Heat Treatment Equipment Research Articles

Characteristics research of a low thrust rocket engine manufactured using additive SLM technology

The development and improvement of rocket and space technology are largely determined by the application of manufacturing technologies that enable the production of high-reliability products with energy efficiency, while simultaneously reducing material intensity and shortening the production cycle. Among these progressive technologies, additive technologies should be mentioned. The essence of these technologies lies in obtaining parts through layer-by-layer melting of material based on a computer 3D model of the product in a chamber of a specialized 3D printer equipped with a laser device. The application of additive technologies in rocket engine construction requires extensive scientific research and experimental work to confirm compliance with industry standards, rules, and mandatory certification at the state level. In accordance with the program of priority research at SibSU, in collaboration with the industrial partner “Polychrome” LLC a complex of experimental work is being carried out to test and refine the 3D printing modes of a demonstrator model of a low thrust rocket engine (LTRE). The design of the LTRE, operating on environmentally friendly gaseous fuel components, has been developed and adapted for 3D printing on the ASTRA 420 printer. The parameters and characteristics of the printer are considered, and the sequence of experimental work on selecting printing modes for the engine chamber housing and mixing head is outlined. The fundamental possibility of adjusting the modes of laser material melting and forming of the part has been established. The main technological stages of post-printing processing of LTRE chamber parts are presented. A description of the equipment for heat treatment and electrochemical polishing of parts is provided. The sequence of material structure research is outlined, and the results of metallographic and X-ray analysis of the internal state of the metal are presented. The importance of stand tests of rocket engines in the development of innovative design solutions and the implementation of innovative production technologies is demonstrated. A description and composition of the testing stand system at SibSU are presented. The results of stand firing tests indicate the fundamental possibility of manufacturing LTRE using selective laser melting of heat-resistant alloy.

Processing and Properties of Single-Crystal Copper Wire.

The effects of drawing parameters and annealing process on the properties and microstructure of single crystal copper wire are studied using a wire-drawing machine, heat-treatment equipment, microcomputer-controlled electronic universal tester, resistance tester, and scanning electron microscope. The results show that, after drawing the single-crystal copper wire with a single-pass deformation of 14%, the grains elongate along the tensile direction, tensile strength increases from 500.83 MPa to 615.5 Mpa, and resistivity changes from 1.745 × 10-8 Ω·m to 1.732 × 10-8 Ω·m. After drawing at a drawing rate of 500 m/min, the degree of grain refinement increases and tensile strength increases from 615.5 Mpa to 660.26 Mpa. When a copper wire of Φ0.08 mm is annealed, its tensile strength decreases from 660.26 Mpa to 224.7 Mpa, and elongation increases from 1.494% to 19.87% when the annealing temperature increases to 400 °C. When the annealing temperature increases to 550 °C, the tensile strength and elongation decrease to 214.4 MPa and 12.18%, respectively.

Study on the Effect of Cold Deformation and Heat Treatment on the Properties of Cu-Ag Alloy Wire.

The effects of various drawing parameters and annealing processes on the structure and properties of Cu-Ag wires, containing 1 wt% silver, were investigated using specialized equipment including fine wire-drawing machines, very fine wire-drawing machines, heat treatment equipment, tensile testing machines, microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testers, resistance testers, and scanning electron microscopes. The results revealed that continuous drawing of Cu-1%Ag alloy wires led to elongation of the grains, resulting in a uniform and tightly fibrous microstructure. Moreover, the tensile strength of the alloy wire increased from 670 MPa to 783.9 MPa after a single pass with a deformation of 14%. Subsequently, when the wire was drawn at a speed of 500 m/min, the tensile strength further increased to 820.1 MPa. After annealing the Փ0.08 mm Cu-1% Ag alloy wire, an increase in annealing temperature up to 500 °C resulted in the wire's tensile strength decreasing from 820.1 MPa to 377.5 MPa. Simultaneously, the elongation increased from 1.94% to 15.21%, and the resistivity decreased from 1.931 × 10-8 Ω·m to 1.723 × 10-8 Ω·m. Additionally, when annealing was conducted at a rate of 80 m/min, the wire resistivity dropped to 1.635 × 10-8 Ω·m.

