Equivalent Concept Research Articles

Revisiting the concepts of translation studies: equivalence in linguistic translation from the point of view of Peircean universal categories

Abstract The concept of equivalence seems to be one of the most contentious issues of the academic discourse on linguistic translation, as it has long been associated with the much criticised approaches that would follow the naive idea of sameness or close correspondence between languages. For these reasons there have been voices claiming that the concept is not needed and, as such, should be rejected. However, equivalence is central to linguistic translation, being one of the main goals of this activity, even though it is often hidden behind other concepts, including adequacy, relevance or interpretive resemblance. Accordingly, a more global approach offered by semiotics may help to revisit the traditional, yet unpopular, understanding of equivalence. This article attempts to discuss the concept of equivalence from the point of view of the universal categories put forward by Charles Sanders Peirce. To this end it provides an overview of approaches to equivalence within the discipline of translation studies, lists the most pertinent features of the concept and refers them to Peirce’s universal categories. It is argued that equivalence is founded on the triad similarity-difference-mediation that is determined by and within the context of translation.

Text Types and Translation

In recent years the concept of "translation product" has been widened to include consideration of cultural differences between source and target languages and the purpose of translated messages. Since text types have been recognised as determiners of the global purpose of a text, recent discussions of translation have also included equivalence of text type as one of the major forms of equivalence to be aimed at. There are, however, well-established activities carried out by professional translators, such as bilingual abstracting, summarizing and gist translation, which does not readily fit into the paradigm of equivalence. In a translation theory which attempts to represent all current professional practices, the concept of equivalence has to be modified to accommodate these types of translation processes and products.

Mode-II fracture toughness and crack propagation of pultruded carbon Fiber-Epoxy composites

This study develops a quasi-static mode II fracture toughness test methodology for pultruded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites along the fiber direction. The mode II fracture tests using a non-standard End-Notched Flexure (ENF) specimen as the pre-crack cannot be generated during the pultrusion process. A Compliance-Based Beam Method (CBBM) is used for data reduction, which does not require crack growth length monitoring during propagation and accounts for the effects of the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) based on the equivalent crack growth length concept. When the test procedure is applied to the ENF specimens with different pre-crack sizes, the dependence of fracture behaviors on the pre-crack sizes is revealed according to the R-curves and crack growth rate curves. And the effects of the fracture process zone and damage accumulation development are revealed. Based on the analysis of fracture propagation behavior, the proper pre-crack size of the ENF specimen for testing the mode II fracture toughness of pultruded CFRP is determined, and fracture toughness of the investigated pultruded CFRP is obtained with the test results.

ՈՒՂՂԱԿԻ ԴԱՏԱԿԱՆ ՎԵՐԱՀՍԿՈՂՈՒԹՅԱՆ «ՕԲՅԵԿՏ» ԵՎ «ԱՌԱՐԿԱ» ԵԶՐՈՒՅԹՆԵՐԸ ՀՀ ՎԱՐՉԱԿԱՆ ԴԱՏԱՎԱՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՈՒՄ

The author conducts a comprehensive analysis of judicial practice and doctrinal approaches to defining the concepts of "object" and "subject" of judicial control in the administrative proceedings of the Republic of Armenia. The article highlights the problems and ambiguities in the use of these terms by the courts of Armenia and proposes ways to clarify and unify them to ensure consistency and clarity in judicial decisions. The author identifies two main groups of approaches to distinguishing the object and subject of judicial control in relation to normative legal acts in administrative proceedings. According to the first group, the object and subject of judicial control are considered equivalent concepts, but the preference is given to the formulation "subject of judicial control." The second group of authors seeks to clearly differentiate these concepts, where the object of control is considered to be normative legal acts that are subject to court scrutiny, while the subject of control is their lawfulness in accordance with acts possessing higher legal force. In the article author proposes adopting a doctrinal approach to defining the object and subject of judicial control in administrative proceedings of Armenia, including a clear differentiation of these concepts in court decisions. The author emphasizes the importance of correct usage of terminology to ensure legal clarity and unambiguity in judicial rulings. In conclusion, the article presents well-founded conclusions and recommendations regarding the application of the terms "object" and "subject" of judicial control in administrative proceedings of Armenia, and underscores the necessity of maintaining unity and consistency in judicial practice to improve the efficiency of judicial procedures and protect the rights and interests of citizens and organizations in Armenia.

