Equitable Distribution Of Power Research Articles

The Role of Critical Pedagogies in Early Childhood Education to Create Pathways into STEM for Racially Minoritized Communities

This longitudinal study examines the long-term impact of critical pedagogy on the academic and social development of students from a marginalized Mexican American borderland community, with a specific focus on their trajectories in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. Drawing on in-depth interviews with three students who participated in a critical pedagogical approach during their formative elementary years, this case study explores how power, agency, and curiosity were cultivated in the classroom and how these elements influenced the students’ pursuit of higher education and careers in STEM ten years later. The findings reveal that an equitable distribution of power and the fostering of student agency through critical-based pedagogies empowered students to engage critically with their learning and to challenge systemic barriers. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of early curiosity in sustaining students’ interest in STEM, despite encountering obstacles in higher education environments dominated by market-driven influences. By situating this research within the broader context of critical pedagogy and its emphasis on social justice, the study underscores the transformative potential of education in shaping the futures of minoritized students in STEM disciplines.

Factors that Promote Reciprocity within Community-Academic Partnership Initiation

Community-academic partnerships (CAPs) that embody reciprocity have demonstrated an ability to support solutions to complex societal challenges. In practice, such as within service-learning and community engagement (SLCE) efforts, developing reciprocal partnerships is difficult, and the resulting challenges can limit CAP effectiveness. Further empirical investigation is needed to strengthen both practitioner and researcher understanding of the development of reciprocal partnerships. Our team of three community and three academic partners employed a collaborative inquiry method to systematically explore, discuss, and create a shared understanding of the initiation of our partnership. Our analysis identifies three themes that can help community and academic members promote reciprocity as they initiate a CAP through equitable distribution of power: 1) preparation through prior experience and partnerships; 2) willingness to operate outside of status; and 3) integration of platforms that promote cross-pollination. We discuss how these findings provide a foundation for those seeking to develop CAPs that embody reciprocity.

The People-Centred Approach to Policymaking: Re-Imagining Evidence-Based Policy in Nigeria

The discourse on evidence-based policymaking in healthcare continues to explore sustainable solutions to current and emerging challenges. However, what constitutes evidence in health policymaking needs to be defined and agreed upon, especially in places with several forms of knowledge and ways of knowing. Researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders must understand the value of people-centred approaches to health policies, given the increased focus on equitable distribution of power and resources for sustained health outcomes. This paper argues that people’s values, lived experiences, and opinions are not always adequately considered when formulating health policies, especially in countries with diverse cultural and social norms. A country, like Nigeria, with many health challenges requires health policies based on contextual knowledge, given the country’s diverse lived experiences and values. Implementation researchers note that to ensure the adoption of evidence-based policies, researchers and implementers must intentionally incorporate elements for successful implementation into the planning and formulation of policies. Evidence shows that the policy development process in public health does not always adequately capture informal knowledge in the policy formulation process. With the lack of data on the role of informal knowledge in policymaking, Nigerian researchers could begin to examine the potential benefits these types of knowledge could have on policies. Future research could explore, and document experiences and lessons learned from other fields to apply these to public health.

The Aesthetics of Heritage in Harry Potter Films

This study aims to investigate Harry Potter films as including themes and video reflected the aesthetics of heritage films. The Harry Potter films also reflect British nostalgia and progressive views, reproducing the boarding school’s educational system for the privileged and the architectural solidity of ancient schools, therefore suggesting that Hogwarts itself is considered a world for the upper middle class. Films reproduce a male-centered society through masculine confrontation in Hogwarts, which is no longer safe. In addition, the Malfoy family, composed of pure-blood wizards, is set as an adversary; Hermione shows meritocracy and equitable distribution of power; and Harry Potter, a mixed-race hero, is confirmed as Hogwarts’ successor. Along with these themes, Diagon Alley displays Dickensian costumes, settings, and props; the Gringotts bank has an awe-inspiring and imposing appearance; and Hogwarts shows the visual aesthetics of heritage films in both its exterior and interior, and in students’ lives. The Harry Potter films, incredibly successful fantasy blockbusters, have British heritage cinematic characters that embrace national nostalgia and a progressive future in their narratives as well as in their visual reenactments. The heritage aesthetics of Harry Potter films also creates extensive added value by establishing a connection with various heritage industries.