Temperature Regulation of Hot Vapor Preservation Treatment of Litchi Based on PSO-Fuzzy PID

In this paper, a control method was designed based on particle swarm optimization (PSO)–fuzzy PID (PSO-Fuzzy PID). In order to address the issues of significant nonlinearity and extensive hysteresis in the vapor temperature of litchi hot vapor preservation treatment equipment, as well as the inadequacy of traditional control schemes, a PSO-Fuzzy PID controller was developed through the integration of particle swarm optimization and fuzzy logic algorithms. This controller incorporates a scale factor and quantization factor, building upon the foundation of the Fuzzy PID controller. Additionally, a transfer function model was established for both the heating and disturbance links, utilizing a combination of test data modeling methods and relevant theory. Thirdly, a system simulation model was built to compare and verify PID, Fuzzy PID, and PSO-Fuzzy PID control methods, which were carried out on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform. Finally, the litchi load test was conducted to further verify the control performance of the PSO-Fuzzy PID method, where the litchi variety was “Jinggang Hongnuo”. The simulation results showed that the overshoot of the optimized control system was reduced by 93.5% and 42.9% compared with the traditional PID control and Fuzzy PID, and the regulation time was shortened by 46% and 31%, which indicates a better control effect. The test results showed that PSO-Fuzzy PID showed better system stability and accuracy than the fuzzy PID control method in different processing temperature and processing time for litchi’s hot vapor treatment. The maximum temperature difference decreased by 0.56 °C on average and the interference adjustment time was reduced by 7.5 s on average. PSO-Fuzzy PID has a good control effect on the temperature of litchi hot vapor treatment, which can provide a reference for model building and temperature control of other similar fruit and vegetable heat treatment equipment.

The manufacture and reliability analysis of the all-rigid Fabry–Perot resonator for fiber-optic acoustic sensors

By the continuous development of aerospace, petroleum exploration, and other industrial fields, the fiber-optic acoustic sensor (FOAS) with high reliability is a desideration sensor, which can be used for noise monitoring in the extremely harsh environment. The FOAS based on the all-rigid Fabry–Perot resonator (FPR) relies on the new acoustic sensitive principle, where the change in the air refractive index is induced by sound waves and gets rid of the distortion caused by the mechanical characteristics of the acoustic sensor based on the movable parts. So, the FPR-based FOAS is very suitable for acoustic sensing in the harsh environment. In this paper, the reliability of this kind of FOASs is simulated and analyzed. The modal and anti-vibration simulation results of FPR with different sizes show that the FPR has a high natural frequency, and the external vibration environment does not affect the acoustic sensitivity of the FPR. The micro and small-batch all-rigid FPR can be manufactured by the optical contact. Moreover, the FPR can withstand the high temperature of 500°C that is verified by rapid heat treatment equipment. In order to improve the reliability of the FOAS, the metal packing shell is designed and fabricated. Moreover, the vibration and high-temperature tests of the packaged sensor are carried out. The two groups of tests show that the sensor can work normally under 10 g of acceleration vibration and 200°C high temperature, respectively. Therefore, the FOAS based on the FPR has high reliability and is very suitable for noise monitoring in the extreme harsh environment of various industrial fields. Furthermore, the research results of this paper will enhance the competitiveness and influence of the commercialized FOAS.

Diskussion über energiesparende und emissionsreduzierende Technologien für Wärmebehandlungsanlagen

Diskussion über energiesparende und emissionsreduzierende Technologien für Wärmebehandlungsanlagen

EFFECTS OF THERMAL TREATMENT OF WOOD AND COLOR CHANGE ON ASPEN AND SPRUCE TIMBER

This publication shows the effects of heat treatment of wood and the results of discoloration on wood such as aspen and spruce. The wood is subjected to heat treatment at various temperatures using the wood heat treatment equipment of the Finnish company.

Термообработка слизистых субпродуктов под воздействием электрофизических факторов: разработка установки

Low efficiency of equipment for heat treatment, disinfection and removal of unpleasant odour of substandard mucous by-products urges the development of an installation that provides for the complex effect of ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field, ozone and bactericidal flow of ultraviolet rays. The paper presents the technology and describes the installation developed by the authors. The installation ensures electromagnetic safety and uniformity of loading according to the penetration depth of the wave. The duration of raw material treatment is matched with the specific power of the microwave generator, the power of the lamps and with the rotation frequency of the compartment disc. The electric field strength has been studied in the CST Microwave Studio program. The developed installation contains a resonator in the form of a flattened spheroid with diameters of the main axes multiple of half the wavelength. Magnetrons are placed on the upper surface of the spheroid along the perimeter. On the inner surface of the spheroid, where there are corona needles, ring electro-gas-discharge lamps powered from pulsed modeled high-frequency generators are uniformly installed along the perimeter through the gap. The source of radiation in the bactericidal lamp is an electric discharge in a mixture of mercury vapour and argon. A fluoroplastic perforated disc is installed at the level of the large diameter of the spheroid, on which mucous by-products are treated. The conducted research shows that the intrinsic factor of quality of the spheroid resonator is 9000. The heat treatment and disinfection of raw materials is most effective at the plant productivity of 50 kg/h, electric field strength of 3 to 4 kV/cm, disc rotation frequency of 0.17 to 0.2 rpm and a specific power of the microwave generator of 1.2 W/g. Power consumption amounted to 6.6 kW, while energy costs were 0.132 kW∙h/kg.

