Equivalent Description Research Articles

Removal and Omission of Fiction Synesthetic Metaphors in English-Ukrainian Translation

This paper investigates omission and removal of synesthetic metaphoric descriptions in English-Ukrainian translations of Celeste Ng’s novel “Everything I Never Told You”. A synesthetic metaphor is viewed as a product of mapping between two different domains of human experience, which are both of sensory nature. The mappings instantiate in synesthetic metaphoric descriptions. The study resorts to the methodological tools of cognitive metaphor translation theory and the affordances of corpus linguistics and quantitative analysis to reveal the correlation between the choice of removal/omission of the source-text synesthetic metaphoric descriptions and the linguacultural specificity/universality of their metaphorical mappings. The results suggest that omission/removal is explained by the linguacultural features of the source-target text cross-sensory mappings and the translators’ free choices. Omission can be accounted for by a translator’s choice to avoid redundancy. Removal occurs if the target-text equivalent synesthetic metaphoric description a) is based on a cross-sensory mapping not embedded in the target linguaculture, b) rests on a different semantic specification of a structurally identical cross-sensory mapping, or c) has a lower degree of conventionality than its non-metaphoric periphrasis.

Relativistic Description of Dense Matter Equation of State and Compatibility with Neutron Star Observables: A Bayesian Approach

The general behavior of the nuclear equation of state (EOS), relevant for the description of neutron stars (NSs), is studied within a Bayesian approach applied to a set of models based on a density-dependent relativistic mean-field description of nuclear matter. The EOS is subjected to a minimal number of constraints based on nuclear saturation properties and the low-density pure neutron matter EOS obtained from a precise next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO) calculation in chiral effective field theory (χEFT). The posterior distributions of the model parameters obtained under these minimal constraints are employed to construct the distributions of various nuclear matter properties and NS properties such as radii, tidal deformabilities, central energy densities, speeds of sound, etc. We found that a 90% confidence interval for the allowed NS mass–radius relationship and tidal deformabilities is compatible with GW170817 and recent Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR observations, without invoking the exotic degrees of freedom. A central speed of sound of the order of c is obtained. The maximum NS mass allowed by the model is 2.5 M ⊙.

Characterisation of optical phonons within epitaxial Ge2Sb2Te5/InAs(111) structures

Femto-second pump-probe and micro-Raman spectroscopy (RS) measurements have been made to identify optical phonons in Ge2Sb2Te5/InAs(111) and an InAs(111) substrate. A theory of transient stimulated Raman scattering (TSRS) incorporating the Raman tensor predicts which phonon modes may be observed in transient reflectance (R) and anisotropic reflectance (AR) pump-probe measurements, and how their amplitudes depend upon angles φ and θ that describe the orientation of the pump and probe beam electric fields within the sample plane. AR measurements of an InAs(111) substrate revealed the 6.5 THz T2 transverse optical phonon with amplitude proportional to sin(2(θ−φ)), as expected for both TSRS and the specular optical Kerr effect (SOKE), confirming that TSRS and SOKE are equivalent descriptions of the same phenomenon. The AR responses of Ge2Sb2Te5/InAs(111) revealed a single coherent optical phonon (COP) mode at about 3.4 THz with sin(2(θ−φ)) amplitude variation that confirms the T2-like character of the mode and hence the underlying cubic structure of the epilayer. This mode was also observed in the R measurement for one sample, with amplitude independent of φ and θ as predicted by TSRS theory. Both R and AR signals were heavily damped, which is attributed to dephasing of T2x, T2y and T2z modes that become non-degenerate due to structural distortions. RS measurements revealed three modes for Ge2Sb2Te5/InAs(111) and three modes for InAs(111). Taken together the TSRS and RS measurements provide rich information about optical phonons in the phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5 and the InAs(111) surface.