Use of Arts-based Research to Uncover Racism

The article provides an overview of arts-based research (ABR) within social work and general healthcare practice in Canada, and how it can be used to uncover racism within vulnerable populations, particularly youth, women, immigrants and refugees, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) community, and Indigenous peoples. This is a general review of the literature. A literature search was conducted using the University of Western Ontario’s Summons database, with coverage from January 2000 to February 2019. Data exploring participant experiences, personal identity, voice, and invisible powers were extracted, and analyzed using a critical race lens to examine the intersection of societal and cultural practice with race and power.Results indicate that ABR can support therapeutic recovery from oppression by enhancing self-expression of feelings and thoughts, and affording participants the agency to reclaim and reframe their personal narrative. ABR can further generate a sense of community by creating connections between participants with similar oppressions to overcome disconnection and marginalization. Within a broader community context, ABR permits the sharing of stories and insights with others, which can generate dialogue on important social issues to expose areas of social inequity and oppression alongside potential solutions for transformative social action. This dialogue can also extend to discussions with policy makers on the impact of social inequities to guide recommendations that address system gaps for broader community-level change. The paper concludes that ABR can move beyond merely reflecting on social conditions toward actively addressing them by promoting sustainable social change. The voices expressed through ABR illustrate possible solutions to overcome racism through inclusive social practice, deconstruction of the racial status quo, and movement toward an equitable distribution of power.

Democracy in Afghanistan and External Actors

The US responded to the 9/11 terrorist attacks by invading Afghanistan. The US invasion had two perceived objectives: Military and Political. The military objective was to eliminate Al-Qaida and Taliban in order to restore peace, while the political dimension was to rebuild the Afghan state and society from scratch, to establish a healthy democratic system which would put Afghanistan on the road to prosperity. In Dec 2001, nearly all the Afghan stakeholders, except Taliban, gathered along with the representatives of international community in Bonn, Germany. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the plans which would help to materialize the dream of a stable and democratic Afghanistan. The project of democratic Afghanistan envisioned at Bonn Conference in 2001 is still far from being achieved. All the attempts made by international community to establish democracy in Afghanistan have not been met with success. The study begins with the premise that there are certain pre-conditions which enhance the growth of democracy and unless the conditions are met, democratic stability will remain a distant dream in Afghanistan. This study surveys and analyzes the deterioration of democratic system in Afghanistan with special reference to the role of ethnic cleavages and the menacing influence of foreign actors. The study recommends policies that are aimed at reducing ethnic polarization by ensuring more equitable distribution of power and resources coupled with a realistic approach on the part of Kabul to take into account the legitimate security interests of regional countries in order to compel them to play a constructive role for achieving peace and stability in Afghanistan.

Power, participation, and exclusion through dialogue in the extractive industries: Who gets a seat at the table?

Power inequities are omnipresent in contexts like mining where companies have the capacity to significantly impact the wellbeing of community stakeholders. One aspect arises in attention to Social Licence to Operate (SLO), which – conceptually and in practice – supports a greater provision of power to certain stakeholders by privileging their voices in the decision-making and approval processes of resource developments. How such voices are included involves processes falling under the banner of stakeholder engagement. One form of participatory engagement in the context of SLO – dialogue – was studied to examine how such power dynamics are seen to play out in early stages of resource development. We examined empirically the perceptions of stakeholder engagement practitioners involved in extractive industries regarding which community stakeholders tend to be included (or not) in dialogue. We also asked how they see decisions around such inclusion are being made and what other factors they sense facilitate or inhibit engagement in dialogue. Existing ‘top-down’ frameworks for stakeholder engagement were described to be particularly troublesome drivers of exclusion, particularly of minority groups, such as first nations peoples. Practitioners argued for more nuanced, emergent means for stakeholder identification to promote inclusivity. They also noted that a more equitable distribution of power in the dialogue process and more meaningful engagement required development of the capacity of dialogue participants, both company personnel and community members, to understand information, communicate effectively, and to deal with conflict. These results imply a need for further consideration of how inclusivity and diversity can be promoted in dialogue to better balance power asymmetries in mining contexts.