Effects of post cooling on the remnant polarization and coercive field characteristics of atomic layer deposited Al-doped HfO2 thin films

A study was conducted on how the cooling rate after the phase change heat treatment required to secure the ferroelectric (FE) properties affects the ferroelectricity of Al-doped HfO2 (Al:HfO2) thin films. When cooling the thin film to room temperature after heat treatment, the cooling rate was controlled through slow chamber cooling, which maintains and cools the sample inside the heat treatment equipment, slightly faster air cooling, and rapid cooling using deionized water. We achieved the dramatic increase of remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive electric field (Ec) using rapid quenching after phase change heat treatment. The 2Pr and 2Ec values of rapid quenched FE Al:HfO2 thin film are approximately ∼100 μC/cm2 and ∼9.5 MV/cm, respectively, which are the highest records among HfO2-based FE thin films reported so far. These significant improvements are attributed to inducing homogeneously distributed defects complexes and higher stress/confinement strain within Al:HfO2 thin film, leading to preventing pinched hysteresis loop and stabilize orthorhombic crystal structure. Furthermore, endurance up to 2 × 106 cycles and reasonable projected 10 years retention properties were achieved, stably without wake-up and fatigue in quenched FE Al:HfO2 capacitor. These results propose a beneficial method to improve the ferroelectricity of HfO2-based thin films.

Design of Saline Gel Coil for Inner Heating of Electrolyte Solution and Liquid Foods under Induced Electric Field.

As an emerging electrotechnology, induced electric field has attracted extensive attention in the development of innovative heat treatment equipment. In this study, a resistance heating unit based on induced electric field was built for inner heating of aqueous electrolyte solutions as well as liquid foods, such as vinegar. NaCl solutions and liquid foods with different conductivity were used to investigate the thermal effect and temperature rise of samples. Saline gel composed of 3% agar powder and 20% NaCl acted as a coil of conductor for inducing high-level output voltage. The utilization of the saline gel coil significantly improved the power conversion efficiency of the heating unit as well as the heating rate. The results revealed that duty cycle and applied frequency had immediate impact on the efficiency of inner heating. Additionally, the rate of temperature rise was proportional to the conductivity of the sample. The temperature of 200 mL NaCl solution (0.6%) increased from 25 °C to 100 °C in 3 min at 40% duty cycle and 60 kHz of applied frequency, and it was a circulating-flow process. The maximum temperature rise of black vinegar was 39.6 °C in 15 s at 60 kHz and 60% duty cycle, while that of white vinegar was 32.2 °C in 30 s under same conditions, whereas it was a continuous-flow process. This novel heating system has realized the inner heating of liquid samples.

COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE THERMAL PROCESS IN AN INDIVIDUAL CYLINDRICAL PARTICLE

he paper proposes a one-dimensional mathematical model of thermal conductivity in a cylinder under conditions of convective heat exchange with an external gas medium based on the difference formulation of Fourier's law of thermal conductivity. Parametric identification was per-formed for the proposed model based on the use of known data and empirical regularities for the material constants of the process. The mentioned data made it possible to adapt a mathematical model to describe the process of heat treatment of granular fuel particles. The verification of the operability of the physical and mathematical model proposed in this way was performed by com-paring the calculated forecasts obtained with the data of a full-scale experiment. For a full-scale experiment fuel particles were prepared in such a way that thermocouple junctions were placed attwo points inside each of them. The presence of thermocouple junctions directly inside the particles made it possible to fix local temperature values of the material during its heat treatment. Particles with thermocouples were placed in the apparatus withthe active hydrodynamic regime of a heating gas medium. Thus, during the computational and experimental study, kinetic characteristics of heating thermally massive cylindrical bodies were obtained under three different hydrodynamic regimes. The calculatedforecasts and experimental data are in good agreement for engineering calculations, which indicates sufficient predictive effectiveness of the proposed physical and math-ematical model and makes it possible to consider it as a reliable basis for constructing computer methods for calculating heat transfer processes. The proposed mathematical model can also serve as an element for assembling more complex discrete models of heat and mass transfer processes in a single particle and/or models of the functioning of technological equipment for heat treat-ment of bulk media.