An Explicit Approach for Determining the Rational Length of Steel Portion in Steel–Concrete Hybrid Girder Bridges

The steel–concrete hybrid girder bridge structure is a combination of steel and concrete members in the direction of the bridge length. In long-span segmental concrete box girder bridges, the utilization of lightweight steel girders in the middle portion of the main span would greatly reduce the bridge self-weight while decreasing concrete creep and shrinkage effects. A critical parameter in the design of hybrid girder bridges is the rational length of the steel portion as a part of the main span (in other words, the rational location of the steel–concrete connection). Based on the concept of system equivalence, the steel–concrete hybrid system is equivalent to a full-concrete system with a reasonable span arrangement. The governing condition of the equivalence is that both systems have the same magnitude of self-weight hogging bending moments over the piers. Applying the system equivalence method, the rational length ratio of the steel portion to the main span (ξ) is explicitly solved, and its relationship with the length ratio of side span to main span (λ) is established. Finally, the proposed analytical approach is validated by five case studies, indicating that it is an effective and efficient method for the preliminary design of hybrid girder bridges.

Uniaxial compression of dry wood: experiment and modeling

The paper considers the dependence of the load on displacement during uniaxial compression of spruce wood samples with an adjustable deformation rate (1 mm/min); the water content in the samples was equal to 6.4%. The study focuses on the analysis of criteria for brittle destruction of wood and its transition to a plastic state. The concept of virtual material transformation (CoViMT) forms the basis of the research. At the idea level, this concept is a variant of the well-known equivalent material concept (EMC). An integral criterion for brittle fracture was developed. Comparison with experimental data showed that the integral criterion and the known differential criterion lead to mismatched points of brittle fracture and transition of wood to the plastic state. Therefore, it is possible to determine the boundaries of the region of plastic states with the help of these criteria. Experiments confirmed the adequacy of the criteria when compressing wood with 6.4% and 18.0% moisture content. However, the volume of studies of the problem touched upon is small, so further research is necessary to better understand the stages of deformation of wood of different species.

On the combined use of averaged strain energy density criteria (ASED) and equivalent material concept (ECC) for the fracture load prediction of additively manufactured PLA v-notched specimens

On the combined use of averaged strain energy density criteria (ASED) and equivalent material concept (ECC) for the fracture load prediction of additively manufactured PLA v-notched specimens

Visualization of Discontinuous Vector Field Topology.

This paper extends the concept and the visualization of vector field topology to vector fields with discontinuities. We address the non-uniqueness of flow in such fields by introduction of a time-reversible concept of equivalence. This concept generalizes streamlines to streamsets and thus vector field topology to discontinuous vector fields in terms of invariant streamsets. We identify respective novel critical structures as well as their manifolds, investigate their interplay with traditional vector field topology, and detail the application and interpretation of our approach using specifically designed synthetic cases and a simulated case from physics.

Basic Legal Framework of Hardship Clause and Comparative Research

The hardship clause is a specific application of the principles of fairness and good faith in contractual relations, and has always played an important role in international commercial trade. The hardship clause intends to exclude manifestly unfair outcomes in contracts resulting from significant changes in the political, economic or social situation, reflecting fairness and justice. This article outlines the legal framework and functions of hardship clause, briefly compares hardship and force majeure, and accordingly elaborates on the equivalent concept of "change of situation" in Chinese law.

