Elements Of Equipment Research Articles

Analyzing the load for the design elements of the working equipment of the loader with a telescopic boom

Problem. The pace of road construction and reconstruction dictates high requirements for modern equipment, and in most cases the requirements relate to work equipment. When performing technological operations, external loads are transmitted through the main working body to all elements of work equipment, components and parts of the machine as a whole. Methodology. The use of software products makes it possible to preanalyze any combinations of design, modeling, as well as strength studies and strength testing. On the basis of the obtained data, it is possible to analyze the load in the nodes of the metal structure of the working equipment without conducting field tests. The work is a continuation of previous studies using computer modeling methods in the engineering industry. Designing or modernization of technical objects at the moment is impossible without creating three-dimensional models. The purpose of this work is to develop a digital model of the telescopic loader equipment in the "Dynamic Simulation" environment of the Autodesk Inventor software package, to perform research on the kinematics of movement and load modes of individual elements. The use of telescopic working equipment expands the capabilities of front loaders on a wheel base, but in turn, leads to an increase in material costs during design and production. Results. The process of separate scooping of bulk material in a stack is considered, which consists in introducing a bucket into the stack with a progressive movement followed by stopping the loader and turning the bucket. Originality. The main forces acting on the working equipment during the rotation of the bucket and the boom during the scooping process are the gravitational forces of the elements of the working equipment, non-conservative forces arising in the cylindrical surface of the section and the normal force from the side of the wall of the stack of material. Practical value. External loads are applied to the edge of the bucket. Their direction depends on the trajectory of the working equipment and in the process of simulation they changed depending on the current vertical coordinate of the cutting edge of the bucket.

Study of the influence of pollution particles of 5 мkм and less on the anti-wear properties of the working fluids of hydraulic drives of construction and road machinery

Problem. An analysis of the impact of contamination of the working fluid on the state of the hydraulic equipment elements of construction and road machines, the efficiency of their operation, and also the use of the coefficient of anti-wear properties to determine the service life of working fluids is presented. The equation of the dependence of the wear rate of hydraulic equipment elements on the coefficient was obtained. Operational tests of the GR165 motor grader were also carried out, which showed that the service life of the Hydro HV 46 working fluid according to the coefficient of anti-wear properties is approximately 1184 machine hours. Methodology. In the process of studying the state of the matter, the method of analysis was used, and in theoretical studies – the analytical method, which is based on the theory of interaction of working bodies with the developed environment, as well as the provisions of the theory of reliability, probability and mathematical statistics. Results. The research results showed that coefficient Kj of anti-wear properties can be the only integral indicator of the quality of working fluids and determine their service life in hydraulic drives of Construction machines. Originality. The equation was obtained for the rate of wear, taking into account the interaction of charged particles of wear with friction surfaces. For the stationary friction mode, the equation of the balance of the contamination particles that are part of the working fluids of the hydraulic actuators and the rate of wear of friction vapor were obtained. The use of KJ coefficient as an indicator of working fluids of hydraulic drives of construction machines is presented. Practical value. The research results showed that the coefficient Kj of anti-wear properties can be the only integral indicator of the quality of working fluids and determine their service life in hydraulic drives of Construction machines.

Технико-экономические аспекты цифрового моделирования строительных объектов энергетики

Digital modeling is being introduced into design, management, and research. With the help of a digital model, various scenarios of the object's existence can be played out. Rational technical solutions can be found and tested. In order to determine the optimal parameters of the object, a module for the economic evaluation of technical solutions should be created as part of the digital model. For an power plant facility, three levels of objects of the studied solutions are distinguished: design solutions of the power plant as a whole; system solutions of individual technological systems, buildings and structures; partial technical solutions of individual elements of equipment and structures. At each level, economic methods differ. Various formulations of economic calculations are proposed

DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES FOR EXPLOSIVES

There has been a rapid development of 3D printing technology at the turn of recent years. Additive manufacturing is expanding into more and more industries, from very small and high-precision components production in biomedical engineering to the manufacture of rocket modules in the aerospace industry. The possibilities of using additive manufacturing technology in the defence industry are also being considered, where printing techniques are being developed, including not only the production of equipment elements, but also direct printing of explosives. The article presents the current level of knowledge on 3D printing of explosives. In addition, the most frequently used techniques of additive manufacturing and their practical application by various research and development facilities were presented. It is also focused on the characterization of materials currently used for printing and the modification of the manufacturing techniques.

