Logically Equivalent Research Articles

The formalization of building software system user segments using relational interactive logic

This paper proposes an approach to formalizing the process of constructing segments of software system users by relational interactive logic. The segment description is specified as a system of logical equations and inequalities. The role of variables in such a system is played by relational terms, each of which represents some qualitative or quantitative characteristic of the user. To automatize this approach, a software solution architecture diagram is proposed, which provides the construction and interpretation of a system of logical equations.

Development of the automated workstation for the operator of the solid municipal wastes landfill

An automated workstation for the operator of the Solid Municipal Waste Landfill was developed on the example of the Solid Municipal Waste landfill in Nytvensky District, Perm Region. The most important task is to automate the accounting of incoming waste for disposal at the Solid Municipal Waste landfill. The system includes wheel-load scales, video locking system, recognition module and database management system. The database management system generates reports of three types: for landfills, for organizations removing waste from residential areas and infrastructure facilities, and for emission flows (leachate and LFG). The developed database management system is intended for accounting of incoming wastes to landfills. In the future, this database will serve as the main one for keeping records of emissions, creating reports on landfill workloads and their filling dynamics. A diagram of states and transitions of operator`s automated workstation was built. The logical equations describing the algorithm of equipment operation are developed. The ladder program for programming the logic controller is based on the international standard IEC 61131-3. A block diagram of an algorithm for solving the task of automated monitoring of processes at the Solid Municipal Waste range, aimed at preventing emissions from getting into the environment, has been proposed. The Omron SYSMAC CP1L controller and NT21 touch screen were chosen as hardware and software. The automated workstation developed for the landfill operator will improve the quality and productivity of the landfill controller and generate reports in both text and graphic form, with their transmission to environmental organizations.

Development of a sequence automaton for recognition of deviations indicators in diagnosis of natural systems

Much attention is now being paid to the development of automated devices for rapid disease diagnosis in veterinary medicine and medicine in general. One of the directions in medical instrumentation designing is the development of methods for automated disease diagnosis. This article is devoted to the automatization of pathology detection in histological analysis. The topology of pathologies of morphostructural changes in cells may have a tree-like structure, which makes the development of methods, software and hardware implementation of tools relevant for determination of the disease pathology. The three-level pathology system of structural changes in cell tissues obtained by histological analysis has been studied. It was suggested to use sequential logic, based on the Mealy machine, for the development of automated system for pathology indicators detection. Hartley binary measure for this topology of structural changes in tissues has been calculated and the indicator encoding has been given. The method of automated diagnosis based on the analysis of pathology indicators has been developed. An example of building an automatic recognition machine of pathology indicators on hard logics considered. It is relevant when using programmable logic device. The logical equations implemented in the combination scheme of the device are obtained. Simulation modeling to identify pathology indicators is performed. It is suggested to use the developed method of determining the disease indicators when designing the automated histological analyzer.

Design of railway signaling system using IR sensor as train detection

In this research would try to give contribution for researchers or academics about simulation of the railway signaling system. The model of railway system was built using miniature of track and train model. Small LED was used as a lamp signal. Point machine was moved by servo motor controlled by Arduino Nano. The last, track circuit was replaced by proximity sensor using IR transceiver. The result showed that the simulation could do some basic task which is occurred in railway signaling system. The design of system was created by FSM (Finite State Machine) method which would be implemented in PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). It consists of state diagram, declaration of inputs and outputs, generated logic equation, and finally is the written code in ladder logic diagram. Set route test also has been tried successfully and the lamp signal showed the color aspect correctly.

