Equilibrium Principle Research Articles

Research on passenger flow control at metro transfer stations based on real-time flow calculation of streamlines

PurposeThe volume of passenger traffic at metro transfer stations serves as a pivotal metric for the orchestration of crowd flow management. Given the intricacies of crowd dynamics within these stations and the recurrent instances of substantial passenger influxes, a methodology predicated on stochastic processes and the principle of user equilibrium is introduced to facilitate real-time traffic flow estimation within transfer station streamlines.Design/methodology/approachThe synthesis of stochastic process theory with streamline analysis engenders a probabilistic model of intra-station pedestrian traffic dynamics. Leveraging real-time passenger flow data procured from monitoring systems within the transfer station, a gradient descent optimization technique is employed to minimize the cost function, thereby deducing the dynamic distribution of categorized passenger flows. Subsequently, adhering to the tenets of user equilibrium, the Frank–Wolfe algorithm is implemented to allocate the intra-station categorized passenger flows across various streamlines, ascertaining the traffic volume for each.FindingsUtilizing the Xiaozhai Station of the Xi’an Metro as a case study, the Anylogic simulation software is engaged to emulate the intra-station crowd dynamics, thereby substantiating the efficacy of the proposed passenger flow estimation model. The derived solutions are instrumental in formulating a crowd control strategy for Xiaozhai Station during the peak interval from 17:30 to 18:00 on a designated day, yielding crowd management interventions that offer insights for the orchestration of passenger flow and operational governance within metro stations.Originality/valueThe construction of an estimation methodology for the real-time streamline traffic flow augments the model’s dataset, supplanting estimated values derived from surveys or historical datasets with real-time computed traffic data, thereby enhancing the precision and immediacy of crowd flow management within metro stations.

Vapor–liquid phase equilibrium prediction for mixtures of binary systems using graph neural networks

AbstractVapor–liquid phase equilibrium (VLE) plays a crucial role in chemical process design, process equipment control, and experimental process simulation. However, experimental acquisition of VLE data is a challenging and complex task. As an alternative to experimentation, VLE data prediction offers great convenience and utility. In this article, an artificial intelligence network is proposed to predict the temperature and the vapor phase composition of binary mixtures. We constructed a graph neural network (GNN) and designed an uncertainty‐aware learning and inference mechanism (UALF) in the prediction process. The model was tested on both a self‐constructed dataset and a publicly available dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively reveals the phase equilibrium properties of the target data. This work presents a novel approach for predicting vapor–liquid phase equilibrium in binary systems and proposes innovative ideas for investigating phase equilibrium mechanisms and principles.

Anthropomorphic modular gripper finger actuated by antagonistic wire and shape-memory alloy (SMA) springs

Abstract. The traditional underactuated grippers can only passively adapt to the contour of the object, and the passive contact process may lead to the object slipping, affecting the stability of the grasping process. In this paper, an anthropomorphic modular gripper finger actuated by antagonistic wire and shape-memory alloy (SMA) springs, which can actively control the grasping morphology according to the characteristics of the objects to be grasped, is proposed. The wire drive simulates the flexor muscle, and the SMA and reset springs simulate the extensor muscles of the finger, which antagonistically control the grasping morphology of the finger. It is more in line with the grasping characteristics of the human hand. According to the moment equilibrium principle of the finger joints, the deformation model of the gripper is established, the influence of the wire tension and the equivalent stiffness of the finger joints on the grasping morphology is analyzed, and the theoretical joint angle results are verified by the Adams simulation; finally, the experimental system of the gripper is constructed, and the verification of the deformation morphology of the single finger and the gripper's enveloping–grasping experiments is completed. The results show that according to the contour size of the object, by actively controlling the wire force of the gripper and the equivalent stiffness of the interphalangeal joints, the enveloping–grasping action of different objects can be completed and the stable grasping of objects of different shapes and sizes can be realized.

