Equation Research Articles

Comparison of actual evapotranspiration by the google earth engine evapotranspiration flux (EEFlux) to the METRIC model using remote sensing data and in-situ climate observations

Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is essential data in developing water budgets and calculating irrigation water requirements in large-scale irrigation schemes. Nowadays, remote sensing (RS)-based surface energy balance models help us estimate ETa with high resolution when compared to direct methods that focus only on a single point in a field. This study aimed both at estimating ETa by Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internal Calibration (METRIC) and Google Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux) platform and comparing reference evapotranspiration based on the Penman-Monteith equation (ETo) with ETa by the METRIC and EEFlux in a sub-catchment (A=9495 ha) under irrigation, located in the Lower Seyhan Plain (LSP), Turkiye in the 2020 hydrological year. For this purpose, 16 Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images, local climatic data acquired from two meteorological stations in the catchment, and CFSv2 gridded global data were used. Results showed a good agreement between ETa-EEFlux with ETa-METRIC. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between ETo and ETa-METRIC (r=0.93 and slope close to 1 and RMSE value of 0.74 mm day-1) if compared to the relationship between ETo with ETa-EEFlux. The results show the potential of applying the METRIC model and EEFlux for mapping ETa over a large-scale irrigation scheme.

Nutrition Intervention Informed by Indirect Calorimetry Compared to Predictive Equations to Achieve Weight Goals in Geriatric Rehabilitation Inpatients: The NEED Study

ObjectivesTo assess if nutritional interventions informed by indirect calorimetry (IC), compared to predictive equations, show greater improvements in achieving weight goals, muscle mass, strength, physical and functional performance.DesignQuasi-experimental study.Setting and ParticipantsGeriatric rehabilitation inpatients referred to dietitian.Intervention and MeasurementsPatients were allocated based on admission ward to either the IC or equation (EQ) group. Measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) by IC was communicated to the treating dietitian for the IC group but concealed for the EQ group. Achieving weight goals was determined by comparing individualised weight goals with weight changes from inclusion to discharge (weight gain/loss: >2% change, maintenance: ≤2%). Muscle mass, strength, physical and functional performance were assessed at admission and discharge. Food intake was assessed twice over three-days at inclusion and before discharge using plate waste observation.ResultsFifty-three patients were included (IC n=22; EQ n=31; age: 84.3±8.4 years). The measured RMR was lower than the estimated RMR within both groups [mean difference IC −282 (95%CI −490;−203), EQ −273 (−381;−42) kcal/day)] and comparable between-groups (median IC 1271 [interquartile range 1111;1446] versus EQ 1302 [1135;1397] kcal/day, p=0.800). Energy targets in the IC group were lower than the EQ group [mean difference −317 (95%CI −479;−155) kcal/day]. There were no between-group differences in energy intake, achieving weight goals, changes in muscle mass, strength, physical and functional performance.ConclusionsIn geriatric rehabilitation inpatients, nutritional interventions informed by IC compared to predictive equations showed no greater improvement in achieving weight goals, muscle mass, strength, physical and functional performance. IC facilitates more accurate determination of energy targets in this population. However, evidence for the potential benefits of its use in nutrition interventions was limited by a lack of agreement between patients’ energy intake and energy targets.

Evolution of Water Wave Groups in the Forced Benney–Roskes System

For weakly nonlinear waves in one space dimension, the nonlinear Schrödinger Equation is widely accepted as a canonical model for the evolution of wave groups described by modulation instability and its soliton and breather solutions. When there is forcing such as that due to wind blowing over the water surface, this can be supplemented with a linear growth term representing linear instability leading to the forced nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. For water waves in two horizontal space dimensions, this is replaced by a forced Benney–Roskes system. This is a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with a nonlocal nonlinear term. In deep water, this becomes a local nonlinear term, and it reduces to a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. In this paper, we numerically explore the evolution of wave groups in the forced Benney–Roskes system using four cases of initial conditions. In the one-dimensional unforced nonlinear Schrödinger equa tion, the first case would lead to a Peregrine breather and the second case to a line soliton; the third case is a long-wave perturbation, and the fourth case is designed to stimulate modulation instability. In deep water and for finite depth, when there is modulation instability in the one-dimensional nonlinear Schdrödinger Equation, the two-dimensional simulations show a similar pattern. However, in shallow water where there is no one-dimensional modulation instability, the extra horizontal dimension is significant in producing wave growth through modulation instability.