The Mutual Effect Study of Horizontal and Vertical Loads on the Elastic Tank Partially Filled with Liquid

Modern equipment elements in the energy, chemical industry, transport, aviation, and space engineering work under conditions of increased technological loads, at high temperatures and pressure levels. At the same time, the equipment is usually exposed to external loads of various natures. Hydroelastic phenomena must also be taken into account in designing and modernizing tanks and storage facilities for flammable and combustible substances. Flammable and combustible liquid accumulation leads to the increased environmental and fire hazard of such objects. The possible dangerous liquid leakage and tank depressurization negatively affect the surrounding area environment state. A fire in the tank is one of the most dangerous emergencies that could lead both to significant material and environmental damage and to human casualties. The paper treats the environmental hazards reducing problem from liquid hydrocarbon spills from storage tanks, which lead to destructive effects on all environment components especially during emergency situations. It has been established for sufficiently thin tank elastic walls, the fundamental frequency during coupled oscillations could be much lower than the frequency of the fluid in the shell with rigid walls. As the thickness of the tank wall increases, this effect becomes insignificant, and the lower oscillation frequency of the shell with liquid approaches the oscillation frequency of the liquid in a rigid tank. Parametric resonance and sub-resonance effects have been treated.

Determining the maximum turning force of the hydraulic backhoe excavator bucket

Introduction. Single-bucket excavators with both flexible and rigid suspension of work equipment are actively engaged in construction, stripping work and production mining. Excavators with rigid suspension are commonly used in construction, while excavators with flexible suspension are used in mining practice. This work considers the process of excavating rock with a single-bucket hydraulic backhoe excavator. The reliability and durability of excavators depend on the correct choice of the parameters of work equipment elements. Research objective is to determine the maximum turning force of the bucket of a hydraulic backhoe excavator, taking into account soil friction against the bucket bottom and side plates during rock excavation. Methods of research. When the maximum force on the bucket turning hydraulic-cylinder rods in the course of rock excavation is analytically defined, it is advisable to consider digging a trench in plain surface or in the open-pit in plain surface of a stope face provided that per one turn the bucket is filled to capacity. In this case, a segment of soil cut from the rock mass has maximum depth of cut as compared to other excavation methods. Total excavation resistance includes: resistance arising from cutting rock with a bucket with maximum depth of cut; resistance associated with the impact of gravity of the rock mass on the bucket; resistance associated with rock mass friction against the bucket bottom; resistance associated with rock mass friction against the inner surfaces of the bucket side plates. Results. The dependence has been determined between the maximum force on the bucket turning hydraulic-cylinder rods and bucket design parameters as well as the physical and mechanical characteristics of the face rock. The results analysis showed that both excavation process flow scheme and rock characteristics have a significant influence on the total bucket excavation resistance. Conclusions. The developed method of calculating the excavation resistance takes into account the internal forces of bucket interaction with rock and makes it possible to increase the accuracy of maximum digging force calculation. It therefore becomes possible to more reasonably approach the choice of the excavator bucket turning hydraulic cylinder parameters and thereby increase the reliability and durability of the machine as a whole.

Enhanced phase method of signal detection for ultrasonic magnetostriction defectoscopy of power equipment

The magnetostrictive method of ultrasonic flaw detection has certain advantages, in particular, the ability to control objects with complex geometry, at their high temperature, the ability to control dry contact between the transducer and the object, difficult access to the controlled area, etc. The peculiarities of the generation of ultrasonic waves by magnetostrictive transducers and their distribution in control objects determine the low level of the signal/noise ratio, which limits the possibilities of practical application of this method. The aim of the paper is to improve the phase method for detecting signals of magnetostrictive receivers with a low signal/noise ratio and to check the effectiveness of the proposed technical solution for solving problems of non-destructive testing of energy equipment elements using magnetostrictive defectoscopes. The paper discusses the phase method of detecting radio pulse signals of magnetostrictive converters against the background of additive noise, which is based on a combination of the capabilities of the discrete Hilbert transformation, which makes it possible to determine the envelope and phase of signals, and methods of statistical processing of the results of phase measurements. The proposed signal processing algorithm was studied both in a model experiment and when processing real magnetostrictive defectoscope signals. The proposed method makes it possible to detect radio pulse signals with a signal/noise ratio close to 1. The reliability of the obtained data is confirmed by the results of computer simulation. The considered method of detecting signals can be used in ultrasonic magnetostrictive defectoscopes and other diagnostic systems operating in conditions of reduced signal/noise ratio. Keywords: magnetostrictive defectoscope, ultrasonic defectoscopy, phase methods of signal processing, Hilbert transform, envelope, phase, sample resulting length of the vector.