Mechanical Foundations of the Generalized Second Law and the Irreversibility Principle

We follow the Boltzmann-Clausius-Maxwell (BCM) proposal to establish the generalized second law (GSL) that is applicable to a system of any size, including a single particle system as our example establishes, and that supercedes the celebrated second law (SL) of increase of entropy of an isolated system. It is merely a consequence of the mechanical equilibrium (stable or unstable) principle (Mec-EQ-P) of analytical mechanics and the first law. We justify an irreversibility priciple that covers all processes, spontaneous or not, and having both positive and negative nonequilibrium temperatures temperatures T defined by (dQ/dS)E. Our novel approach to establish GSL/SL is the inverse of the one used in classical thermodynamics and clarifies the concept of spontaneous processes so that dS≥0 for T>0 and dS<0 for T<0. Nonspontaneous processes such as creation of internal constraints are not covered by GSL/SL. Our demonstration establishes that Mec-EQ-P controls spontaneous processes, and that temperature (positive and negative) must be considered an integral part of dissipation.

Evaluation of the sustainable development of logistics based on local characteristics: Matching logistics architecture with resources.

This paper sets out to investigate the alignment between the logistics architecture and resources across China's nine logistics regions, while also examining the individual advantages these regions possess. With the goal of establishing an evaluative framework for sustainable logistics development, the research introduces the principle of logistics equilibrium to augment traditional evaluation metrics, thus forming an assessment index system designed to quantify the congruence between logistics architecture and resources.Utilizing a democratic evaluation approach that emphasizes individual regional advantages, and leveraging empirical data from the decade spanning 2011 to 2020, this paper reveals a general upward trajectory in the matching level of logistics resources to architecture albeit with notable regional disparities. It is observed that while certain areas have made significant strides, others lag, underscoring the varied pace of development among different logistics regions.The research also brings to light the distinct advantage characteristics that emerge as each region evolves, suggesting that these attributes can be harnessed to foster a more environmentally conscious and forward-thinking approach to logistics. By implementing a democratic evaluation to rank these regions, this paper aims to identify exemplars that are not only recognized for their achievements but also serve as models for the formulation of green and sustainable logistics strategies tailored to each region's specific needs and potential.

Unravelling the Enigmatic Nexus: Black Holes, Dark Matter, and the Interplay of Light, Gravity, and Electromagnetic Forces in Astrophysics and Astronomy

This research introduces a mathematical model positioning our physical reality within a ten-dimensional hyperspace, in which time acts as the unifying coordinate linking three-dimensional electric, magnetic, and gravitational spaces. Each domain is characterized by its respective field—electric, magnetic, or gravitational—and governed by intrinsic divergences and rotations, leading to a universal property known as Force Density, expressed in [N/m³]. This Force Density facilitates interactions among the distinct spaces while adhering to the principle of equilibrium, which posits that cumulative force densities from disturbances must consistently sum to zero. Building upon Einstein's General Relativity—which describes the curvature of spacetime by gravitational fields and assumes a constant light speed—this study proposes a perspective wherein light speed may vary during coherent laser beam interactions, prompting a re-examination of gravitational and luminous interactions across scales. The proposed model integrates the Stress-Energy Tensor and Gravitational Tensor, introducing a new tensor representation for black holes, termed Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements, incorporating electromagnetic energy gradients and Lorentz transformations. This framework transcends traditional General Relativity, particularly evident in gravitational lensing. By reinterpreting Einstein's incorporation of the Gravitational Constant within the Energy-Stress Tensor, this work harmonizes gravity and light, offering insights into black hole solutions resonating with John Archibald Wheeler's 1955 research. Empirical data from Galileo satellites and MASER frequency measurements underscore discrepancies between established theories and this new model, enhancing the precision of gravitational observations. Through the confluence of Quantum Physics and General Relativity, as seen in approaches like String Theory, this interdisciplinary endeavor revisits the gravitational constant "G," redefining it while bridging theoretical frameworks, thus paving the way for breakthroughs in astronomical and astrophysical sciences.