Компараторная идентификация таксономии автоматизированной системы управления морскими портами

The article considers a corporate taxonomy concept as a hierarchical classification of organization or administration, a form of organizing data (documents, digital assets, etc.). There is given the idea of the corporate taxonomy of seaports, branched hierarchy of concepts, objects and subjects of ports, extracted from the hidden knowledge of unstructured textual information and studied for the classification of electronic documents and other sources of information. It has been stated that one of the highest forms of human intellectual activity is understanding and extracting semantic units with their organization into a hierarchical structure. The most convenient and effective method of indirect identification is the method of comparative identification, which deductively uses the basic provisions of the theory of intelligence. There are considered processes of data processing in organizational information systems, surjective imaging, where each element of the value domain has at least one prototype. A system of logical equations showing the regularities of signal processing is given. The logical scheme of using the method of comparative identification for extracting non-obvious knowledge is illustrated. To compile the corporate taxonomy it is necessary to identify classes of conditional equivalence (in addition to classes of unconditional equivalence) that contain groups of close semantic units and have common features that will be grouped into one taxon. The descriptors of lexical units are presented. It has been inferred that the method of comparative identification used to create the corporate taxonomy allows to move from the subjective perception of meanings to the objective relationship between the documents in the automated system of seaports and the semantic units represented by keywords, headings, etc.

Frequency Doubler and Universal Logic Gate Based on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Transistors with Low Power Consumption.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors are very promising candidates for future electronic applications with low power consumption due to a low leakage current and high on-off current ratio. In this study, we suggest a complementary circuit consisting of ambipolar WSe2 and n-MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs), which demonstrate dual functions of a frequency doubler and single inversion AND (SAND) logic gate. In order to reduce the power consumption, a high-quality thin h-BN single crystal is used as a gate dielectric that leads to a low operating voltage of less than 5 V. By combining the low operating voltage with a low operating current in the complementary circuit, a low power consumption of 300 nW (a minimum of 10 pW) has been achieved, which is a significant improvement compared to the tens of μW consumed by a graphene channel. The complementary circuit shows the effective frequency doubling of the input with a dynamic range from 20 to 100 Hz. Furthermore, this circuit satisfies all the truth tables of a SAND logic gate that can be used as a universal logic gate like NAND. Considering that the NAND logic gate generally consists of four transistors, it is significantly advantageous to implement the equivalent circuit SAND logic gate with only two FETs. Our results open up possibilities for analog- and logic-circuit applications based on low-dimensional semiconductors.

Analysis of Undergraduate Mathematic Students’ Understanding on Microscopic Representation of General Chemistry Lecture based on their Scientific Reasoning Ability

Undergraduate mathematic students (UMS)’ scientific reasoning can affect their ability to do abstraction of microscopic phenomenon. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development of UMS are in operational formal category, but this research was found that only 2 students of UMS whose have scientific reasoning as formal category. The aim of this research was analysing UMS’ achievement on understanding microscopic representation based on their scientific reasoning (concrete, transition, or formal category). Mixed method was used in this research which integrated quantitative data (test score) and qualitative data (analysing of understanding and scientific reasoning ability). The research funding that mean score test of UMS as formal reasoned (F) were the highest. UMS as transition reasoner and concrete reasoner were difficult to solve stoichiometry calculation which contains microscopic representation. Question about limiting reactant based on molecule representation, that 10,7% of UMS as concrete reasoner (C) answered there was no limiting reactant. The characteristic of concrete reasoner (C) is understanding based on observable object. They difficult to transform it as microscopic representation (number of molecules as reactant and product) which was written on net reaction as symbolic representation. They did not consider stoichiometric chemical equation by using representation of X as a variable in mathematical calculations. Another response that 14,3% of UMS as transition reasoner (T) determined limiting reactant by using logical mathematic equation of (mole=mass/molar mass) without considered coefficient in net reaction. In general chemistry learning, requires innovation to visualize microscopic aspects, so that UMS at concrete reasoning and transitions reasoning have the ability to interpret microscopic phenomena which is not observed by naked eyes.

COMPOUND PROPOSITIONAL LAW FOR LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE, TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION

This paper presents a Compound Propositional Law for Logical Equivalence, Tautology and Contradiction. The proposed Law is developed with the help of negation, disjunction, conjunction, exclusive or, conditional statement and bi-conditional statement. The idea of research is taken from de-Morgan law. This proposed law is important and useful for Logical Equivalence, Tautology and Contradiction for the research purpose because these are the rare cases in the field of research. This article aims to help readers understand the compound proposition and proposition equivalence in conducting research. This article discusses propositions that are relevant for proposition equivalence. Six main compound propositions are distinguished and an overview is given in the article. Hence, it is observed from the result and discussion that the compound proposition law is a good achievement in discrete structure for the logical Equivalence, Tautology and Contradiction purpose.