Translation of legal language and the problem of equivalence

The field of law and its legal language, permanently influence the lives of the members of the society. Legal language is thought to be complex, pompous, laborious, sinuous, archaic, and exaggerative syntax constructions. Due to its complexity, a great number of people do not fully understand important documents (their rights and obligations granted by a constitution), decisions expressed by a court or by a tribunal, the regulations embodied in a statue, or the legal terms specified in a contract. We should take into consideration a very important aspect - the translation of legal language. In this paper, we will deal with the translation of legal texts, which is not simply a matter of linguistic transference, but an attempt to communicate someone else’s message through another language. We will show how the translator has to focus on a complex network of factors, in order to perform an accurate translation, such as the context of situation, the intended use of the translation, the communicative purpose, the generic knowledge, the rhetorical context. Translators must have basic knowledge of the legal cultures and systems of the source and target languages, and they must be aware of the differences of these cultures and even of the absence of equivalent concepts.

Формування поняття про природничо-наукову компетентність на основі міжнародного дослідження PISA

The article presents an analysis of conceptual apparatus formation of science competency and a role in this process of PISA international study of education quality. The components and aspects of science competency are considered, presented in educational documents of the European Union and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. It is revealed that recommendations of the European Council and reference frameworks of the European Commission “Key competences for lifelong learning” distinguish such components of science competency as knowledge, skills and attitudes. It is noted that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development framework documents for PISA international study of education quality formulates an equivalent concept of “science literacy”, consisting of a number of aspects – contexts, competencies, knowledge and attitudes. Changes in determination of science literacy in PISA study for the period 2000–2022 and characteristics of its aspects are analyzed. Significant attention is paid to specifics of PISA terminology, its complexity and versatility. Ukrainian definitions of science competency in national normative educational documents and concepts are investigated. It is determined that they are largely focused on foreign recommendations and framework documents of international research, and also distinguish certain components of competency – basic knowledge, skills and attitudes. The author emphasized the need to further borrowing by national education system of world experience in the field of competency approach implementation, in connection with transition of basic school to study by new educational standards on competent basis.

Measuring circularity from buildings to neighbourhoods

The circular economy (CE) aims to eliminate the concept of pollution and waste generation, maintain the integrity of the product over several use cycles, and focus on closing material and energy loops. Circularity metrics are relevant for monitoring, reporting and communicating CE implementation progress. Applied to buildings, these metrics deliver structured assessments through standardized indicators, which establish a common language among the agents involved, help implement strategies to assess the circular potential of technical options. Studies dealing with circularity metrics for buildings are still scarce and somewhat variable within an overall common framework. Applications to neighbourhoods are even more incipient. This study applied selected metrics to two building cases with different constructive characteristics, to improve the understanding on how information on circularity is conveyed. The selected metrics highlighted the circularity challenges for the two building designs. However, such metrics disregard the environmental impacts required to induce circular flows and loop closure. It is herein proposed that such metrics are paired with environmental performance profiles produced by e.g., life cycle assessments (LCA). The concept of "nested indicators" could be applied to neighbourhood and city scales by referring to the LCA concept of functional equivalency as the "relevance" weighting criterion.

A stochastic offering approach for photovoltaic power plants in day-ahead and balancing markets

Given the increasing share of photovoltaic (PV) power plants in power generation worldwide, this paper presents an optimal offering strategy based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) in both day-ahead (DA) and balancing markets. A PV plant faces a variety of uncertainties at the time of participating in the electricity market, including its production level, balancing market demand, market price, and offering behavior of the competitors. To manage all types of uncertainties together, a combination of scenario-based approach and decentralized equivalent competitor concept is proposed in a novel offering strategy for PV plants. The approach is implemented on the IEEE 30-bus system and two case studies, namely, with and without an energy storage system, are considered for result analysis. The results show a 9.6% of profit increase while the PV plant employs the proposed approach in comparison with the premium feed-in tariff method. Furthermore, in the case where the PV plant is equipped with battery storage with a charging capacity equal to 50% of the maximum production capacity of the PV plant, using the proposed approach for scheduling the battery, the profit has increased by 2.5%. To investigate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of robustness a numerical comparison is conducted. For this purpose, the proposed approach has been compared with the affinely adjustable robust offering strategy method in case of robustness. Numerical results show that the effectiveness of the proposed method in the worst case (maximum considered level of uncertainty) is 77% of the best case (without uncertainty), while this is 36% for the affinely adjustable robust offering strategy-based method. The conducted investigations show that the proposed offering approach, while efficient, is robust against a high level of uncertainties.