Study of perforated well productivity by a multi-scale coupling flow model with Darcy-brinkman-Navier/Stokes

The study of oil and gas flow patterns after perforation completion is essential for well productivity prediction and solutions optimization. Due to the multi-scale flow characteristics of production fluids after perforation completion, we have developed a multi-scale coupled flow model incorporating Darcy, Brinkman, and Navier/Stokes equations based on mass conservation and pressure equilibrium principles. The oil and gas flow after perforation completion is simulated, and the multi-scale coupled model is solved by numerical methods, revealing the flow law of oil and gas in the multi-scale space formed by perforation. Additionally, sensitivity analysis on factors influencing perforation completion productivity was conducted. Results indicate that the most influential parameters on well productivity, in descending order, are: blocking perforation permeability > perforation diameter > perforation density > perforation depth > perforation phase > crushed zone thickness. The selection of appropriate internal flow models for perforations is critical for accurate well productivity estimation. Given the significant impact of perforation permeability on completion productivity, measures should be taken to prevent perforation blockage during production, and clear blockages promptly upon detection. This research provides a theoretical foundation for rational selection of perforation methods, gun bullets, perforation parameters, and completion techniques.

Subaerial Profiles at Two Beaches: Equilibrium and Machine Learning

AbstractShoreline position (e.g., beach width) is a critical component of flooding and overtopping forecasts but difficult to predict accurately. We model beach width changes with a supervised machine learning (ML) approach informed by equilibrium principles. The time history of wave energy anomalies that force equilibrium models is used as an ML input feature. The sweeping simplifying equilibrium model assumptions relating beach width change to anomalies are replaced with data‐based ML results. Supervised learning regression methods including linear, support vector, decision trees, and ensemble regressors are tested. Observations for model training and testing includes weekly to quarterly beach elevation surveys spanning approximately 500 m alongshore and 8 years at two beaches, each supplemented with several months of ∼100 sub‐weekly surveys. These beaches, with different sediment types (sand vs. sand‐cobble mix), both widen in summer in response to the seasonal wave climate, in agreement with a generic equilibrium model. Differences in backshore erodability contribute to differing beach responses in the stormiest (El Niño) year that are reproduced by a simple extra trees regression model but not by the equilibrium model. With sufficiently extensive training data, the ML model outperforms equilibrium by providing flexibility and complexity in the response to wave forcing. The present ML and equilibrium models both fail to simulate a uniquely stunted beach recovery unlike other recoveries in the training data.

Implementasi Etika Bisnis Islam dalam Meningkatkan Loyalitas Pelanggan Pemasok pada Umkm Pengepul Cabe Jawa Barokah Desa Jambearum Kecamatan Puger Kabupaten Jember

This research aims to determine the Islamic business ethics implemented by MSMEs collecting Javanese Barokah chilies in Jambearum Village, Puger District, Jember Regency and the impact of implementing Islamic business ethics in increasing supplier customer loyalty to MSMEs collecting Javanese Barokah chilies, Jambearum Village, Puger District, Jember Regency. To identify problems and answer research problems, this research uses qualitative research with a case study approach and purposive subject determination techniques. The data collection techniques for this research use active participatory observation, semistructured interviews and documentation. The results of the research concluded that: (1) MSME actors collecting Barokah Javanese chilies in Jambearum Village, Puger District, Jember Regency have implemented the 5 principles of Islamic business ethics in running their business, including: Unity Principle, Equilibrium Principle, Free Will Principle ( Free Will), Principle of Responsibility (Responsibility), Principle of Truth: Virtue and Honesty. (2) The impact of implementing Islamic business ethics in increasing supplier customer loyalty in MSME Java Barokah Chili Collectors, Jambearum Village, Puger District, Jember Regency, has seen customer loyalty expressed by supplier customers with the realization of service quality, customer satisfaction and perceived customer value.

