Path Equation Research Articles

Estimating Risk Factor Time Paths Among People with Type 2 Diabetes and QALY Gains from Risk Factor Management.

Most type 2 diabetes simulation models utilise equations mapping out lifetime trajectories of risk factors [e.g. glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)]. Existing equations, using historic data or assuming constant risk factors, frequently underestimate or overestimate complication rates. Updated risk factor time path equations are needed for simulation models to more accurately predict complication rates. (1) Update United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model (UKPDS-OM2) risk factor time path equations; (2) compare quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) using original and updated equations; and (3) compare QALY gains for reference case simulations using different risk factor equations. Using pooled contemporary data from two randomised trials EXSCEL and TECOS (n = 28,608), we estimated: dynamic panel models of seven continuous risk factors (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c, haemoglobin, heart rate, blood pressure and body mass index); two-step models of estimated glomerular filtration rate; and survival analyses of peripheral arterial disease, atrial fibrillation and albuminuria. UKPDS-OM2-derived lifetime QALYs were extrapolated over 70 years using historical and the new risk factor equations. All new risk factor equation predictions were within 95% confidence intervals of observed values, displaying good agreement between observed and estimated values. Historical risk factor time path equations predicted trial participants would accrue 9.84 QALYs, increasing to 10.98 QALYs using contemporary equations. Incorporating updated risk factor time path equations into diabetes simulation models could give more accurate predictions of long-term health, costs, QALYs and cost-effectiveness estimates, as well as a more precise understanding of the impact of diabetes on patients' health, expenditure and quality of life. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01144338 and NCT00790205.

Influence of Preterm Birth and Environmental Context on Academic Performance and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Preterm birth affects 10% of all births annually in the United States. Outcomes of people born preterm are challenging to predict because of multiple influences, including gestational age, birth weight, and social and environmental contexts, that contribute to an individual's growth and developmental trajectory. The influence of toxic stress is underrepresented in the literature assessing preterm birth outcomes. The current analyses use the eco-bio-developmental model of poverty and preterm birth as a framework to model the pathways among toxic stress, preterm birth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Poverty and toxic stress were hypothesized to increase the risk for impaired neurodevelopmental and academic outcomes-both directly and indirectly. The analytic sample of 55,873 children aged 6-17 years was derived from the National Survey of Children's Health 2020-2021. Structural equation models with combined measurement and path models for each dependent variable were constructed using latent toxic stress variables. The structural path equations included direct paths from the latent measure of prenatal toxic stress, preterm birth status, and the latent measure of childhood toxic stress to the neurodevelopmental outcome, as well as an indirect, mediated path from prenatal toxic stress through preterm birth status to the outcome. Across models, higher levels of prenatal toxic stress were significantly associated with preterm birth and lower birth weight ranges. Preterm low birth weight status was associated with a greater likelihood of neurodevelopmental impairment, repeating a grade, and special education plans. The predicted probabilities of neurodevelopmental impairment, repeating grades, and special education plans are significantly higher with above-average levels of exposure to prenatal and childhood toxic stress. There is a need for prospective studies that assess predictors and outcomes of preterm birth that are stratified by gestational age and consider the timing, chronicity, and influence of toxic stress and environmental exposures. There is an imperative for public health programs and policies designed to support families, caregivers, and children to address the individual and structural social determinants of health that contribute to toxic stress, thereby increasing preterm birth rates and negatively affecting the outcomes of children born preterm.