The influence of Poisson's ratio in the calculus of functionally graded plates

A current problem, of increased difficulty, which is still under continuous development, is the calculus of functionally graded plates (FGPs). Functionally graded materials (FGMs) represent a special category of composite materials, usually made on the basis of two materials, with very different properties, so they vary continuously between the extreme surfaces of the material, where the properties are those of the respective materials in their pure state. Today, the most used materials used in the construction of FGMs are ceramic materials and metals. Their volume fractions, in the thickness direction, varies continuously, according to a material law, valid for all material properties. A problem, generally poorly substantiated, is the one related to the assumption of a constant value of the Poisson's ratio over the entire plate thickness of the functionally graded plates. This hypothesis admits an analytical solution, by direct integration, of the stiffness of the plate, but it certainly does not reflect reality. There are some ways of approaching the calculation of functionally graded plates, such as the multilayer plate concept or the equivalent plate concept, which can take into account the variation of the Poisson's ratio on the plate thickness. The paper highlights this aspect and, in addition, evaluates the influence of the variation of Poisson's ratio on the calculation of displacements, stresses and natural vibrations of functionally graded plates. The work represents both an original way of approaching the calculation of functionally graded plates and a quantitative substantiation of the hypothesis of a Poisson coefficient with a constant value.

Nonautonomous dynamics: classification, invariants, and implementation

The work is a brief review of the results obtained in nonautonomous dynamics based on the concept of uniform equivalence of nonautonomous systems. This approach to the study of nonautonomous systems was proposed in [10] and further developed in the works of the second author, and recently - jointly by both authors. Such an approach seems to be fruitful and promising, since it allows one to develop a nonautonomous analogue of the theory of dynamical systems for the indicated classes of systems and give a classi cation of some natural classes of nonautonomous systems using combinatorial type invariants. We show this for classes of nonautonomous gradient-like vector elds on closed manifolds of dimensions one, two, and three. In the latter case, a new equivalence invariant appears, the wild embedding type for stable and unstable manifolds [14,17], as shown in a recent paper by the authors [5].

New engineering J-estimation schemes for complex cracked pipes based on energy equivalence concept

A complex crack has 360° internal surface crack in the circumferential section of the pipe and through-wall crack in the same section. Previous studies have shown that the fracture behavior of complex crack is different from those of through-wall crack or surface crack. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the new engineering scheme to accurately predict the fracture characteristics of a complex cracked pipe. This study proposes the new approximate J-estimation scheme for complex cracked pipe subject to bending moment. The method is based on the concept of an energy equivalence between cracked pipe and reduced thickness pipe without a crack. Elastic-plastic J-integral solution is provided in closed-form. To derive the solution, both the energy release in the radial direction of the surface crack and the circumferential direction of the through-wall crack were considered. To verify the proposed solution, J-integral was calculated for various geometric variables and material properties, and compared with the calculation results using the GE/EPRI based J-estimation scheme of the complex crack. Also, the effect of consideration of crack propagation direction on J-integral was systematically analyzed.