LA DESURBANIZACIÓN Y EL DERECHO A LA CIUDAD DESURBANIZADA

Cities are historically created as a collaborative work of different generations and derive from the possibilities created bylocal and climatic conditions, social relations and culture. Today, urbanization may appear as a way of organizing everyday hierarchical, exclusive, discriminatory and exploitative life through industrialized mass production of temporary, privatized, homogenized, fragmented, and power-oriented spaces. This mind-set and application generates several social and ecological problems. This article discusses the right to the city concept, and links it to the deurbanization approach as a social and ecological answer to the problems associated with current urban development. The methodology is supported by a review of the literature and an analysis of examples of works created in the De-Urban Design Studio. Results indicate that the deurbanization approach envisions creating resilient, equitable, non-hierarchical cities composed of communities that replace consumption via harmony with nature, that replace individualism and competition viacollaboration and solidarity, and that replace hegemonic relations via an equitable distribution of power.

Public policies in contemporary contexts: national and international Tendencies*

Public policies in contemporary contexts: national and international Tendencies * (Menicucci, Telma Maria Goncalves and Gontijo, Jose Geraldo Leandro. Gestao e Politicas Publicas no Cenario Contemporaneo: Tendencias Nacionais e Internacionais. Rio de Janeiro: FIOCRUZ, 2016)Organizing an edited volume is an intellectual endeavor that, when wellexecuted, results in a rich collection of perspectives, interpretations and contributions about a given subject, offering the reader valuable material for broadening their knowledge. This is the case for 'Gestao e Politicas Publicas no Cenario Contemporaneo' (Management and Public Policies in a Contemporary Context), organized by Telma Menicucci and Jose Geraldo Gontijo. It brings together articles by specialists and researchers from different teaching and research institutions in Brazil and abroad with experience in areas such as political science, public policy, public administration, sociology, and urban planning, among others. Throughout the 17 chapters, organized in five thematic sections, the authors introduce different frameworks, methodologies and perspectives, supplying the reader with a diversified overview of management and contemporary public policy.The first part of the edited volume brings together four chapters that look at the theoretical and empirical dimensions of governance, emphasizing different aspects of state performance and their interaction with society in the contemporary production of public policies. Jon Pierre's chapter highlights what he considers to be one of today's biggest paradoxes: the reduction of state capacity at the exact moment when society is becoming more complex. The argument developed by Pierre is that political leadership consists of an essential element for re-articulating the role of the government and reestablishing state capacity.Next, Volker Schneider investigates another aspect of governance: the distribution of power in public policy networks. Analyzing environmental policy networks in Germany, he examines the 'post-democracy' thesis, according to which advanced democracies should be in decline. His study reveals changes in the power structure of environmental policy networks, but in the opposite direction to that which would be expected by a 'post-democratic' perspective. This points to a more equitable distribution of power in more recent years.The conceptual debate about governance is next used by Eduardo Marques as the base for his study about urban public policies in Brazil. He introduces the debate about governance in Latin America and problematizes some associations that are commonly found in the literature. Investigating the case of Sao Paulo, he identifies distinct patterns of governance that vary depending on the actors participating, the structure of the decision-making process, and the degree of insulation of the state, among other elements. This contributes to the operationalization of the concept of governance in city-oriented public policy.The theoretical discussion about governance is taken up again by Roberto Pires and Alexandre Gomide, who examine the dimension of state capacity by looking at institutional arrangements for the implementation of public policies. Such a theoretical reflection sustains the empirical analysis about the recent experience of the Brazilian government. Pires and Gomide identify similarities between these programs, such as the formation of a complex network of actors during the implementation process, with an emphasis on the participation of state-owned enterprises and public banks and their interactions with the private sector. They also verify distinct aspects related to the participation of federal entities in the arrangements, openness to social participation, and intra-governmental centralization. Such findings help characterize the model of governance present in the federal government's arrangements of implementation, and contributes to studies about governance and state capacity in Brazil. …

Addressing the Knowledge Gaps in Agroecology and Identifying Guiding Principles for Transforming Conventional Agri-Food Systems

Today’s society faces many challenges when it comes to food production: producing food sustainably, producing enough of it, distributing food, consuming enough calories, consuming too many calories, consuming culturally-appropriate foods, and reducing the amount of food wasted. The distribution of power within the current mainstream agri-food system is dominated by multinational agri-businesses that control the flow of goods and wealth through the system. This hegemony has implemented a regime whose structures reinforce its control. A growing response to the current agri-food regime is the rise of agroecology, in both developed and developing country contexts. This is not a new phenomenon, but it has evolved over time from its Latin American origins. However, agroecology is not a monolithic block and represents many different perceptions of what it means to advance agroecology and ways in which it can help today’s society tackle the crisis of the agri-food system. This paper addresses these sometimes discordant view points, as well as the gaps in our knowledge regarding agroecology in an effort to lay out some guiding principles for how we can move forward in transforming the current agri-food system to achieve sustainability and a more equitable distribution of power and resources.

