English Equivalents Research Articles

Usage and Significance of Manipuri Colour Terms: Taking Cues from Imphal Children

There are four basic colour terms in Meiteilon or Manipuri. There are also secondary colour terms, which are derived from objects. The associated objects are used with the term ‘mǝcu’, which means colour in Meiteilon. For instance, hǝŋamapalmǝcu is the colour term for yellow where hǝŋamapal means the mustard flower. Thus the yellow colour term is derived from the yellow colour of the mustard flower and is used with mǝcu to give an equivalent term for yellow in English. This paper seeks to explore the colour terms in Meiteilon in their possible forms and terms related to their states and their cultural salience, if any, with a holistic approach. As a pilot survey, the use of Manipuri colour terms in the speeches of 8 children (five 8-year-olds and three 5-yearolds, who lived in a particular locality of Imphal) was observed in their home environment. These children seem to know the colour terms in English well compared to the Manipuri colour terms. The initial observations hint at the diminished use of native terms compared to the use of English equivalents, which is not an ideal situation for the retention of native language at large. It is still to be checked if similar situations are prevalent in other home environments, and if such cases are on the rise then consequences could be far reaching in terms of indigenous languages losing out to English.

The Old Bulgarian Demonstrative Pronoun сь as a Subordinate Element in the Verb Group and its Equivalents in Old English

This paper presents a model for the analysis of pronouns based on two types of characterizations – semantic-grammatical and communicative-pragmatic ones. Each of them consists of a set of categorial and relational features. The semantic-grammatical and communicative-pragmatic characterizations determine the types of deixis expressed by pronouns. The model is tested on the demonstrative pronoun сь used as a subordinate element in the verb group. Excerpted material from Old Bulgari-an Gospel texts is studied in comparison with Old English, Greek and Latin translations.

Meanings of phraseological units: a comparative approach

This article discusses the origin of Polish phraseological units for complete darkness (ciemności egipskie, ciemności kimeryjskie, ciemności zewnętrzne) compared to their Russian and English equivalents and presents the peculiarities of their meanings perceived from the angle of their sources and a texts of many varieties

Лингвокультурный аспект цветообозначений в языковой картине мира (на материале английского и русского языков)

The study of the color picture of the world is of interest in the linguistic and cultural aspect, since color is one of the most important means of emotional impact on the reader, color meanings express the author’s view of the world, and are also important for constructing a national picture of the world. There are some patterns that link color values in different cultures of the world. It is worth noting that there are differences in color symbols in different languages. It depends on the historical past of the people, its geographical location, etc. Despite this, we trace some similarities using examples of phraseological units with elements of color designations. An important factor is that color has a psychophysiological effect on a person. In Russian and English, “red” has a positive connotation to a greater extent. This is their common feature, although in both languages there are more or less negative characteristics of this color. The similarity can also be seen in phraseological units with the color component. There are quite a lot of equivalents in both Russian and English. Along with the common symbolic features that still prevail, there are also distinctive features that are associated with Russian and English history and culture.

Introduction to Brian H. Bix, Svein Eng, and Giorgio Ridolfi on Alf Ross

Introduction to Brian H. Bix, Svein Eng, and Giorgio Ridolfi on Alf Ross

Orthographic Nativization of Hispanic Content Words in Waray Visayan

This linguistic study investigates the orthographic nativization of Hispanic borrowed words in Waray Visayan written discourse. The textual source is a news article from Isumat News Portal written in Waray Visayan titled COVID Laboratory ha EVRMC magtitikang na an operasyon. Through a descriptive research method, the words are lexically analyzed as to content words, English equivalents, root words, Spanish equivalents, native affixes, and nativization processes. The analysis reveals that the Hispanic nouns, verbs, and adjectives borrowed by the Waray Visayan article are nativized through full lexical adoption, changing or replacement of letters, orthographic mutation, and adding of native prefixes and suffixes. Thus, the Spanish loanwords have been Filipinized in the Waray linguistic community where sociocultural, economic, and religious activities exist. This further shows that the Spanish words have found unique structure and expression in the Waray Visayan written discourse, not only in literary narratives like the study of Quebec (2021), but also in non-fiction, news article in particular. In effect, it is recommended to conduct the same study with a bigger number of corpora in both written and spoken discourses in Waray Visayan and across the Philippine languages to explore the reach of Hispanic word borrowing and nativization and to investigate other linguistic changes as they undergo nativization. 
 
 Keywords: Lexical analysis; word borrowing; nativization; Hispanic words; Waray Visayan language.