Mixed-mode I + II fracture characterisation of a honeycomb/carbon-epoxy sandwich panel using the asymmetric single-leg bending test

The Asymmetric Single-Leg Bending (ASLB) test was employed to obtain the fracture energy of a honeycomb/carbon-epoxy sandwich panel under mixed-mode I + II loading. A data reduction method lying on beam theory, specimen compliance and equivalent crack length concepts was employed to get the experimental Resistance-curve (R-curve), which allows determination of the mixed-mode fracture energy. Numerical analysis including cohesive zone modelling was used for validation and as a suitable partition method useful to estimate the mode ratio. In view of the observed non-linear behaviour, a mixed-mode I + II trapezoidal cohesive zone model and the quadratic energetic criterion were considered in the simulations. Overall, it can be concluded that the ASLB test is appropriate for mixed-mode I + II fracture characterisation of sandwich panels under predominant mode I.

Heat treatment effects on fracture resistance of additively manufactured PLA specimens under mode I loading

AbstractThe current paper deals with the influence of heat treatment on the tensile, flexural, and fracture strength of polylactic acid (PLA) specimens made by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Three different temperatures of 80°C, 100°C, and 120°C were used to anneal the dog bone and enlarged compact tension (ECT) specimens to examine the mechanical and fracture performance of the FDM‐PLA parts, respectively. The fracture behavior was assessed using the equivalent material concept (EMC) combined with the J‐integral, average strain energy density (ASED), and maximum tangential stress (MTS) criteria, and the theoretical estimates were compared with the experimental results. Finally, the effectiveness of these criteria was discussed comprehensively, and the failure mechanisms in the broken tensile and flexural specimens were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, applying heat treatment to the FDM specimens could improve their structural integrity by around 57% from the fracture resistance point of view.

Absorption efficiency of the second harmonic ECRH waves and comparative plasma transport simulation in the TJ-II stellarator and T-10 tokamak

The concept of equivalent tokamak and stellarator discharges with the same electron and ion temperatures and with full absorption of the injected ECRH power was introduced in Dnestrovskij et al (2021 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 63 055012). In the present paper, the concept of the discharges equivalence is extended to the case of partial ECRH power absorption. The conditions of discharges equivalence for this case are formulated. It is shown that in equivalent discharges not only the electron temperatures, but also the absorbed powers are the same. Examples of equivalent experimental discharges of the TJ-II stellarator and simulated discharges of the T-10 tokamak with partial ECRH power absorption are studied. The absorbed ECRH power and energy confinement time are found for TJ-II low-density shots heated with ECRH only.

СУТНІСТЬ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ОПЕРАЦІЙ З ОРЕНДИ (ЛІЗИНГУ) МАЙНА ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article is devoted to the problematic issues of economic essence and classification of operations on rent (leasing) of enterprise property. The legal regulation of lease accounting in Ukraine is carried out by a number of national regulations and international accounting standards. Each legislative document reveals the concept of lease in accordance with the scope of its application. Having considered the content of lease relations, one can observe certain contradictions of their economic and legal essence. For the needs of accounting, the regulatory framework is National Accounting Standard (NAS) 14, according to which rent and leasing are equivalent concepts, but this equality is incorrect from a legal point of view. Tax legislation also identifies these concepts. The study of the classification of lease (leasing) operations allowed to draw conclusions about the similarity of the options and features proposed by domestic and foreign scientists. The disadvantages of the studied classifications are insignificant changes in definitions, the formation of distribution by features that do not meet the needs of accounting. For a correct understanding of the classification of lease transactions, it is necessary to be guided by the need to reflect the lease in the accounting accounts for the possibility of drawing up reliable financial and management reports of the enterprise.Division of lease by periodicity, peculiarities of use, object of property are not essential for accounting and management accounting at the enterprise. To improve the reliability and accuracy of financial and management reporting, it is necessary to study in depth the essence of lease transactions and their reflection in accounting. Proposalsfor improving existing classifications are presented, which will contribute to the effective organization of accounting, control and analysis of lease operations at the enterprise. The developments can be used in the theoretical substantiation and practical development of the methodology for classification of lease (leasing) operations at Ukrainian enterprises.