optimized connecting rod is required. The aim of this paper is to carryout topology and structural optimization of a connection rod suitable for diesel engine applications. Weight optimization of the connection rod is carried out with target weight reduction of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% under a static loading of 100N, which determines the mass that needs to be remove to minimize both weight and cost without compromising it reliability and durability. Furthermore, the deformation, stress, strain and factor of safety under the same loading condition was compared before and after a 60% target weight reduction. Under a loading condition of 500N, analysis for the structural optimization is done to determine an optimized structure with new deformation and Von-misses stress, equivalent elastic strain, and safety factor values. Comparison of the static structural deformation, Von-misses stress, elastic strain and safety factor before and after the optimization is carried out. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that ANSYS software can be employed by production companies to minimize material wastages and maximize profits at the same time maintaining product quality and reliability

Study on mechanical properties of nitinol iliac vein stent and animal test under different release scales

The mechanical properties of nitinol iliac vein stent (NIVS) have been studied by many scholars at home and abroad, but the study on the mechanical properties of iliac vein stent under different release scales has not been reported yet. Based on the finite element analysis method, the mechanical properties of three self-developed NIVS were studied to reveal the influence of stent diameters (12, 14, 16 mm) and different release scales (80%, 90%) on its strength, fatigue life and vein wall biomechanical properties. With an increases in the release scales, the equivalent elastic strain, fatigue strength safety factors, and vessel wall equivalent stress exhibited a downward trend, while the most stressed cross-section coincided with the arc of stent-connecting rods. Through 30, 60 and 90 days' animal test, a narrowed vascular model was established in the iliac veins of 12 pigs, and the developed iliac vein stents were implanted to comprehensively evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the stent, and at the same time the mechanical properties of stents were verified to provide important reference for the type inspection and clinical trials of follow-up products.

Enhancing Structural Stability of Submerged Cylindrical Shell with Stiffeners

An extensive study is made on the buckling types and conditions of various types cylindrical shells based on their design and material properties. Based on those, numerical analysis is done on a submerged type of cylindrical shell. This analysis is done based on two different conditions. The first one includes design with the addition of stiffeners and the other is based on the design which has no stiffeners. A comparative study is performed between these two and the results are analyzed. Two cylindrical shells, one including stringer and the other without a stringer are modeled using CATIA with specific dimensions. These models are imported into ANSYS to perform an explicit dynamic analysis. Parameters such as equivalent stress, equivalent elastic strain, shear stress, shear elastic strain and total deformation are calculated. The end results are obtained using ANSYS and the graphs are plotted using the values obtained. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the use of stiffeners makes the structure widely enviable to bear compressive types of loads. Also, it gives additional strength to the structure with sturdiness at the top and bottom layers. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the use of rectangular type stringer is preferred much more than the other types.

Impact Analysis of Go-Kart Bumper to Frontal Collision for Different Materials

The very basic inescapable ramification of using automobiles is that from now and then accidents will cause damage to it. In this advanced world, many modern materials have been introduced to the automobile body. A bumper is an edifice structure appertain to the front end and rear end of an automobile that covers the chassis. The bumper and the substructure chassis are the two components that take most of the impetus force during collision conditions. In this work, the bumper of a Go-Kart has been modelled and analysed using ANSYS R19.2 software. The model is analysed in various standard conditions for impact analysis using disparate materials namely Polyethalene, Epoxy Resin And Aluminium Alloy. Various parameters such as total deformation, equivalent stress, equivalent elastic strain have been observed and results were noted. The robustness of the component is determined by pinpointing the fragment or chunk that the breach will occur or where the equivalent stress is elevated when force is attached in front of the Go-Kart. The impact analysis under dynamic loading shows that Expoxy Resin material is more reliable for Go-Kart bumper as it is producing low distortion and has low stress and strain compared to other materials used.