Comparison of Equations for the Calculation of LDL-Cholesterol in Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Data from Iranian Registry.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the mainstay of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, the most prevalent autosomal domi- nant disorder among humans. Since the reference measurement method (ultracentrifugation) is time-consuming and expensive, many formulas emerged to calculate low-density lipopro- tein cholesterol levels and are commonly used in laboratories. To compare the performance of 3 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol calcula- tion equations with a direct method (enzymatic photometric assay), the lipid profiles of 1148 patients of the registry of familial hypercholesterolemia in Iran were analyzed retrospec- tively, 270 of which had a possible or definite familial hypercholesterolemia diagnosis according to Dutch criteria. While measured using the direct method, we calculated the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels using the Friedewald, Chen, and Anandaraja formulas. Our results showed that all 3 formulas are highly correlated with the direct method, and the Chen formula showed the highest intra-class correlation coefficient among all (0.954 among all patients with hypercholesterolemia and 0.947 among the familial hyper- cholesterolemia population). In addition, the Chen formula was the most sensitive, and the Friedewald formula was the most specific formula using a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol cut-off of 100 in familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Our findings encourage applying the Chen formula in addition to the Friedewald formula to make better clinical decisions for familial hypercholesterolemia patients.

ANALISIS STRATEGI CITRA MEREK DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN OCTO MOBILE

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of promotion, service quality, and innovation directly or indirectly on Brand Image, as well as the effect of all these variables on OCTO Mobile customer satisfaction. The research sample was 385 respondents who were CIMB Niaga customers. The sampling technique was purposive sampling—data collection using a questionnaire and FGD. The data analysis technique used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis which aided with SmartPLS software. The study results prove that the variables of service quality and innovation have a significant effect on brand image and brand image has no significant effect on customer satisfaction. However, the promotion variable does not have a significant effect on brand image. Promotion variables, service quality, and innovation significantly affect customer satisfaction, while the brand image variable has no significant effect on customer satisfaction. The results also show the customer satisfaction strategy plan by referring to the strategies from the analysis that has been done, and the right strategy is selected, namely product development.

On the standing waves of the Schrödinger equation with concentrated nonlinearity

On the standing waves of the Schrödinger equation with concentrated nonlinearity

Parametric Optimization of Machining Criteria for Al 6068 Aluminum Alloy using in Manufacturing Process of Aircraft

In the aviation industry, it is essential to use parts that are lightweight but durable, and aluminum alloys generally provides effective solutions. In manufacturing processes, automation-based production techniques and robotic and efficient processing processes such as Computer Numeric Technique (CNC) are used, and it is important to define optimum production parameters. In this study, parametric optimization values of machining criteria were developed for the milling operation of AL 6068 aluminum alloy. For this purpose, Response Surface Method (RSM) was used for optimal solutions of parametric values and evaluation of relationships. According this, optimum processing parameters were determined to be 1521 rpm revolution speed, 0.4 mm depth of cut, and 197 mm/min federate. These manufacturing parameters were evaluated. A quadratic regression equation giving the surface roughness was created for this operation. At the end of the study, some suggestions were made regarding the improvement of production efficiency based on the parameters defined.

Iterative Methods for Finding Roots of Nonlinear Equations

In the present work, two iterative techniques have been displayed in order to solve non-linear equation. These two techniques are free from second derivative and per evaluation; they require five and six iterations with a first derivative of the function. Analysis of the PV model has been studied in term of function evaluations appears that the proposed technique is superior. It is practical interest is investigated by some numerical examples.

In The Solution of Nonlinear Equation

In this work, we present numerical method in order to solve non-linear equation of solar cell based on single diode model using two suitable approximations; Illinois Algorithm and Classic Chord techniques. Algorithms have discussed the tolerances of the values. It is founded that the new proposed method has the lesser number of evaluations than the other ones. Numerical examples are presented in order to test the efficiency, accuracy and the performance of this method. Numerical calculations observe that the proposed method is compatible with the famous existing methods and in this case gives the better results. The results obtained explain that the new suggested technique is more easy, accurate to use and efficient than other numerical methods are introduced.