Book Review of "Teaching as Scholarship: Preparing Students for Professional Practice in Community Services"

Gingras, J., Robinson, P., Waddell, J., & Cooper, L. D. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching as scholarship: Preparing students for professional practice in community services. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Pages: 195. Price: CDN$ 34.64 (Paperback)At Canada's first national symposium on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) at the University of Toronto in 2005, the Concept of SoTL was introduced to a large group of Canada's university and college administrators. Along with this introduction, there were discussions around its significance to higher education as well as exploring how best to support it. In the same year, Ryerson University, like many other Canadian universities, established a research center with a principal focus on SoTL. In Teaching as Scholarship, a number of members of the Faculty of Community Service (FCS) at Ryerson University provided narratives of their educational practices inspired by the principles of SoTL. The primary focus of Teaching as Scholarship is to (a) explore new ways of bringing research and practice to the community scale for students, and (b) search for new approaches towards teaching and learning that are responsive to community needs. The significance of the book's discussions is in taking the ongoing changes of communities' needs into account and making necessary changes in the education of students who are going to work as (care) professionals within communities, accordingly. Since the focus of this book is on the fields dealing with care and/or social service provision (e.g. health care, social work, early childhood, etc.), aspects of social transformation, critical reflection, and ethics of care are highlighted throughout.The book is responding to a call to provide concrete outcomes of incorporating scholarship of teaching and learning towards the creation of positive impacts in the communities. One of the strategies proposed by Gingras et al. is to cross the boundaries of commonly-accepted meanings of teacher and researcher. This is brought about by including stakeholders (e.g., students) as partners in the process of teaching and knowledge dissemination. Kennedy and Jancar, in chapter two, explain how involving and supporting writing teaching assistants (TAs) and incorporating a focus group component in their faculty-wide writing skills initiative have led to more student engagement as well as effective learning outcomes. Bailey et al., in chapter four, describe the implementation of a pedagogical approach, Intellectual Partnerships (IPs), through which teachers and students are partners and engage in the co-creation of knowledge through creative and intellectual discussions and activities.Reflexive critique, and innovative and creative teaching practices grounded in a learner-centered context were among the other strategies, mentioned within the book, for the development of teaching and learning scholarship. In chapter seven, Gingras and Rudolph privileged and acquired a student-centered learning approach, in the context of health education, through involving students in the teaching process with the purpose of creating a space for more equitable distribution of power in learning contexts. Schwind, in the eighth chapter, shifts the focus to reflective processes as they allow for developing personal knowing in future practitioners aiming for more respectful relationships with those for whom they provide care. In the following chapter, Wehbi, Preston and Moffatt explain their experience of using art (particularly photography and multimedia) as a pedagogical approach for teaching about community issues.The purpose of Teaching as Scholarship is to provide a for educating students as professional care/service-providers within communities. At the same time, this frame is used to help secure aims of social justice (e.g., by advocating for inclusion and equity in educational practices), and social transformation. In order to address these goals, in several chapters the contributing authors articulate undertaking an ethic of care. …

Lived experience in teaching mental health nursing: issues of fear and power.

Australian mental health policy clearly articulates recovery focus as the underpinning of mental health services. Barriers to achieving a recovery focus are identified in the literature, with negative attitudes of health professionals receiving particular attention. The involvement of people with lived experience of significant mental health challenges and mental health service use is essential to enhancing more positive attitudes. Lived-experience involvement in the education of nurses is evident; however, it is generally limited and implemented on an ad hoc basis. Overall, there is a paucity of literature on this topic. A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken to elicit the views and perceptions of nurse academics and lived-experience educators about the inclusion of lived experience in mental health nursing education. One major theme to emerge from the research was issues of fear and power, which included three subthemes: facing fear, demystifying mental illness, and issues of power. Lived-experience involvement has an important role to play in the education of nurses in addressing fear and demystifying the experience of mental illness. The power that lived-experience educators exercised in their roles varied considerably, and for many, was limited. Therefore, the effectiveness of lived-experience involvement requires a more equitable distribution of power.