Word-Building Potential of Tajik Adverbial Prefixes dar-, to- and their English Equivalents

The article dwells on issues beset with the study of comparative analysis of word-building potential of Tajik adverbial prefixes dar-, to- and their English equivalents. It is noted that adverb is recognized as an independent part of speech in the comparative languages.

Comparative Analysis of Word-Building Potential of Tajik Adverbial Prefix бар-/bar- and its English equivalents

The article dwells on issues beset with the study of comparative analysis of word-building potential of Tajik adverbial prefix бар-/bar- and its English equivalents. It is noted that adverb is recognized as an independent part of speech in the comparative languages.

Madka z bombelkami, czyli o leksykalnych nośnikach lakunarności

The aim of the paper is to analyse two lexemes belonging to the most recent layer of the modern Polish lexicon, mainly the words madka and bombelek which are deeply rooted in culture, as lacunary units, i.e. non-equivalent items, from a Polish-English perspective. The analysis of lexicographic entries constitutes a starting point for the investigation of the potential approximate English equivalents of both lexemes and verifying the hypothesis concerning their lacunarity. The research on English corresponding units allows the conclusion to be drawn that the two Polish words are non-equivalent at the systematic level, since they refer to complex mental constructs, evoke cultural connotations and are judgemental.

Stanisław Lem’s Space Flora and Fauna Translated into English

The article discusses authorial neologisms coined by Stanislaw Lem and their translation into English on the example of 37 plant and animal names excerpted from the short story entitled “Let Us Save the Universe (An Open Letter from Ijon Tichy)”, which, together with their English equivalents, were subject to comparative analysis. Since these names may create translation problems, the purpose of the analysis was primarily to determine the problem-solving techniques used by the translators, Maria Święcicka-Ziemianek and Joel Stern. Another goal was to make an attempt at explaining their translation choices and to determine the impact of these choices on the way in which the equivalents expressed with neologisms perform their naming function and the function through which they create the narrative world in the target text. Therefore, the article lists the possible causes of translation problems evoked by neologisms and presents the characteristics of the analysed names in terms of translation difficulties they may pose. The analytical material is presented taking into account the relationship between neologisms and their equivalents with the accompanying context and/or illustration. The article provides conclusions on the impact of the techniques used and the elements that determined the final shape of equivalents on the way the naming and creative function of authorial neologisms are reflected in the target text. It also shows the methods of overcoming problems related to translating neologisms into a foreign language.

COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL MORPHEMES

Globalization, active internalization and progress in technology have intensified the impact that American English has over national languages. The impact can be seen in borrowing a big amount of computer-mediated communication (CMC) lexis from the English language. The processes mentioned need description and explanation which makes the article relevant.
 Materials and methods. Works concerning different aspects of lexical borrowing and peculiarities of CMC words are mentioned. CMC lexis derived from international morphemes is studied in the article. Qualitative evaluation, description and generalization are used in the study.
 Results. Three main groups of CMC lexis are distinguished: 1) computer terms directly borrowed from English by national languages, 2) general technical terms, 3) words of general lexis. Words of the two latter groups are often “internal” borrowings, that is they are metaphorised international words having been adapted by the Russian language to be used in other fields. These lexemes are derived with the use of the native mechanisms of the Russian language though in a manner similar to that of their English equivalents.
 Practical implications. Results of the study can be used in teaching Lexicology, Cross-cultural communication and in translation practice.

UKRAINIAN EQUIVALENTS TO ENGLISH SENTENCES: WHAT THEY REVEAL ABOUT DATIVE EXPERIENCER AND EXPLETIVE CONSTRUCTION

This paper presents a comparative study of Ukrainian sentences with Dative experiencer and their English equivalents. While Ukrainian allows null-subject sentences, in English there is a structural subject it. Moreover, in Ukrainian, there are sentences with Dative experiencers in the sentence initial position. Interestingly, the same kind of predicates that licenses Dative experiencer construction in Ukrainian, licenses the it-extraposition in English. Thus, the objective of this research is to establish what predicates belong to this category and what there is in the structure of the predicate that allows or disallows the described kinds of construction. We suggest that the adjectival predicates that do not allow it (or Dative experiencer in Ukrainian) have CAUSE-head introducing a causing event in their structure which blocks it-insertion. Key words: Dative experiencer, expletive, CAUSE, it-extraposition, predicate, English, Ukrainian.