Games and Bisimulations for Intuitionistic First-Order Kripke Models

The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of a game for intuitionistic first-order Kripke models. We also establish links between notions presented here and the notions of logical equivalence and bounded bisimulation for intuitionistic first-order Kripke models, and the Ehrenfeucht–Fraisse game for classical first-order structures.

Simple Active Capacitor Voltage Balancing Method Without Cost Function Optimization for Seven-Level Full-Bridge Flying-Capacitor-Multicell Inverters

Flying-capacitor (FC)-based multicell inverters have recently drawn more attentions due to their outstanding performances. In this article, a new approach to actively control the FC voltages in seven-level full-bridge FC multicell (FCM) inverters is presented. In the proposed method, first, the output current's direction and voltage of the FCs are measured and are interpreted into logic variables. Next, these logic variables are fed into a set of equations, named as logic equations, to achieve two goals: 1) to adjust the voltage of the FCs at their reference values; 2) to generate the required voltage level at the output which is determined by pulsewidth modulation unit. Since the proposed method does need neither the optimization of cost functions nor the utilization of proportional-integral controllers, it is straightforward and simple to be implemented, specifically for the FC-based industrial inverters. To verify the performance and feasibility of the proposed logic equations-based active voltage balancing method, the simulation and experimental results obtained from a seven-level full-bridge FCM inverter are provided. The proposed method is validated under the transient conditions such as variations of modulation index and the dynamic changes of dc-link voltage to demonstrate its robustness and performance.

Optimizing the performance of MLP and SVR predictors based on logical oring and experimental ranking equation

ABSTRACT Improving conventional prediction systems is widely used to optimize the learning process, achieve higher performance, and avoid overfitting. This paper’s purpose is to propose a new predictor for solar tracking systems applications based on oring operator and ranking equation with a conventional predictor including Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR). The point of using oring and ranking equation is to create a new variable that stores the information of combined attributes. This process aims to increase the accuracy of predictors and increase the efficiency of intelligent solar tracking systems. The experiments used 6 different datasets for solar tracking systems. The results revealed that the proposed predictors performed better than conventional predictors. Using the proposed predictors has improved both Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R 2). The developed MLP models showed lower RMSE and higher R 2 compared to conventional MLP models. The improvement ranges for using MLP are from 1.0013 to 1.4614 degrees for RMSE, and from 1.0019 to 1.4984 times for R 2, while the improvement ranges using SVM are from 1.001 to 1.988 degrees for RMSE and from 1.000 to 2.385 times for R 2.

Fault Tree Analysis Using Bayesian Optimization: A Reliable and Effective Fault Diagnosis Approaches

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a powerful technique that can be used to analyze the faults related to a large-scale complicated system. In the conventional FTA, it can be used to assess the effects of combinations of failures on system behavior but the ambiguities and uncertainties of basic events cannot be handled effectively. Therefore, employing Bayesian theory helps probabilistic estimation of basic events and subsequently the top event. This study presents an integrated approach to Bayesian theory and FTA for handling uncertainty in the fault diagnosis of heavy CNC machines. In this context, making use of a directed graph to describe the fault, and then expressed as reachability matrix, the fault tree and fault information are obtained. In order to set the determinate conditions at every node of fault tree combining FTA with rule reasoning, the minimal cut sets are determined by representing the fault tree as a top-down logical equation. Finally, Bayesian method is integrated into the fault tree diagnostic method to calculate the posterior probability triggered by each fault tree to locate where on the fault tree and ensure high efficiency of fault diagnosis. The proposed methodology is applied to the fault diagnosis of fuzzy probabilistic analysis in the Φ 160 CNC boring and milling machine. The results indicate that the proposed approach is very reliable and effective in fault diagnosis considering uncertainty reduction or handling.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ СИСТЕМОЮ УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ПРОЕКТУ