Gendered constructions of the impact of HIV and AIDS in the context of the HIV-positive seroconcordant heterosexual relationship

IntroductionThis article explores the complex, dynamic and contextual frameworks within which men working in a mining community and their live-in long-term partners or spouses (termed “couples” in this study) respond to the introduction of HIV into their heterosexual relationships; the way in which partners adopt gendered positions in enabling them to make sense of their illness; how they negotiate their respective masculine and feminine roles in response to the need for HIV-related lifestyle changes; as well as the gendered nature of partner support in relation to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) adherence.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth qualitative study with a sample of 12 HIV-positive seroconcordant heterosexual couples in a South African mining organization. Transcripts based on semi-structured couple's interviews were analyzed using an inductive emergent thematic analytical method.ResultsThe findings present compelling evidence that the impact of HIV and AIDS is mitigated, in the main, by the nature of the dyadic relationship. Where power and agency were skewed in accordance with traditional gender scripts, the impact of HIV and AIDS was deleterious in terms of negotiating disclosure, meeting expectations of care and support, and promoting treatment adherence. As a corollary, the study also revealed that where the relational dynamic evidenced a more equitable distribution of power, the challenge of negotiating illness was embraced in a way that strengthened the couples’ affiliation in profound ways, manifested not simply in a reduction in risk behaviours, but in both partner's courage to re-visit sensitive issues related to managing their relationship in the context of a debilitating illness.ConclusionsGendered positioning (by self and others) was found to play a crucial role in the way couples experienced HIV and ARV treatment, and underscored the positive role of a couples-counselling approach in the negotiation of the illness experience. However, as part of a broader social project, the findings highlight the need to address the shortcomings of a public health discourse on illness normalization that reifies and reinforces skewed gender relations. In essence, the findings make a compelling case for targeting couples as the primary unit of analysis and intervention in HIV and AIDS praxis, not only to enhance treatment and prevention outcomes, but to impact on and potentially transform the lived identity of such relationships, in AIDS-affected communities. We recommend early intervention with couples in terms of couples HIV testing, risk-reduction counselling and gender-based interventions giving couples opportunities to revisit and challenge their prevailing gendered identities. We note, however, that these efforts will be undermined in the long term, if the structural drivers of HIV risk and vulnerability, contained within macro-level social, economic and cultural practices, are not simultaneously addressed.

The Power of Community

While formally and informally recognized as being central to community action, the research and theoretical literature provide little insight into the processes behind the emergence of community power. When power is explored, it is usually presented in a macro context where a culmination of numerous efforts results in a critical stage leading to a more equitable distribution of power. Far less often is the micro level considered. At the latter level, power is often given only a passing reference as an expected outcome of local empowerment, civic engagement, and capacity-building activities. Generally, it is implied that power naturally emerges from the presence of the latter conditions. An explanation of the processes, mechanisms, and conditions in which community power emerges or fails to emerge remains unstated. To facilitate such an understanding, we seeks to: (1) Explore the ways in which power is conceptualized at the micro level as a component of community development and social change; and (2) provide a theoretical framework, based on a field theoretical perspective, for understanding the processes by which local citizens gain entree to power, as well as interact with elites that might otherwise limit the emergence of local capacity. Implications for future theoretical development are then offered.

Justice inside utopia? the case of intentional communities in New Zealand

This paper explores justice inside utopian communities, drawing on material gathered first‐hand in a recent survey of intentional communities in New Zealand. This countrywide study yielded many examples of effectively working systems and processes as well as warnings of what happens when utopias are founded on unjust distributions of power. The paper pursues the idea of justice as the equitable distribution of power. It seeks to identify working examples of procedural justice in which fair and equitable processes yield fair and equitable distribution of power. To this end consensus decision‐making and conflict resolution are examined in some detail. Consensus, it seems, is an effective way of enabling people to gain not only formal equality of power but also equal participation in making key decisions. Within the context of an egalitarian community, then, consensus is an example of procedural justice at its best. However, procedural justice on its own cannot ensure just outcomes. The article finishes by exploring this problem, calling for an approach that integrates procedural and substantive notions of justice.