Steel 기판에 듀얼 스퍼터를 이용한 Cr과 Al의 증착 및 열처리 효과

In this paper, chromium and aluminum were simultaneously deposited with equipment capable of growing two different metal films for various data related to steel substrates. After that, the surface shape of the coated metal film was changed using a heat treatment equipment. The heat treatment conditions were carried out for about 1200s at each temperature of 150°C, 350°C, and 550°C. In the sample observed with the naked eye, different colors were displayed at 550°C. In order to analyze the cause of this phenomenon, the surface was first observed with an electron microscope, and the morphology was different according to the temperature. In the sample before heat treatment, the roughness value was the largest at 16.9 nm, and showed a tendency to increase with temperature to 8.4 nm at 150°C, 10.2nm at 350°C, and 12nm at 550°C. The sheet resistance decreases from 0.052ohm/sq. to 0.023ohm/sq. as the annealing temperature increases from room temperature to 550°C. The optical reflectance results can be explained by electron microscopy images. For the realization of a flexible system on a steel material, the results of this study will be applied to solar cell devices in the future to evaluate its potential.

A Non-Dominated Genetic Algorithm Based on Decoding Rule of Heat Treatment Equipment Volume and Job Delivery Date

This paper investigated the flexible job-shop scheduling problem with the heat treatment process. To solve this problem, we built an unified mathematical model of the heat treatment process and machining process. Up to now, this problem has not been investigated much. Based on the features of this problem, we are intended to minimize Cmax, maximize the space utilization rate of heat treatment equipment, and minimize the total delay penalty to optimize the scheduling. By taking the dynamic process arrival under consideration, this paper proposed a set of decoding rules based on the heat treatment equipment volume and job delivery date to achieve a hybrid dynamic scheduling solution during one scheduling procedure. When the utilization rate of heat treatment equipment volume is maximized, and the job delivery date is taken under consideration, it is preferred to minimize the number of workpiece batches in the same job, and reduce the waiting time of the pending job. In combination with the improved adaptive non-dominated genetic algorithm, we worked out the solution. Furthermore, we verified the effectiveness of the proposed decoding rules and improved algorithm through algorithm comparison and calculation results. Finally, a software system for algorithm verification and algorithm comparison was developed to verify the validity of our proposed algorithm.

Scientific and Methodological Bases of Exergetic Analysis of the Processes of Heat Treatment of Concrete Products in Heat Technology Installations. Part 2

This article is the second part of the research devoted to the exergetic analysis of heat treatment processes of concrete products in heat technology installations. In the first part, the issues of calculating the exergy of a concrete mixture and hardening concrete have been considered, taking into account all the components of the exergy, viz. reaction, concentration and thermomechanical ones. In the present part of the study, exergetic criteria are proposed that make it possible to evaluate the energy efficiency of the operating modes of heat-technological equipment for the heat treatment of concrete products. These include the degree of thermodynamic perfection of a heat-power system, which is used to evaluate the completeness of the use of the exergetic input; thermodynamic efficiency of the system of heat treatment of concrete products in heat technology installations, representing the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the heat power system that is calculated without taking into account all the components of the sum of transit exergies; thermodynamic efficiency of the heat treatment system, taking into account the exergetic efficiency of the system of heat energy production and transportation; the degree of technological perfection that indicates at the portion of the exergy supplied to the heat technology installation for the heat treatment of concrete products is intended to obtain a technological result. To calculate the listed indicators and characteristics, a mathematical apparatus is proposed that takes into account the mass of the concrete product, the specific mass exergy of cement and hardening concrete, the specified degree of hydration of cement in concrete at the end of heat treatment, the exergetic flows supplied to the product in a heat technology installation during its heat treatment, and numerical indicators characterizing the incompleteness of the cement hydration process. The results obtained in this paper are discussed from the viewpoint of their applicability in the selection of heat treatment modes. They can be used in the selection of energy-saving modes of heat-technological equipment for industrial heat treatment of concrete products.