Functional profile of the lexeme ot in contemporary Polish: A cross-linguistic examination

The Polish lexeme ot, which has no direct English translation, is an expression used mainly in fictional writing. Over the past several hundred years, ot has changed its function and use. Most of the Polish language dictionaries consulted for this paper define the lexeme as a tool for indicating the speaker’s opinion that the subject matter at hand is trivial or insignificant. In one dictionary, ot is also defined as a deictic word. These definitions present only a general picture of the use of ot in modern-day Polish and do not fully account for the lexeme’s functions in individual contexts. This study seeks to create a detailed functional profile for ot by examining its English equivalents. Acting as convenient labels for or paraphrases of the lexeme’s functions, the equivalents are believed to be particularly helpful in identifying these functions. This study provides evidence that in contemporary Polish, ot is used as both a discourse marker (DM) and a deictic expression, yet there is a considerable imbalance between these two broad roles, with the former being the role that notably prevails. As a DM, the lexeme serves several specific functions, such as signalling insignificance, exemplification or explanation. In a wider context, this paper shows how a translation-based study may inform research on the functional potential of semantically elusive items.

Management of doses from medical exposures in interventional radiology: an integrative review

Interventional radiology (IR) uses minimally invasive image-guided procedures that may require a long duration and deliver high radiation doses to the patient. The most current studies on management and dose reduction in IR have shown to be of fundamental importance in radiation protection practices. The objective of this study was to survey what has been published in the national and international literature on the doses received by patients undergoing IR procedures. It consisted of an integrative review study carried out in Scielo, Pubmed, and INIS databases in the time frame of 2016-2021, using as descriptors: interventional radiology, radiation injuries, radiological protection, dosimetry; and their equivalents in English: interventional radiology, radiation injuries, radiological protection, and dosimetry. The initial sample consisted of 68 full articles related to the theme, published during the study period. Of these, 11 articles were selected and made up the final sample. The results indicate that the use of software in dose management and monitoring has proven to be an important tool in radiological protection. The implementation of dose reduction strategies and increased awareness about the use and effects of radiation result in significantly lower doses to both professionals and patients. No national study on dose management has been identified, highlighting the need to promote the subject in the country. The main recommendations identified were the introduction of technologies and the training of the workers involved.

Treatment of Pragmatic Information in the Chinese-English Dictionary

The study aims to investigate the pragmatic information in Chinese-English dictionaries. A general survey was made to examine the status quo of the pragmatic information in the existing Chinese-English dictionaries. It was found that all large- and medium-sized dictionaries under investigation provided some pragmatic information. However, these dictionaries only provided the pragmatic information about the Chinese headword but not the English equivalent. The author argues that since the target users of these dictionaries are Chinese EFL learners, they should state clearly the pragmatic differences between the headword in the source language and the equivalent in the target language. Moreover, the cultural notes provided should be focused on the English equivalents instead.

Subtitling Arabic profanities into English and that aggro: the case of West Beirut

The present article explores one of the most unexpected and unpredictable changes of taboo language by language users and its translation into English as can be illustrated in the analysis of a Lebanese movie entitled West Beirut. The article first argues that taboo language is surely far more difficult than any other types of language to deal with in subtitling. Such a language is inelegant, but so confusing insofar as subtitlers are concerned, apparently due to the degree of social acceptability of the profanities by various cultures on the one hand, and to the technical restrictions related to the subtitling process on the other. The article shows that in an attempt to ensure mastery of the intricacies resulted from the use of obscene-loaded language and technical constraints associated to them, subtitlers use a considerable number of translation strategies. The article adopts a two-integrated approach: Toury's (1995) product-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and ‘coupled pairsʼ to analyze the original dialogue and its English equivalent. The findings reveal that the subtitlers have resorted to six translation strategies while dealing with excessive taboo language density, namely cultural substitution (adaptation), literal translation, euphemism, omission, reformulation and change in the semantic field. It might then be concluded that utilizing some of these strategies have resulted in distortions of the original dialogue, while others have managed to reach its intended audience. Finally, the article highlights that cultural considerations play a major role in determining the translation strategies and their frequency in communicating taboo language into other cultures.