Elasticity in Daily Life: A Potential Topics in Learning Physics

As a branch of natural science, physics explores the fundamental properties of matter and energy and their interactions. This study specifically examines the concept of elasticity—the ability of an object to return to its original shape after removing an external force—and equilibrium, which are crucial in understanding various physical phenomena. The research aims to highlight the practical applications of elasticity and equilibrium principles in daily life across multiple fields. Additionally, it seeks to underscore the importance of physics education in preventing misconceptions about these fundamental concepts. The findings suggest that effectively applying elasticity and equilibrium principles can enhance problem-solving in everyday scenarios. However, there is a critical need to improve physics education, particularly in literature and practical simulations, to mitigate common misconceptions and enhance understanding.

On Hillert-Style Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics

AbstractHillert often used the combined first and second law of thermodynamics to discuss and derive the principles of equilibrium as well as non-equilibrium thermodynamics. His method will now be reviewed and applied to reactions in homogeneous systems as well as transport processes As an example of homogeneous systems undercooled liquids and glasses is discussed.

Study on the Gas Phase Liquid Carrying Velocity of Deep Coalbed Gas Well with Atomization Assisted Production

In order to clarify the gas-phase carrying capacity after the atomization of water from the bottom of deep coalbed wells, considering characteristics of atomization-assisted production and the dynamic equilibrium principle of gas–liquid two-phase flow in the wellbore, the gas-phase liquid-carrying drop model was established, and the solution method of the upstream and downstream driving force of liquid drop flow was studied. We also verified the theoretical model through physical simulation. Then, the law for the influence of droplet size, wellbore inclination, wellbore diameter, and wellhead back pressure of the critical liquid-carrying velocity in the gas phase is analyzed using the model. The results show the following: ① the larger the diameter of atomized droplets, the greater the gravity force applied to it, the worse the ability to be carried by the gas phase, a onefold increase in droplet diameter corresponds to the increase in the minimum critical velocity of the gas phase by 1.45 times; ② with the increase in wellbore inclination, the liquid-carrying capacity of the gas phase decreases, and the minimum critical liquid-carrying velocity of equal diameter droplets increases by 0.01438 m/s or 1.27 times for the increase in wellbore inclination by 10°; ③ with the increase in wellbore diameter, both the driving force of a droplet of equal diameter and the flow resistance through the gas phase in the wellbore decrease within the range of a driving pressure difference of 0.2 Mpa; the decrease in liquid-carrying velocity caused by the decrease in received flow resistance can reach the maximum value of 0.0473 m/s; ④ with the increase in wellhead back pressure, the driving force of equal-diameter droplets decreases, the resistance against passing through the high-concentration gas phase increases, and the gas-phase-carrying droplets start the game; ⑤ the atomization-assisted production has the function of drainage gas recovery, and the adoption of atomization-assisted production technology can increase the production time of a coalbed gas flowing well, enabling the wells to have a good transition time interval for the conversion of flowing wells to pumping ones, which provides a precise production dynamic basis for the efficient design and implements the overall strategy of drainage gas recovery by deep-well pumping. In short, this technology has the high-efficiency liquid-carrying function of “water atomization to help liquid-phase flow and increase gas production”, as well as obvious technical advantages, which can provide a new idea for the development of deep coalbed methane wells and other types of gas wells with water.

East meets west: integrating Yin-Yang theory with immunology teaching.

This perspective article delves into a novel integration of Yin-Yang theory-an ancient Chinese philosophical cornerstone-with the sophisticated realm of immunology. Given the intricate concepts inherent in immunology, many students find it challenging to comprehend the delicate mechanisms governing immune equilibrium and regulation. Given the deep-rooted understanding of Yin-Yang theory among Chinese students, we advocate for an educational strategy that contextualizes the concept of immune equilibrium within the framework of Yin-Yang, thereby offering a more intuitive and engaging learning experience. This method not only capitalizes on the cultural significance of Yin-Yang, but also corresponds to its principles of equilibrium and harmony, thus mirroring the homeostatic essence of immune responses. This article critically assesses this technique's capacity to bolster immune comprehension amongst Chinese students, while also considering its limitations. Despite these limitations, the fusion of these seemingly divergent fields holds substantial promise for augmenting immunology education, promoting critical thinking, and advancing cross-cultural academic discourse. The amalgamation of age-old philosophical insights with modern scientific exploration prompts a reassessment of educational methodologies within immunology, underscoring a novel pedagogical approach that bridges traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific education.