Modern approaches to strength design substantiation for critical elements of WWER NPP reactor internals

This study presents the theoretical and applied results on the development and application of refined models and methods for solving actual problems of mechanics related to the substantiation of strength and forecasting the service life of elements of the primary circuit equipment of WWER nuclear power plants (NPPs). The scientific and applied developments take into account current trends in global practice and contain new conceptual approaches to solving nonlinear boundary value problems in the mechanics of deformed structures. Refined mathematical models have been proposed and theoretically substantiated to describe non-isothermal inelastic deformation processes, taking into account the deformation history of thermal and power loading, radiation effects of hardening, swelling and creep of irradiated metal, and accumulated damage of brittle-ductile fracture. The obtained scientific results are the basis for the methodology of refined design strength analysis and residual life assessment of critical elements of the equipment of the first circuit of WWER reactor units to solve urgent problems of ensuring the conditions for safe operation of Ukrainian NPPs and justifying the terms of their service life extension

УЗДЕЧНЫЕ НАБОРЫ У НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СЕВЕРНОГО АЛТАЯ ЖУЖАНСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ НЕКРОПОЛЯ ЧОБУРАК-I)

The article presents the results of the study of bridle sets from the Choburak-I necropolis located in the Chemal region of the Altai Republic. Details of the bridle were found in the graves of ten adults buried with a riding horse. The published collection of things included metal (mainly iron) products of various functional and decorative purposes: bits, cheek-pieces, buckles, badges, tips and distributors of belts, clasps, trench coats, fasteners, lining of the neckpiece. A morphological analysis of the indicated objects was carried out, as well as their comparison with elements of horse equipment from the complexes of the Bulan-Koby culture and sites of the Great Migration period excavated in adjacent territories. The general and special features of the manufacture of various bridle accessories by the population of Altai in the second half of the 4th–first half of the 5th centuries AD are revealed. The analyzed sources demonstrate the influence of the material traditions of the nomads of Central Asia in the second quarter of the 1st millennium AD, as well as the local heritage of the Bulan-Koby culture, on the appearance of the outfit of the riding horse of the Rouran period. It has been established that some modifications of bits, cheek-pieces, plaques and distributors also existed at the initial stages of the development of the culture of the early medieval Turks in Altai.

Aesthetics Model Applied for Older Adults: Daily Life Assistive Device Study

Aims Assistive devices play a vital role in improving the quality of life for older adults. However, the effectiveness and utilization of these devices depend on their functionality, expressiveness, and aesthetics. In this study, we aim to enhance the aesthetics of assistive devices to increase their utilization rates and reduce the psychological distress experienced by older adults. Methods A quantitative and qualitative survey was conducted (a) to create a basic prototype for the conceptual framework of this study to discuss the relationship between the functional, expressive, and aesthetic elements of the auxiliary equipment and (b) to extract and construct aesthetic elements and modes of the auxiliary equipment. Results Asthetics was found to be a major reason for the use or abandonment of assistive devices. This study focuses on “product aesthetics” and considers materials and aesthetics simultaneously. Conclusions The results indicate the design of assistive devices for older adults should incorporate craft aesthetics characteristics.

Safety Goggles with Elastic Headband to Improve N95 Fit Following Failed Quantitative Fit Test.