Maternal and paternal parenting and child prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis using a structural equation modelling design

Maternal and paternal parenting and child prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis using a structural equation modelling design

Does Emotional Intelligence Prompt Knowledge Sharing Behavior among Academic Staff

The presented paper aims to reveal the direct and indirect relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing behavior among academic staff in Jordanian universities. Furthermore, it aims to examine the mediation effect of knowledge sharing intention on the relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing behavior. Convenience sampling was used to collect data from 191 academic staff from private universities in the northern region of Jordan. First, data were tested for validity and reliability. Second, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the model and hypothesis testing. The results indicated that emotional intelligence has a direct and indirect relationship with academic staff knowledge sharing behavior. Furthermore, the results indicated that knowledge sharing intention partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic staff knowledge sharing behavior. The limitations of this study include the sampling and cross-sectional design. Hence, future studies can be conducted using a longitudinal design covering other public universities to increase the generalizability of findings. The findings suggest that top management in universities should develop appropriate strategies for improving the emotional intelligence level of academic staff because academic staffs with higher emotional intelligence are more likely to engage themselves in knowledge sharing activities. Furthermore, universities should conduct various training and education programs to improve the level of emotional intelligence among academic staff, thereby fostering knowledge sharing in universities. Furthermore, there is limited literature on the role of emotional intelligence in knowledge sharing behavior among academic staff. The study adds to the extant literature on emotional intelligence and both knowledge sharing intention and knowledge sharing behavior in the context of universities. Besides, the study attempted to investigate the direct and indirect effect of emotional intelligence on knowledge sharing behavior that has not been studied so far.

New Technique for Solving Lane-Emden Equation with Vieta-Fibonacci Polynomials

In the present work, new efficient iterative algorithm is presented for solving Lane-Emden equation with initial conditions. The solution is considered as a linear combination of Vieta-Fibonacci polynomials with unknown coefficients. First, the Vieta-Fibonacci polynomials are presented with some new important properties. A new exact formula for finding operation matrix of derivative for the Vieta-Fibonacci polynomials is constructed. Using such new properties the original Lane-Emden equation is transformed to the solution of algebraic equation with small-unknown coefficients. The obtained solution is in the form of a power series with easily computable coefficients. Comparison with some known exact and approximate solutions shows that the proposed solution is highly accurate.

Exact solutions of Diffusion Equation on sphere

‎We examine the diffusion‎ ‎equation on the sphere‎. ‎In this sense‎, ‎we answer question of the symmetry classification‎. ‎We provide the algebra of symmetry and build‎ ‎the optimal system of Lie subalgebras‎. ‎We prove for one-dimensional optimal systems of Eq‎.(4), ‎space is expanding Ricci solitons‎. ‎Reductions of similarities related to subalgebras are classified‎, ‎and some exact invariant solutions of the diffusion‎ ‎equation on the sphere are presented‎.

On a Critical Exponential p & N Equation Type: Existence and Concentration of Changing Solutions

On a Critical Exponential p & N Equation Type: Existence and Concentration of Changing Solutions

Vibration analysis of FG cylindrical shell: Evaluation of Ritz-polynomial mixed with ring terms

Here the Rayleigh - Ritz method has been applied to derive the shell vibration frequency equation. This equation has been formed as an eigenvalue problem form. MATLAB software package has been utilized for extracting shell frequency spectra. Nature of materials used for construction of cylindrical shells also has visible impact on shell vibration characteristics. For isotropic materials, the physical properties are same everywhere, the laminated and functionally graded materials vary from point to point. Here the shell material has been taken as functionally graded material. Moreover, the impact of ring supports around the shell circumferential has been examined for the various positions along the shell axial length. These shells are stiffened by rings in the tangential direction. These ring supports are located at various positions along the axial direction round the shell circumferential direction. These variations have been plotted against the locations of ring supports for three values of exponents of volume fraction law. For three conditions, frequency variations show different behavior with these values of exponent law. The influence of the positions of ring supports for simply supported end conditions is very visible. The frequency first increases and gain maximum value in the midway of the shell length and then lowers down. The comparisons of frequencies have been made for efficiency and robustness for the present numerical procedure.