Travelling wave solutions for hierarchy of nonlinear evolution equation description propagation pulse in optical fibers

Travelling wave solutions for hierarchy of nonlinear evolution equation description propagation pulse in optical fibers

New method to analyze the invariant manifolds of memristor circuits

The paper considers a wide class of circuits containing memristors, coupled and nonlinear capacitors and inductors, linear resistive multi-ports and independent voltage and current sources. A new method is proposed to analyze the invariants of motion and invariant manifolds of memristor circuits in this class. The method permits to show the existence of invariant manifolds, and analytically find their expressions, under very weak conditions, namely, when there exists the differential algebraic equations (DAE) describing the circuit and there is at least one hybrid representation of a linear resistive multi-port where memristors are connected. These conditions are satisfied by all memristor circuits in the class, except for pathological cases only. One salient feature of the method is that the dynamic problem of finding the invariant manifolds is brought back to a static problem involving the analysis of a linear resistive multi-port. In the one-memristor case, this boils down to the familiar problem of finding the Thévenin or Norton equivalent of a linear resistive one-port. The results in the paper improve previous work along several directions. The technique here developed is applicable to a broader class of memristor circuits including coupled nonlinear reactive elements and linear multi-port resistors. More importantly, it is applicable even if the state equation (SE) description of the circuit does not exist, as in the case where there are singular points as impasse points. Moreover, when the SE representation exists, additional assumptions introduced in previous work are not needed. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated via the application to selected examples.

Optimizing Model of the Account of Conditions Loading the Drive Under Different Conditions of Operation of Wind-Electric Installation

An optimizing model of dynamic links of rotary systems of a wind power plant is described, which would cover control not only using the angle of rotation of the blades of an electric generator, but also take into account the conditions of vibration loading of the drive under different operating conditions of the power unit, as one of the subtasks in demand for further development of mathematical algorithms for dynamic behavior of the system in order to modify automated control of a wind power plant, which reduces the vibrations of all elements of rotary systems under conditions of drive loading in the operating mode of the unit, which contributes to improving the reliability of the components of modern wind turbines. The analysis of stability of a control system wind-power by installation on the basis of the results of the description of the characteristic equation of transfer functions of model developed for the decision of a problem of increase of a control efficiency wind-electric by the unit is made. The problem of function extremes definition within the structure of its variables based on the first and second function derivatives in terms of chosen argument taking into account the requirement of the sum minimum of squares of no viscous variations of twisting moment error control is solved. The block diagram of transfer functions of dynamic links rotor systems on the basis of the optimized model of a control system wind-electric unit is made. Modeling of automatic control system of a rotor wind turbine angular speed on the basis of the optimized function which covers control not only by means of blades rotation angle of the electric generator, but also considers conditions of drive loading under different conditions of power unit operation is executed. The analysis of angular speed delay regulation of the wind wheel on the basis of optimizing model of wind-electric unit control is made, recommendations of practicability of the further researches within the limits of the method for timely preparation of operating decision-making system are given.

Analytic continuation of stochastic mechanics

We study a (relativistic) Wiener process on a complexified (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold. Using Nelson’s stochastic quantization procedure, we derive three equivalent descriptions for this problem. If the process has a purely real quadratic variation, we obtain the one-sided Wiener process that is encountered in the theory of Brownian motion. In this case, the result coincides with the Feyman–Kac formula. On the other hand, for a purely imaginary quadratic variation, we obtain the two-sided Wiener process that is encountered in stochastic mechanics, which provides a stochastic description of a quantum particle on a curved spacetime.

Non-Markovian rate theory on a multidimensional reaction surface: Complex interplay between enhanced configuration space and memory

A theory of barrier crossing rate on a multidimensional reaction energy surface is presented. The theory is a generalization of the earlier theoretical schemes to higher dimensions, with the inclusion of non-Markovian friction along both the reactive and the nonreactive coordinates. The theory additionally includes the bilinear coupling between the reactive and the nonreactive modes at the Hamiltonian level. Under suitable conditions, we recover the rate expressions of Langer and Hynes and establish a connection with the rate treatment of Pollak. Within the phenomenology of generalized Langevin equation description, our formulation provides an improvement over the existing ones because we explicitly include both the non-Markovian effects along the reaction coordinate and the bilinear coupling at the Hamiltonian level. At intermediate-to-large friction, an increase in dimensionality by itself tends to reduce the rate, while the inclusion of the memory effects increases the rate. The theory predicts an increase in rate when off-diagonal friction terms are included. We present a model calculation to study isomerization of a stilbene-like molecule using the prescription of Hochstrasser and co-workers on a two-dimensional reaction energy surface, employing Zwanzig-Bixon hydrodynamic theory of frequency-dependent friction. The calculated rate shows a departure from the predictions of Langer's theory and also from the two-dimensional transition state theory.