N95 respirators, together with eye protection, form vital elements of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers (HCW) caring for patients with respiratory infections, such as COVID-19. Duckbill N95 respirators are widely used but have a high failure rate when Fit Tested. The commonest site for inward leaks is the region between the nose and maxilla. Safety goggles with an elastic headband may press the upper rim of the respirator against the face, thereby reducing inward leaks. We hypothesized that the use of safety goggles with an elastic headband will improve the overall fit-factor of a duckbill N95 respirator and increase the proportion of users who pass a quantitative Fit Test. About 60 volunteer HCWs, who had previously failed quantitative Fit Testing with a duckbill N95 respirator, participated in this before-and-after intervention study. A PortaCount® 8048 was used for quantitative Fit Testing. The test was first performed with a duckbill N95 respirator only. It was then repeated after participants donned a pair of safety goggles (3M Fahrenheit, ID 70071531621). Before the intervention, i.e., with the respirator only, 8 (13.3%) participants passed their Fit Test. This increased to 49 (81.7%) after the application of safety goggles (OR 42, 95% CI 7.14-1697.9, p < 0.0001). The adjusted mean overall fit factor, using Tobit regression analysis, increased from 40.3 to 193.0 (t = 12.32, p < 0.001). The use of safety goggles with an elastic headband significantly increases the proportion of users who pass a quantitative Fit Test and improves the fit-factor of a duckbill N95 respirator. Kamal M, Bhatti M, Stewart WC, Johns M, Collins D, Shehabi Y, et al. Safety Goggles with Elastic Headband to Improve N95 Fit Following Failed Quantitative Fit Test. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(6):386-391.

Impact of socialization on the possibility to conduct behavioral tests in sheep

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of socialization with humans on the possibility to conduct tests evaluating problem-solving in sheep. The research included 30 Świniarka sheep aged from 2 to 8 years. The sheep were kept in the barn-pasture system. The observations included three trials carried out on three consecutive days for each sheep. The behavior of the sheep, i.e. exploration and approach to equipment elements of the test arena, was analyzed. The experiment was conducted on groups of sheep with low (G1) and high (G2) levels of socialization. The study showed that the test environment was challenging for the G1 sheep, so they were unable to complete the task successfully.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE OPERATION OF AUDIO FREQUENCY (NO JUNCTION) AND JUNCTION RAIL CIRCUITS

Rail circuits are the basic elements of modern railway automation and telemechanics systems, performing the functions of track sensors and telemechanical channels. It is shown that the calculation of their operating boundary conditions becomes more complicated with the application of junctionless audio frequency rail circuits. The analysis of track circuits consists of studying the changes in their operation in various modes when the circuit parameters are changed. During the analysis, the optimal values of the parameters of the circuit elements and the frequency of the power source are determined for the given operating conditions. An analysis of the factors affecting the operating currents and voltages of such rail circuit schemes has been carried out. When analyzing and calculating a track circuit, it is assumed that the track line and equipment elements are linear, that is, their parameters do not depend on the flowing currents. To simplify the calculations, the track circuit is represented by the corresponding mathematical model (equivalent circuit) for each mode. Depending on the type of equivalent circuit used, four-pole and multi-pole models are distinguished. At the same time, the analysis and reporting of jointed rail circuits are carried out. Based on their results, the directions that allow for more accurate modeling of the operating modes of the circuits of the non-joint audio frequency rail circuits have been determined. Keywords: Rail circuits, train traffic safety, audio frequency (no junction) track circuits, junction rail circuits, signaling system, track sensors, mathematical model, remote conditioning monitoring.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ НАДЁЖНОСТИ СИСТЕМЫ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СКОЛЬЗЯЩЕГО РЕЗЕРВИРОВАНИЯ

The issue of introducing sliding redundancy to increase the reliability of the power supply system, which has the same type of elements with partial deterioration of the elements of electrical equipment, is considered

Exploitation of powered roof support in variable mining and geological conditions

The powered roof support is one of the essential elements of the technical equipment of the longwall. It is responsible for the safety of machines and workers. In addition, its function is to move the entire wall complex along the operational progress of the combine. Choosing the proper powered roof support per the conditions prevailing in the wall is an important factor for safe and effective operation. The aim of the study was to assess the mining and geological conditions in Polish hard coal mines in terms of the operation of powered roof support. The author focused mainly on analysing the risk of rock mass shocks, which significantly impact the work of the powered roof support. The work describes the development of the risk of tremors in recent years. The analysis showed an intense increase in this threat. We present an analysis of rock mass shocks registered in Polska Grupa Górnicza S.A. (Polish Mining Group), the main producer of hard coal in Europe. The results presented in this paper illustrate the scale of the risk of rock mass shocks. The current state of the tremor hazard presented in the paper may be helpful information in determining the directions of development and optimisation of the powered roof support.