Democratizing Global Economic Governance

The need for democratic governance of the global economy is increasingly apparent to growing numbers of people around the world. This is a core goal of the diffuse popular movement that is often labelled ‘anti-globalization’and more accurately described as a movement for global justice. In the political arena, global justice requires a more equitable distribution of power; in the economic arena, it requires a more equitable distribution of wealth and income. The problem, of course, is how to get from here to there. In this comment, the author discusses three of Keith Griffin’s recommendations. The first is his insistence, in common with many economists, that trade policy instruments should ‘almost never’ be used to protect the environment. The second is his endorsement of the creation of United Nations ‘peace enforcement’ units, a step proposed by UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali in 1995. The third is his suggestion that the World Bank be scrapped and replaced by a tax-and-transfer scheme that would redistribute income automatically from rich countries to poor countries. The article concludes with some thoughts on what ‘democratization’ means, and why it is important. This is an electronic version of an article published in Development and Change: complete citation information for the final version of the paper, as published in the print edition of Development and Change, is available on the Blackwell Synergy online delivery service, accessible via the journal's website at: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=00 12-155X&site=1 or http://www.blackwell-synergy.com

Community Natural Resource Management: Promise, Rhetoric, and Reality

Community natural resource management (CNRM) has been extensively promoted in recent years as an approach for pursuing biological conservation and socioeconomic objectives. The rationale for CNRM is often compelling and convincing. Relatively little data exists, however, regarding its implementation, particularly the reconciliation of social and environmental goals. This article summarizes empirical evidence regarding the implementation of CNRM, based on five case studies in Nepal, the U.S. states of Alaska and Washington, and Kenya. Six social and environmental indicators are used to evaluate and compare these cases, including equity, empowerment, conflict resolution, knowledge and awareness, biodiversity protection, and sustainable resource utilization. The results of this analysis indicate that, despite sincere attempts and some success, serious deficiencies are widely evident. In especially Nepal and Kenya, CNRM rarely resulted in more equitable distribution of power and economic benefits, reduced conflict, increased consideration of traditional or modern environmental knowledge, protection of biological diversity, or sustainable resource use. By contrast, CNRM in the North American cases was more successful. Institutional, environmental, and organizational factors help explain the observed differences.

Cross-Functional Dynamics in New Product Development

OVERVIEW:Managing human interactions and the transfer of technology and ideas among individuals and functional groups can be the most challenging aspect of new product development. Interaction, information sharing and cross-fertilization of ideas among people from R&D, production, marketing, and other functional groups is essential. However, problems arise when people with dissimilar orientations, experiences and interests are called upon to interact, make decisions, and participate in a co-creative endeavor like new product development. A closer examination of the human interaction processes that characterize new product development shows that effective leadership as well as followership, equitable distribution of power and a concern for building collaboration among participants can make human interactions more productive, facilitating the progress of ideas across the organization.

Change in Spouse age Difference at Marriage: A Challenge to Traditional Family and Sex Roles?

We speculate that four broad societal changes (postponement of marriage by large numbers of women, dispersion of divorce throughout the life cycle, more equitable distribution of power between men and women, and wide swings in fertility) should eventually affect male-female age difference at marriage—i.e., the age-mating gradient. Examination of age difference at marriage from 1930–1980 in a central Florida county shows a trend toward increasing percentages of women marrying men younger than themselves. Data on all marriages for 1985 for this same county (N = 7,021) indicates a continuation of this trend. Previous investigation of the age-mating gradient disclosed that age at marriage and marriage parity are related to the percentage of marriages in which the age-mating gradient is “followed.' Using the proportion marrying mates older or younger by three or more years as a conservative measure of the violation of the age-mating gradient, we find that the persons most likely to deviate from the traditional age-mating gradient were men ages 24–29, women over 30, and those persons who were marrying for the second, third, or later time. Some suggested explanations for these patterns are offered.

Democracy at Work

Tom Schuller takes as a starting point his belief that there should be a more equitable distribution of power between management and work-force. He reviews the variety of conceptual approaches to industrial democracy and proposes a simple framework for analysis. He concludes that democracy at work necessarily involves the articulation of collective interests, and suggests dimensions in terms of which these interests can most usefully be defined.