Analysis of the Principle and Application of Nash Equilibrium

Analysis of the Principle and Application of Nash Equilibrium

Correlation between human BDNF rs6265 gene polymorphism and type-2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Background & objective: Diabetes mellitus is quite common and globally prevalent condition affecting patients’ quality of life. Patients who have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are more likely to get diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which may affect feet, legs, hand, and arm. A BDNF gene rs6265 polymorphism in humans results in the substitution of valine with methionine at codon 66 (Val66Met). We aimed to find the possible link between human BDNF rs6265 gene polymorphism and T2DM with and without peripheral neuropathy and compare it with healthy subjects in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Methodology: One hundred subjects were chosen to participate in this research, aged from 35 to 75 y and divided into three groups: 35 DPN, 35 T2DM patients, and 30 healthy controls were selected randomly for BDNF gene rs6265 SNP screening by using conventional PCR with specific sets of primers. Products of PCR for patients and control groups were run on the gel electrophoresis to detect the SNP rs6265 fragment. A nerve-conducting study was used to examine DPN. Results: The observed results demonstrated the presence of two types of alleles identified as genotypic variants (GG and GA) among all participants in this investigation. By applying the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium principle (HWE) for both patient and control groups, the results proved that there was a statistically significant variance (P < 0.05) in the genotypic frequencies between each of the groups that had been studied. The wild homozygous GG genotype in type 2 diabetic without neuropathy, with DPN, and healthy control group were 51.4%, 40% and 80% respectively. The heterozygous GA genotype were 48.6%, 60% and 20%, respectively in the three groups. Conclusion: The present study showed that the BDNF (Val66Met) rs6265 polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in heterozygous allele G/A (Met/Met) and homozygous allele GG (Val/Val) genotype. Also, the current study found the absence of the mutant genotype AA, possibly due to the evidence that the distribution of the BDNF polymorphisms varies widely among different ethnic groups. Abbreviations: BDNF - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DPN - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Keywords: Type2 diabetes mellitus; Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; BDNF rs6265 SNP; BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. Citation: Hamid R, Al-Wasiti E, Jabbar AM. Correlation between human BDNF rs6265 gene polymorphism and type-2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(4):752−756. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i4.2517 Received: March 08, 2024; Reviewed: April 20, 2024; Accepted: April 28, 2024

IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP ETIKA BISNIS ISLAM DALAM TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI ONLINE SHOP

This study aims to analyze whether Online Shop has applied the principles of Islamic business etchis in online buying and selling transactions and how to apply the principles of Islamic business ethics in online buying and selling transactions. This research method is qualitative that uses the field of literature review. Data collection is done by collecting the source of articles in the form of journals and previous proceedings that are relevant. The results of the study stated that Online Shop had fully implemented the principles of Islamic business etchis in buying and selling, with the principle of unity, the principle of equilibrium, principle free will, the principle of responsibility and the principle benevolence

Research on monitoring method for ice-covered state of transmission lines based on conductor end displacement

To efficiently and economically monitor the status of transmission lines in frozen rain areas, we propose a method, which can monitor the status of ice- covered transmission lines based on conductor end displacement. Firstly, we delve into the factors that contribute to icing on transmission lines and the subsequent mechanical implications. Subsequently, we propose an equal-height double-node conductor model that aptly captures the stress characteristics of transmission lines in frozen rain environments. This model utilizes the horizontal displacement of the mid-span endpoint and the wire's load as proxies for the variations in horizontal tension and sag. Furthermore, we establish the overall static balance equation for continuous overhead conductors, grounded in the principle of nodal force equilibrium. We then elaborate on the operational framework of our monitoring model. A comparative analysis with existing models reveals the superior accuracy and computational efficiency of our proposed model. To validate our approach, we construct a real-world transmission line setup and assess the economic viability of various monitoring strategies. Additionally, we examine the impact of varying icing thicknesses and locations on the transmission line's status. Our findings indicate that our model outperforms traditional counterparts in terms of accuracy, computational speed, and cost-effectiveness. Specifically, at ice-covered sections, the maximum sag and tension of the conductor exhibit a direct correlation with the ice thickness. Conversely, in non-ice-covered areas, the maximum sag inversely correlates with ice thickness, while the tension maintains a direct relationship.