Development of modern, automated machinery constructive elements of technological equipment of production

Development of modern, automated machinery constructive elements of technological equipment of production

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕТОДИКИ ОЦЕНКИ ВИБРАЦИОННОЙ НАГРУЖЕННОСТИ КУЗОВА ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ВАГОНА

The analysis of domestic and foreign studies in the field of evaluating the dynamic strain of passenger car bodies allowed us to find out that most of the methods are based on the evaluation of the vibration strain. An improved method is proposed to consider to evaluate the vibration strain of the car. As a method for determining the body's structural properties, a mathematical modeling method is proposed. On the basis of this method, a finite element model of the body is developed, which natural frequencies and forms of vibrations are calculated by Lanczos method. The results obtained by finite element model are compared with the data obtained during tests conducted by the Testing Center TIV. The discrepancy between the calculation and the experiment is 11.85%, which indicates the adequacy of the created finite element model. To define the dynamic load of the body the developed finite element model was reduced to four variants, each of which is transformed into a spatial hybrid dynamic model. The results obtained during the calculation are compared with the values of the running tests of the car. The analysis of the data shows that the fourth variant of the finite element model of the passenger car body, which takes into account the real distribution of the mass of the internal equipment elements and the interior has values more approximate to the data obtained during running tests. Based on this, it can be concluded that this option is most suitable for calculating the stiffness characteristics of the passenger car body.

THE TERMAL DEFORMATION OF ISOTROPIC BEAM ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT IN THE MANUFACTURING OF CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN FURNACES OF DIRECT HEATING

For the isotropic beam elements of the technological equipment (BETE), which are used in the production of carbon-carbon composite materials (CCCM) in direct heating furnaces, the analytical solution of the temperature stress-strain state, taking into account the stiffness of the spring of the current collector, was obtained for the first time in the work. Formulas for calculating the critical diameters of loss of compressive strength are given. Using the example of graphite and molybdenum rods, it was established in the work that the decisive factor of the load-bearing capacity is the loss of stability of the elements under consideration.

Design of Traditional Cultural Experiences Using Augmented Reality Based on Environmental Presence

Traditional cultural experiences are valuable for tourist destinations. Previous studies have developed systems for experiencing traditional culture using augmented reality (AR). However, few works have considered the effectiveness of different types of AR experiences of traditional cultural elements. In this article, we focus on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">equipment elements</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">environment elements</i> , and propose design recommendations for an AR traditional cultural experience system that considers differences in the environmental presence of traditional cultural experiences. We conducted a comparative study with 49 users to understand the impact of these differences. We compared three options for handling environmental presence, including <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nonpresence</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AR-presence</i> , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">real-presence</i> . The results show that presenting environmental elements in a state of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">real-presence</i> improved an AR experience of traditional culture. Additionally, we found that this setting worked positively for Japanese participants, whereas Chinese participants preferred environmental elements in the state of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nonpresence</i> .

Improving the technology of nitridation by the electro-spark alloying method

The work shows studies aimed at developing methods for protection of structural steels on the example of steels 20 and 40, from wear, using the electricity spark alloying (ESA), by applying the nitrogen-like mixture on the treated surface with subsequent vanity of steel electrode appropriate to the material of the workpiece. To increase the thickness of the surface layer and the best adhesion of the coating is offered in front of the ESA electrode-tools made of steel of the corresponding brand, to form a mold of aluminum, using an electrode from the aluminum bar of the brand of blood pressure. Metrolographic studies were performed and the distribution of microtrandomness in the coating. Studies have shown that nitrogen -containing coatings consist of a "white" layer ", which smoothly goes into the diffusion zone and base metal. The obtained coatings have the highest thickness of "white layer" 110-130 microns. The results of the study of the micro-hardness of the obtained nitrogen-containing coatings indicate an increase in hardness to 9700-9910 MPa. The phase composition of nitrogen coatings is represented by a alloy solid and cubic iron nitride, aluminum dissolves in nitride and ferrite. The considered methods of application of nitrogen -containing coatings can be used to strengthen the surface of responsible parts and elements of pumping and compressor equipment: end surfaces of rings, for protective bushings; piston machines, mechanisms that have increased wear of the product, etc. Keywords: electro-spark alloying, microstructure, nitriding, steel, phase analysis.