Analysis and Predicting the Energy Consumption of Low-Pressure Carburising Processes

The monitoring of the performance of heat treatment equipment has been the subject of a number of studies. This paper proposes and explores a new study on the models—and the monitoring thereof—for predicting the energy intensity of low-pressure carburisation processes using the DeepCaseMaster Evolution soaking furnace. For research purposes, 18 carburising experiments were performed with different carbon layers, at different input parameters, such as the number of cycles, time, temperature and average carburising pressure. Based on the research experiments conducted and statistical analysis, the influence of individual parameters on the energy consumption of the pump and heating systems was determined. Moreover, the models were verified on real data of low-pressure carburising processes. The innovativeness of the proposed solution is a combination of two areas: (1) defining and measurement of the parameters of the low-pressure carburising process; and (2) predicting the energy consumption of low-pressure carburising processes using correlation and regression analyses. The possibilities of using the results of this research in practice are demonstrated convincingly.

Image Processing System based on Deep Learning for Safety of Heat Treatment Equipment

Image Processing System based on Deep Learning for Safety of Heat Treatment Equipment

Development Research on Integrating CNC Machine Tool with Plasma for Online Surface Heat Treatment

In this study, the plasma was integrated with a lathe, and the online heat treatment was performed to achieve mechanical strength and hardness, to reduce the machining process and handling. However, for online heat treatment of cast iron FC25, it is important to study the parameters of the lathe and plasma, and the research method is used eventually to optimize the process and reduce the machining cost and machining error. The variable factors in the surface online real‐time heat treatment are spindle speed, feed rate, and current, and the objective function is the hardness of mechanical properties. In the screening experiment, the interaction of factors was discussed using a full factorial experiment. The Central Composite Design was combined with the Lack‐of‐Fit test for the optimization experiment, and the R2 coefficient was used to determine whether the regression model is appropriate. The optimum parameters were derived from the contour diagram and response surface diagram. The experimental results show that the significant factors include spindle speed, feed rate, and current and the optimum parameters include spindle speed of 168 rpm, feed rate of 0.068 mm/rev, and current of 86 A. The experimental results of optimum parameters show that the surface hardness is increased from 306 HLD to 806 HLD and the surface hardening effect is enhanced by 163%, so the online real‐time heat treatment equipment has the best hardening effect.

The CFETR CSMC Nb3Sn Coil Heat Treatment Process Research

The CSMC are major components of CFETR to generate the magnetic field for Simulating the Central Solenoid coil manufacturing process. The heat treatment process of Nb3Sn coil is an important process in the manufacturing process of CSMC. It is of great significance to design a reasonable heat treatment process for CSMC manufacturing. Several trials were performed to qualify and optimize the heat treatment procedure of the Central Solenoid coil. In the trials, 1) Designed the heat treatment process parameters of the coil; 2) Adjusted the heat treatment equipment and tested the process; 3) Evaluated the rationality of heat treatment process according to the Ic sample test results.Now, the heat treatment trials of Nb3Sn inner coil and outer coil have been finished. The inner coil have been described in this paper.

Research on Calibration Method of Temperature Field for Large Sealed High Temperature Equipment

Large sealed high temperature equipment usually refers to heat treatment equipment with a volume of more than 0.15m3, sealed structure and internal heating and constant temperature function. It is widely used in the fields of biochemistry, chemical pharmacy, medical and health, agricultural research, automobile and military industry. It`s a very important processing equipment. The accuracy of temperature field and vacuum sealing directly affect the quality of products. Taking the hot-pressing tank as an example, the furnace temperature tracker and wireless pressure module are used to calibrate it on the spot. According to the calibration results of temperature field distribution and temperature field performance, whether it meets the process requirements is analyzed.

Electrotechnical Problems during Induction Hardening of Large Products

Modern installations of induction heat treatment of large rolls of rolling mills are considered. The equipment and technology of induction heat treatment of mill rolls should be designed so as to guarantee heat-treatment quality. The main electrotechnical problems arising when designing induction heat treatment equipment for large rolls of rolling mills are formulated. The power supply circuits of the installation for hardening of the rolls were selected and justified, and the main problems arising when developing inductors are set out. The choice of operating current frequency is considered. A new structure of inductors for hardening of large rolls is proposed. Computer models for calculating the electromagnetic and temperature fields upon heat treatment of rolls are developed. A universal method of digital design of induction heat treatment installations is considered. The energy characteristics of inductors for hardening of the rolls of rolling mills are analyzed. The developed digital twin of inductors makes it possible to significantly shorten the experimental investigations of induction hardening of the rolls and the conditions of startup works and use digital control systems to achieve the highest quality of heat treatment of the rolls.