Thermodynamic Simulation Model of Copper Side-Blown Smelting Process

In this study, the thermodynamic simulation model and system of the copper side-blown smelting process were established using the chemical equilibrium constant method, based on the process reaction mechanism, multiphase equilibrium principle, and MetCal software platform (MetCal v7.81). Under typical production conditions, the composition of the product and the distribution behavior of impurity elements were simulated. The results indicate that the average relative error between the calculated mass fractions of major elements such as Cu, S, Fe, SiO2, CaO, MgO, and Al2O3 in copper matte and smelting slag, and the actual production values, is 4.25%. Additionally, the average relative error between the calculated distribution ratios of impurity elements such as Pb, Zn, As, Bi, Mo, Au, and Ag in copper matte and smelting slag, and the actual production data, is 6.74%. Therefore, this model and calculation system accurately reflects the actual production situation of the copper side-blown smelting process well and has potential to predict process output accurately while optimizing process parameters, effectively guiding production practice.

Early Detection and Stability Assessment of Hazardous Rock Masses in Steep Slopes

The assessment of slope stability plays a critical role in the prevention and management of slope disasters. Evaluating the condition and stability of hazardous rock masses is essential for predicting potential collapses and assessing treatment effectiveness. However, conventional measurement techniques are inadequate in high slope areas, which lack sufficient spatial data to support subsequent calculations and analyses. Therefore, this paper presents a method for the early identification and evaluation of unstable rock masses in high slopes using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) digital photogrammetry and geographic information technology. By considering nine evaluation indices including geology, topography, and induced conditions within the study area, weights for each index are determined through an analytic hierarchy process. A semi-automatic approach is then utilized to extract and analyze rock mass stability. The reliability of this early identification method is confirmed by applying the limit equilibrium principle. The findings reveal that 17.6% of dangerous rock masses in the study area fall into the unstable category (W4, W6, W10). This method effectively assesses slope rock mass stability while providing technical support for disaster monitoring systems, warning mechanisms, and railway infrastructure safety defense capability to ensure safe mountain railway operations.

Probe into a novel surfactant-free microemulsion system of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether + water + diesel for crude oil removal and recovery from oily sludge

A novel surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) system was proposed in this study, and applied in the crude oil removal and recovery from oily sludge (OS). Based on an investigation of the SFME phase behavior and solution properties, a complete ternary phase diagram was constructed. The SFME with three-liquid phase equilibrium (Winsor III type) was selected for the treatment of OS to achieve simultaneous efficient removal (up to 95.1 %) and recovery (up to 83.2 %) of crude oil. The SFME could be reused continuously for OS treatment without purification. The removal efficiency could still keep >75.9 % after 5 times of reuse, showing high reusability. The detached crude oil could be automatically recovered based on the phase equilibrium principle without additional separation. In the washing experiments, single-factor and multi-factor orthogonal tests were applied to investigate the effects of different experimental conditions on oil removal efficiency and determine the optimal experimental scheme. The treated OS was sufficiently decontaminated according to the morphology, composition, and properties analysis by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and contact angle. The composition of the recovered crude oil was identical to that of commercial crude oil according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, showing a high recovery value. The kinetic analysis revealed that crude oil desorption experienced three main stages: membrane diffusion, intra-particle diffusion and surface desorption, and identified the chemisorption was the main interaction between the oil–soil. Finally, the mechanism of SFME action was assessed for dissolution and activation based on ultra-low IFT.