The statistical data of capital investment development by spheres of economic activity, distribution of capital investments by sources of financing for 2020 are analyzed. The technique of risk assessment of the innovative project taking into account quantitative and qualitative factors of influence for acceptance of the considered administrative decision is developed. The classification of risk factors influencing the investment phase on the size of the innovation project is developed. Risk management modeling is based on the use of fuzzy logic theory. The technique of fuzzy inference helps to calculate the predicted indicator in the form of a fuzzy set using the expression system "IF - THAT", which combines fuzzy terms of output and input variables using operations AND and OR, adopted in fuzzy set theory, and correspond to operations min and max. Linguistic statements, presented in tabular form, will correspond to the developed system of fuzzy logical equations, which characterizes the surface of the variables for the corresponding terms. The constructed membership functions will be used in modeling the intellectual support of management decision-making to choose the best option for an innovative project. To move from the resulting fuzzy set to a quantitative estimate, it is necessary to perform a defasification procedure, which means the conversion of fuzzy information into a clear form.

Energy Efficiency Assessment of Heat Insulation Building Products: Fuzzy-Probabilistic Approach

Abstract The expediency of using heat-insulating construction products from a straw at the erecting of energy-efficient envelope constructions is considered in the paper. The hierarchical model in the form of an inference tree of the factors influencing the target function – reliability of energy efficiency of heat-insulating building products made of straw has resulted. A fuzzy matrix of knowledge is proposed which reflects the influence of thermophysical, physic-mechanical and durability parameters on the target function. The hierarchical connections between classified factors proceeded by apparatus of fuzzy logic and linguistic variables. A system of fuzzy logical equations which describes linguistic expressions of input variables according to the corresponding terms is proposed. In the research the expressions which describe the objective function – reliability of energy efficiency of heat-insulating construction products made of straw were obtained. It was made with the of membership functions following linguistic variables, by taking into account both qualitative as well as quantitative factors of influence. Represented in the paper model can be used as the design and engineering tool for the prediction of thermal performance of any multilayered wall assembly at the design stage of the project to assess complex energy efficiency parameters, which could be applied in practice during the decision-making process.

On the strongest three-valued paraconsistent logic contained in classical logic and its dual

Abstract $\textrm{LP}^{\mathbin{\supset },{\mathsf{F}}}$ is a three-valued paraconsistent propositional logic that is essentially the same as J3. It has the most properties that have been proposed as desirable properties of a reasonable paraconsistent propositional logic. However, it follows easily from already published results that there are exactly 8192 different three-valued paraconsistent propositional logics that have the properties concerned. In this paper, properties concerning the logical equivalence relation of a logic are used to distinguish $\textrm{LP}^{\mathbin{\supset },{\mathsf{F}}}$ from the others. As one of the bonuses of focusing on the logical equivalence relation, it is found that only 32 of the 8192 logics have a logical equivalence relation that satisfies the identity, annihilation, idempotent and commutative laws for conjunction and disjunction. For most properties of $\textrm{LP}^{\mathbin{\supset },{\mathsf{F}}}$ that have been proposed as desirable properties of a reasonable paraconsistent propositional logic, its paracomplete analogue has a comparable property. In this paper, properties concerning the logical equivalence relation of a logic are also used to distinguish the paracomplete analogue of $\textrm{LP}^{\mathbin{\supset },{\mathsf{F}}}$ from the other three-valued paracomplete propositional logics with those comparable properties.

First among equals: co-hyperintensionality for structured propositions

Theories of structured meanings are designed to generate fine-grained meanings, but they are also liable to overgenerate structures, thus drawing structural distinctions without a semantic difference. I recommend the proliferation of very fine-grained structures, so that we are able to draw any semantic distinctions we think we might need. But, in order to contain overgeneration, I argue we should insert some degree of individuation between logical equivalence and structural identity based on structural isomorphism. The idea amounts to forming an equivalence class of different structures according to one or more formal criteria and designating a privileged element as a representative of all the elements, i.e., a first among equals. The proposed method helps us to a cluster of notions of co-hyperintensionality. As a test case, I consider a recent objection levelled against the act theory of structured propositions. I also respond to an objection against my methodology.