Study on supercritical methane flow and heat transfer performance in a 180-degree curved duct

ABSTRACT In this paper, an investigation into flow and heat transfer performance of supercritical methane (S-CH4) in a 180-degree curved circular duct has been numerically carried out. The mathematical description of energy equation induced by the Dean vortices under the Cartesian-coordinate is first deduced. After validating the dynamic computational fluid dynamics model and method against the public experimental data, the effect of mass flux on the thermodynamics properties of S-CH4 is revealed. The calculation results show that due to the centrifugal force, the low temperature of S-CH4 gathers near the outer wall generatrix. Meanwhile, owing to the existence of multiple Dean vortices, all thermophysical parameters on the 90° cross-section are symmetrically concave along the vertical axis. The core position of multiple Dean vortices inside the curved duct is closer to the inner wall generatrix, which makes the velocity fluctuation greater. The maximum value of circumferential heat transfer coefficient on different cross-sections differs, and the non-uniform flow development process occurs inside the curved duct. Compared to the straight duct, when the mass fluxes are respectively 300 kg/m2 · s and 600 kg/m2 · s, the magnitude of increase in heat transfer coefficient of curved duct presents 18.8% and 23.5%. In addition, the forced convection caused by the secondary flow inside curved duct is so strong that the natural convection by the gravity could be neglected. The research outcome is of vital importance for the optimization design of liquefied natural gas vaporizer.

Weak Tweak-Keys for the CRAFT Block Cipher

CRAFT is a lightweight tweakable Substitution-Permutation-Network (SPN) block cipher optimized for efficient protection of its implementations against Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) attacks. In this paper, we present an equivalent description of CRAFT up to a simple mapping on the plaintext, ciphertext and round tweakeys. We show that the new representation, for a sub-class of keys, leads to a new structure which is a Feistel network, with non-linear operation and key addition only on half the state. Consequently, it reveals a class of weak keys for which CRAFT is less resistant against differential and linear cryptanalyses. As a result, we present one weak-key single-tweak differential attack on 23 rounds (with time complexity of 294 encryptions and data complexity of 274 chosen plaintext/tweak/ciphertext tuples and works for 2112 weak keys) and one weak-key related-tweak attack on 26 rounds of the cipher (with time complexity of 2105 encryptions and data complexity 273 chosen plaintext/tweak/ciphertext tuples and works for 2108 weak keys). Note that these attacks do not break the security claim of the CRAFT block cipher.

Equivalent description and stability analysis for discrete-time systems with uniformly distributed uncertainty

We are concerned with discrete-time systems with uncertainty, which is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the unit interval [0,1]. To describe this uncertainty, the space {0,1}N, which is composed of all the infinite 0-1 sequences and endowed with the Haar measure, actually constitutes the underlying probability space. Therefore, it is shown that for stability analysis, such an uncertain system can be transformed into a switching system with switching sequences having maximal entropy. A stability criterion then is derived from this transformation. An illustrative example is included to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОЕРОЗІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА ГРАФІТОВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОДАХ ПРИ ФОРМУВАННІ НАНОСТРУКТУР У ПЛАЗМОВОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ

The theoretical model of erosion processes in electrode spots during vacuum discharge during nanostructure formation is developed in the work. In this model the sources and drains of heat in electrode spots are considered in detail. Thus, the heat flux density generated by ions taking into account the emission cooling, reverse electric current and Nottingham heat is taken into account for the cathode, and both positive anode and negative potential declines are considered in describing the surface heat source for the anode. The distribution of current density in the element of the considered electrode volume was considered in sufficient detail for describing the volumetric heat source. Heat transfer from plasma radiation and convective heat transfer, and heat dissipation due to the shift of the plasma evaporation front and its radiation were considered for a more comprehensive description of the heat balance equation. The heat flux due to the movement of the stain was also taken into account. Thanks to the proposed model, the temperature fields near the spots and the rate of evaporation of the material during the life of the spot were determined, which allowed to determine the erosion coefficient for the electrode spot. According to the proposed model, calculations were performed for graphite electrodes. The dependence of the erosion coefficient on the lifetime of the spot and the current density at the electrodes is obtained. It is determined that at current density of more than 1011 A / м2 the probability of material emission in the form of clusters increases, which will prevent the appearance of nanostructures. Dependences of the erosion coefficient on the lifetime were obtained for both stationary and moving spots. The obtained dependences indicate the significant decrease in the erosion coefficient with increasing velocity of the spots. The determined theoretical values of current density coincide in order with the experimental values. The model can be used to determine the critical values of technological parameters in obtaining nanostructures for different electrode materials.