Emerging Political Expressions in Arab Spring for Translation Media with Implications Pedagogy

A sample of political expressions that have been common in Arab media since the Arab Spring in 2011 was collected from TV newscasts, online news websites and social media pages. Analysis of their structure, denotative and connotative meanings revealed the following features: (i) Use of lexical hybrids (اخوانجي- الدم قراطية – سني ستان - الحقيقة ليكس- عسكريتاريا; (ii) revival of ancient Islamic expressionsأمير المؤمنين - غزوة الموصل) ); (iii) use of blends (صهيوأمريكية); (iv) few borrowings (BRICS); (v) use of new acronyms (ISIS) with verbs, nouns and agents derived from them (دواعش استدعاش); and (vi) phonological and lexical substitutions in names of political and religious personalities that the users oppose (Kerdogan for Erdogan;حزب اللات for Hezbollah). Semantically, Arab Spring political terms refer to types of governments, places (towns), minority groups, religious sects, names of militia groups, weapons and military tactics, revolution squares that were not widely used before. They are also characterized by their non-literal use, i.e., use of loaded expressions, dysphemisms, and slurs that express disparagement, derogation, criticism, and disrespect towards those they oppose and towards the social and political situation as inالخرفان المتأسلمين - الفئة الضالة – شبيحة – الفلول - المخلوع. Translation and interpreting instructors need to integrate emerging political terms commonly used in the media in political and media translation courses. students majoring in translation and interpreting need to be familiar with new political terms and should be able to translate them from Arabic to English and vice versa. Students need to keep their own lists of new terms used in the media together with their equivalents in English or Arabic. They need to use Google Translate with caution as Google Translate usually gives incorrect word order in compounds. It also gives equivalents that do not match source terms in part of speech and in the type of derivative.

PHOR-in-One: A multilingual lexical database with PHonological, ORthographic and PHonographic word similarity estimates in four languages.

A large body of research seeking to explore how form affects lexical processing in bilinguals has suggested that orthographically similar translations (e.g., English-Portuguese "paper-papel") are responded to more quickly and accurately than words with little to no overlap (e.g., English-Portuguese "house-casa"). One of the most prominent algorithms to estimate orthographic similarity, the normalized Levenshtein distance (NLD), returns an index of the proportion of identical characters of two strings, and is an efficient and invaluable tool for the selection, manipulation, and control of verbal stimuli. Notwithstanding its many advantages for second-language research, the absence of a comparable measure for phonology has resulted in the adoption of different strategies to assess the degree of interlanguage phonological similarity across the literature, with profound implications for the interpretation of results on the relative role of orthographic and phonological similarity in bilingual lexical access. In the present work, we introduce PHOR-in-One, a multilingual lexical database with a set of phonological and orthographic NLD estimates for 6160 translation equivalents in American and British English, European Portuguese, German and Spanish in a total of 30,800 words. We also propose a new measure of phonographic NLD, a pooled index of orthographic and phonological similarity, particularly useful for researchers interested in controlling for and/or manipulating both estimates at once. PHOR-in-One includes a comprehensive characterization of its lexical entries, namely Part-of-Speech-dependent and independent frequency counts, number of letters and phonemes, and phonetic transcription. PHOR-in-One is thus a valuable tool to support bilingual and multilingual research.

On Chinese-English Translation Strategies of Null-subject Sentences

With the on-going globalization, foreign publicity, to which translation is indispensable, has served as a showcase for countries to demonstrate their soft power. The foreign publicity translation is now of greater significance as Covid-19 is still raging across the globe and the international landscape remains confusing and changing. The null-subject sentence is a sentence pattern, widely used, in Chinese, while there is no equivalence in English. Therefore, in terms of its translation, translators should adopt strategies in a flexible way. This paper summarizes four strategies frequently used in translating null-subject sentences in foreign publicity materials: to add a subject to the sentence, to change the sentence from active voice to passive voice, to change the subject of the sentence, and to use the imperative sentence. Besides, this paper analyzes the source and target texts in the report. It aims at providing reference for translation of null-subject sentences in foreign publicity materials.

An Examination of Pre-School Children's Interaction Levels and Motivation in Learning English with AR-Supported Educational Toys

In this study, the interactions of children in the English learning process with AR-supported educational toys were examined and the factors affecting their motivation were revealed. Based on the case study research design, this study included 15 volunteer children (10 girls, 5 boys) aged 5–6 years old. Children used AR-supported flashcards, match-cards, and puzzles to learn the English equivalents of vehicle names over the course of four weeks. At the end of the process, a total of 5 groups in groups of 3 were taken into the activity class separately, and their interactions while using AR applications were recorded with the camera. From the recordings, the interaction of the students with the material, their friends and their teachers, and their duration of occupation were noted on the observation form and analyzed descriptively. At the end of the implementation, interviews were conducted with 6 selected students. According to the results of the interaction, it was determined that the highest level of interaction was in the dimension of student-material interaction, and the lowest level of interaction was in the dimension of student-student interaction. In addition, the results related to motivation showed that there are many factors positively or negatively affecting preschool children's motivation in terms of attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction themes in the process of learning English vocabulary with AR-supported materials. It is thought that these detailed research results provide rich data for future research.