THE VARIETY GENERATED BY AN AI-SEMIRING OF ORDER THREE

Up to isomorphism, there are 61 ai-semirings of order three. The finite basis problem for these semirings is investigated. This problem for 45 semirings of them is answered by some results in the literature. The remaining semirings are studied using equational logic. It is shown that with the possible exception of the semiring \(S_7\), all ai-semirings of order three are finitely based.

Läxhjälp as Shadow Education in Sweden: The Logic of Equality in “A School for All”

Purpose: Taking läxhjälp/homework support in Sweden as a case, this article aims to further explore shadow education, especially as a pedagogical object from curriculum theory perspective. Design/Approach/Methods: Approaches including policy analyses, ethnomethodological work based on video-recorded interaction, and narratives have produced empirically grounded knowledge. We use examples from several substudies and analyze the reentry and regulation of supplementary education and how tutors and tutees interact in tutoring settings and negotiate identities in läxhjälp as well as the relation to regular schooling. Findings: Läxhjälp is conditioned by the logic of equality and changes in the governance of läxhjälp. The proliferation of different kinds of tutoring practices provided by various organizations calls for a broad definition of shadow education. With curriculum as boundary object, equality and academic success are foundational. Different settings and spatiotemporal arrangements affect modes of interaction, distribution of epistemic authority, and negotiations of identities. Originality/Value: With Sweden as a case, it is possible to explore shadow education in a new context, the Scandinavian welfare state, and its history of comprehensive education. Moreover, ethnomethodological interaction and narrative studies and curriculum perspectives are seldom employed within research on shadow education. A number of critical key boundary objects are identified.

Corrigendum to: V. A. Sokolov, “On the Existence Problem of Finite Bases of Identities in the Algebras of Recursive Functions”, Modeling and analysis of information systems, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 304-315, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2020-3-304-315

The author regrets that in the original list the references [3] and [4] are in the wrong places and they should be rearranged. In addition, [3] has the wrong article title. The corrected reference list is shown below.The author would like to apologize for an inconvenience caused.

Theorizing urban social spaces and their interrelations: New perspectives on urban sociology, politics, and planning

This paper proposes a new theoretical perspective for understanding urban social spaces and their interrelations. In an effort to understand these multifaceted, complex relations, an inquiry committed to a flat ontology was deployed. Accordingly, we draw our theorization on the Lacanian ontological lack, Harman’s object-oriented ontology, and Laclau and Mouffe’s discursivity of social reality. Thus, we propose that urban social spaces are discursive and real entities with real and sensual qualities and constituted through specific relations. They are located within discursive social relations, where each urban social space has a “differential position” in an urban system of relations. Each urban social space has an “identity,” defined by its specific mixture of social groups and its specific real and sensual qualities. These qualities construct a sensual object with a specific sensual identity within the web of different urban social spaces. Therefore, urban social spaces are being made through multiple interrelations and are constituted through their location in a nexus of positions. The proposed framework that captures the interrelations among urban social spaces is based on three interrelated logics: the logic of difference, the logic of equivalence, and the fantasmatic logic. Understanding the relations of urban social spaces through these logics offers multifaceted social, political, psychological, and spatial illumination, details, and a more nuanced and flexible investigation of the formation and change of these spaces. Hereby, the city is conceived as comprised of spatiotemporal configurations where social spaces have social and political relations ranging from harshly antagonistic to inclusive and equivalent. This proposed framework informs both sociological and political realms of planning theory. It provides planning theory with new perspectives for understanding the city as a web of interrelated social spaces. Furthermore, it allows a more critical understanding of urban reality by illuminating inequality, injustice, antagonism, and the formulation of “otherness.”