Conventionalism about time direction

In what sense is the direction of time a matter of convention? In The Direction of Time, Hans Reichenbach makes brief reference to parallels between his views about the status of time’s direction and his conventionalism about geometry. In this article, I: (1) provide a conventionalist account of time direction motivated by a number of Reichenbach’s claims in the book; (2) show how forwards and backwards time can give equivalent descriptions of the world despite the former being the ‘natural’ direction of time; and (3) argue that this offers an important middle-ground position between existing realist and antirealist accounts of the direction of time.

ЭВРИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АЛГОРИТМ РЕШЕНИЯ ДИОФАНТОВЫХ УРАВНЕНИЙ

The problem of diophantine equations solving is considered in this article. This problem canbe applied in cryptography and cryptanalysis. The description of the genetic algorithm solvingdiophantine equations is stated briefly in the article. The rule of calculation the value of fitnessfunction of chromosome is determined, the coding system in the genetic algorithm is described.The genetic operators used in the algorithm are mentioned and the conditions for their executionare determined. The criterion for stopping the genetic algorithm is described. One of the shortcomingsof the genetic algorithm is analyzed. The shortcoming of the algorithm lies in its attemptsto solve any diophantine equation, including one that has no solutions. A method eliminating thisshortcoming in some cases is proposed. This method is based on number theory. An explanation isgiven in which cases this method will be used. The definition of residue and nonresidue of fixedpower for fixed modulus is given before describing this method. After describing this method theimplementation of the algorithm for solving diophantine equations and systems of them is describedin detail. Then the results of experimental studies of the time and quality of the geneticalgorithm are presented. Then the result of the algorithm is presented for an equation that has nosolutions and for a system of equations that also has no solutions, but in which the total number ofunknowns is too large for the proposed method to work. The algorithm running time is comparedwhen solving an equation and when solving a system of equations. The conclusion is made aboutthe usefulness of the proposed method in solving diophantine equations and systems of diophantineequations.

On equivalent representations and properties of faces of the cone of copositive matrices

The paper is devoted to the study of the cone of copositive matrices. Based on the concept of immobile indices known from semi-infinite optimization, we define zero and minimal zero vectors of a subset of the cone and use them to obtain different representations of the faces of and the corresponding dual cones. The minimal face of containing a given convex subset of this cone is described, and some propositions are proved that allow obtaining equivalent descriptions of the feasible sets of copositive problems.

Further results on higher weights of codes over finite rings

The descriptions of generalized Hamming weights with respect to rank are given for codes over chain rings. Based on the descriptions of generalized Hamming weights with respect to rank, the double chain condition, in particular, the chain condition, is introduced and some judging criteria for the double chain condition are presented. As an application of the chain condition, we determine generalized Hamming weights with respect to rank of the tensor product of certain codes satisfying the chain condition. By using generalized Hamming weights with respect to rank, we generalize some results obtained in recent references. We introduce relative generalized Hamming weights to codes over chain rings and principal ideal rings, and present equivalent descriptions and bounds on them. We also generalize maximum distance codes with respect to rank to relative maximum distance codes with respect to rank and give a series of judging criteria for relative maximum distance codes.