Numerical study on two dimensional distribution of streamwise velocity in open channel turbulent flows with secondary current effect

For studying mechanism of sediment transport in river flows, open channel flow is a prototype. Flow has always three components of velocity for all types of channel geometry and for a time independent uniform flow along streamwise or main flow direction, all the components of velocity are functions of lateral and vertical coordinates. The present study investigates the two dimensional distribution of streamwise (or longitudinal) velocity starting from the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equation for a turbulent open channel flow which is steady and uniform along the main flow direction. Secondary flows both along the vertically upward direction and along the lateral direction are considered which are also taken as functions of lateral and vertical coordinates. Inclusion of the secondary current brings the effect of dip phenomenon in the model. The resulting second order partial differential equation is solved numerically. The model is validated for all the cross-sectional, transverse and centreline velocity distribution by comparing with existing relevant set of experimental data and also with an existing model. Comparison results show good agreement with data as well as with the previous model proving the efficiency of the model. It is found that the transverse velocity distribution depends on the formation of circular vortex in the cross-sectional plane and becomes periodic as the number of circular vortex increases for increasing aspect ratios.

The Moderation Effect of e-Trust and Big Data Quality in e-Grocery: An Empirical Research from Outside of Java Island.

E-grocery is the next big thing that change grocery retail landscape. Even in Indonesia still in the pilot phase towards success, e-grocers have started to retain e-loyalty of their customers. Although e-loyalty in e-grocery is important but it is less explored in e-commerce literature. Big data as part of industry 4.0 has been utilized in many retail include e-grocery and it plays important role to understand of consumer motivation and attract new customers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of e-trust and big data quality as moderating variable that help in building e-loyalty towards e-grocery business. An online survey was distributed to more than 130 respondents from many major cities outside of Java Island in Indonesia. Structural equation modeling was used and its results reflect the impact on e-loyalty. The main findings of this research are related with the importance of big data quality whether strengthen or not the relation between e-tailing quality and consumer motivation as antecedents of e-satisfaction that fostering e-loyalty in e-grocery business..

THE INFLUENCE OF RADICAL N, O AND O3 IN THE REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN A CORONA DISCHARGE

This work presents a chemical kinetic analysis of different species involved in nitrogen-oxygen mixed gas by a DC (Corona Discharge) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This study takes into account 20 different chemical species reacting following 150 selected chemicals reactions. The reaction rate coefficients are taken from the literature and the density is analyzed by the continuity equation without the diffusion term. Many works have study removal NOx and they have showing the role of N, O and O3 radicals. So the aim of this simulation is to complete these studies by analyse of various plasma species under different reduced electric field: 100-200 Td. We analyse especially, the temporal depopulation rate evolution (10-9 – 10-3 s) of NOx. We have found that the rate depopulation of NO and NO2 is substantially affected by the reduced electric field rise from the initial value of 100Td up to 200Td. Thus, we have obtained in our simulation 2% of NO removal for 100Td against 96% for 200Td. This allows us the important role played by the reduced electric field.

Effect of the constructivists teaching method, undergraduate students’ statistics self-concept and other psychological constructs in mediating their motivation for learning statistics

This study sought to model the effect of the constructivists teaching method, learners’ statistics self-concept and their psychological constructs (i.e. need for competence, relatedness and autonomy) in mediating undergraduate students’ motivation for learning statistics in a Ghanaian university. The study adopted a quantitative approach by using simple random sampling techniques. A sample of 107 students from the Faculties of Technical and Vocational Education of the University of Education, Winneba were given questionnaires to measure how the constructivists teaching method and as well as psychological constructs have mediated their motivation for learning statistics. The data obtained were analysed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to estimate model parameters to answer the research questions and test hypotheses. The study revealed that students’ psychological need for competence, relatedness and autonomy is positively and significantly influenced by the constructivism teaching approach. Moreover, students’ psychological need for relatedness and autonomy positively and significantly affect the students’ statistics self-concept. The results further suggested that students’ statistics self-concept positively and significantly influences students’ motivation to study statistics. The study concluded that the teaching method predicts students’ needs for competence (R2=0.189), relatedness (R2=0.503) and autonomy (R2=0.198). In addition, students psychological need for competence, relatedness and autonomy significantly predict (R2=0.630) students self-concept in statistics. Finally, students’ motivation can be predicted (R2=0.480) by constructivism teaching approach using psychological needs and self-concept as mediating variables.

Application of Simultaneous Equation method for estimation of Sacubitril and Valsartan in Combined Dosage Form

Application of Simultaneous Equation method for estimation of Sacubitril and Valsartan in Combined Dosage Form