Використання клітинних автоматів при моделюванні процесів сушіння деревини у лісосушильній камері періодичної дії

In this work, research the essence of the wood drying process in a periodic wood drying chamber. This paper provides a mathematical model of a wood drying chamber, which describes the general essence of physical drying processes using the equipment available in the wood drying chamber. This approach allows to take into account the physical parameters of the necessary equipment, such as heaters, fans, humidifying nozzles or other. This approach also allows to ignore some design characteristics that may differ depending on the type of wood drying chamber. Considering this, the main task in this work is to determine the temperature and humidity of the drying agent and lumber in the stack, as well as the temperature of the main components of the wood drying chamber. Taking into account such a large number of input parameters and describing a complex non-stationary process of heat transfer, there is a need to create complicated mathematical models. The presence of such mathematical models greatly complicates their application and requires significant computer resources for their calculation. In this way, the mathematical description is reduced to the description of non-linear partial differential equations. To simplify and speed up the calculations of this mathematical model, the use of cellular automata is suggested. To do this, the 3D model of the wood drying chamber is represented as a cell-automatic field, which consists of cells of the same size but different types. As a result, neighboring cells contain local relationships that describe their general behavior. This behavior depends on the type of tangent cells and is described by transition rules based on a mathematical model. Through the use of the developed cell-automatic model and transition rules, it is possible to obtain the values of the temperature and moisture content of the wood in the stack, the drying agent in the chamber, as well as the temperature of the main components of the chamber. The work also shows the corresponding graphs of changes in temperature and moisture content. To check the adequacy and reliability, the obtained results were compared with the results of other authors' experiments. As a result of the verification, the values of the average absolute error aren't high, which confirms the adequacy of the mathematical model and the prospects of using the developed cell-automatic model.

Analytical descriptions of quantifier solutions to interval linear systems of relations

We study systems of relations of the form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a vector of binary relations with the components “[Formula: see text]”, “[Formula: see text]”, and “[Formula: see text]”, while the parameters (elements of the matrix A and right-hand side vector b) are uncertain and can take values from prescribed intervals. What is considered to be the set of its solutions depends on which logical quantifier is associated with each interval-valued parameter and what is the order of the quantifier prefixes for specific parameters. For solution sets that correspond to the quantifier prefix of a general form, we present equivalent quantifier-free analytical descriptions in the classical interval arithmetic, in Kaucher complete interval arithmetic and in the usual real arithmetic.

Fast-Update Iterative Learning Control for Performance Enhancement With Application to Motion Systems

Iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms are typically used to improve the performance of repetitive processes. Numerous successful applications of ILC, such as computer numerical control (CNC) machining processes, robot manipulation, and lithography processes, have been reported. However, ILC often exhibits less than satisfactory performance since the control unit operates at a limited sampling rate in consideration of cost. In this study, the multiloop, multirate structure of servo motor control systems is taken advantage of and a fast-update multirate ILC (FILC) scheme is proposed for high-accuracy trajectory tracking, where compensation is updated at a rate faster than that of the original position loop without the need for redesigning the feedback controller. The key difficulty related to the design of the FILC lies in the extremely complex and time-varying dynamics inherent in multirate systems. To address this problem, a novel equivalent single-rate parametric model description of the multirate system is derived, which enables the use of the efficient norm optimal ILC algorithm. Consequently, a computationally efficient FILC is obtained to improve the performance. Subsequently, the proposed FILC is applied to the position control of the CNC motion stage. Simulation and experimental results are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Comparative Analysis of Standard ΛCDM and ΛCS Models

We draw a comparison of time-dependent cosmological parameters calculated in the standard ΛCDM model with those of the model of a homogeneous and isotropic Universe with non-zero cosmological constant filled with a perfect gas of low-velocity cosmic strings (ΛCS model). It is shown that pressure-free matter can obtain the properties of a gas of low-velocity cosmic strings in the epoch, when the global geometry and the total amount of matter in the Universe as a whole obey an additional constraint. This constraint follows from the quantum geometrodynamical approach in the semiclassical approximation. In terms of general relativity, its effective contribution to the field equations can be linked to the time evolution of the equation of state of matter caused by the processes of redistribution of the energy between matter components. In the present article, the exact solutions of the Einstein equations for the ΛCS model are found. It is demonstrated that this model is equivalent to the open de Sitter model. After the scale transformation of the time variable of the ΛCS model, the standard ΛCDM and ΛCS models provide the equivalent descriptions of cosmological parameters as functions of time at equal values of the cosmological constant. The exception is the behavior of the deceleration parameter in the early Universe.