Gender Based Violence and Public Health Consequences among Refugees in Uganda

Purpose: The current study was undertaken to establish the influence of gender based violence on public health consequences among refugees in Uganda. The main objective was to ascertain the influence of gender based violence on public health consequences among refugees in Uganda.
 Materials and Methods: In an effort to address the set objective, a cross-sectional survey design which followed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches was adopted. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used because they are complementary methods that work well together to provide insights that are both deep and wide. Data was collected from a total quantitative sample of 311 refugees. A qualitative sample of 68 of refugee stakeholders’ and officials from office of the Prime Minister in Uganda was determined by saturation point approach. The data was analysed at descriptive and inferential level, and later a Path Equation Model was fitted through Structural Equation Modelling in Stata Version 14.0.
 Findings: The key reference in the study is Sarfo-Kantankah, K. S. (2022), who avers that violence against women includes any act of verbal or physical force, coercion or life-threatening deprivation, directed at an individual woman or girl that causes physical or psychological harm, humiliation or arbitrary deprivation of liberty and that perpetuates female subordination. The overall result in regard to Gender Based Violence among refugees in selected refugee campcamp indicate that it is highly practiced (M = 5.32, SD = 0.88). The results also indicated exists there exists a positive significant influence of Gender Based violence on public health consequences of the refugees (r = 0.379). This relationship is statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p< 0.001). The study concluded that that sufficient evidence substantiates significant relationship exists between gender based violence and Public Health Consequences. Finally, the study reveals that the biggest numbers of refugees are semi illiterate and this makes them unable to access any viable source of income which may give them or expose them to gender based violence and the associated public health consequences which result or impact the society negatively. Therefore, equipping these refugees with some skills may help them to be preoccupied with economic activities which will eventually have an impact on their life styles and hence help to mitigate the challenge of gender based Violence. 
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The government and other refugees’ stakeholders should devise strategies to enhance the literacy levels such that the refugees may be able to understand and collaborate in not only reducing gender based violence but also be able to take decisions for which the refugee sector relies on.

Mediating Effect of Gender Based Violence on the Fit of Public Health Consequences and Societal Impact of Refugees in Uganda

Purpose: The current study was undertaken to establish the mediating effect of gender based violence on the fit of public health consequences and societal impact of refugees in Uganda so as to come up with a unified model for improvements in Uganda. The main objective was to investigate the mediating effect of gender based violence on the fit of public health consequences and societal impact of refugees in Uganda.
 Materials and Methods: In an effort to address the set objective, a cross-sectional survey design which followed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches was adopted. Data was collected from a total quantitative sample of 311 refugees. A qualitative sample of 68 of refugee stakeholders’ and officials from office of the Prime Minister in Uganda was determined by saturation point approach. The data was analysed at descriptive and inferential level, and later a Path Equation Model was fitted through Structural Equation Modelling in Stata Version 14.0.
 Findings: The key references in the study are (Moretti, S.,2021) who aver that in accordance with Division of International Protection, Gender based violence is preventable and UNHCR is committed to promoting gender equality and human rights and to protecting refugees and other persons of concern from GBV as well as (Heise,2018) who had earlier found Gender based violence brings negative public health consequences thus impacting society negatively. The overall result in regard to Gender Based Violence among refugees in Bidibidi camp indicate that it is highly practiced (M = 5.32, SD = 0.88). The results also indicated exists there exists a positive significant influence of Gender Based violence on public health consequences of the refugees (r = 0.379). The study results on the overall shows average level of social impact amongst the refugees (Mean = 3.26) but with a very high level of discrepancy (SD = 1.07> 0.5) with some refugees and stakeholders reporting good levels of society impact. This relationship is statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p < 0.001). The study concluded that that sufficient evidence substantiates significant relationship exists between gender based violence and societal impact.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Finally, the gender based violence and the other strategies had a total causal effect of 11.57% on societal impact. However, the society impact referred to only applied to the current environment which did not promise continued Survival into the future. Given that fact the study has proposed the Protracted Gender based Violence Diminution Model (PROGBVD MODEL) which guarantees not only societal impact but also tremendous reduction in gender based violence to an additional 21.2% to make it 32.77% sustained reduction. This, therefore, means that if the new Model is adopted, the refugees will not only be provided reduced Gender based Violence for a short period of time but will get it for many years to come. The Protracted Gender based Violence Diminution Model (PROGBVD MODEL) is, henceforth, the current study contribution to knowledge.

Design method of variable slippage coefficient non‐geodesic filament‐wound composite pressure vessels

AbstractPrevious studies on the design methods of filament winding paths for composite pressure vessels have mainly focused on geodesic and constant slippage coefficient non‐geodesic patterns, neglecting the design of variable slippage coefficients along the fiber path. In this paper, a design method of variable slippage coefficient non‐geodesic filament wound composite pressure vessels is proposed. The study begins by establishing a meridian rotation mapping model and deriving fiber path equations on the shell surface. Subsequently, the fiber paths, curvature characteristics, slippage coefficients, and shell stress responses of the shell under variable geometrical parameters are simulated and analyzed. Next, the winding parameters are optimized while considering bandwidth and stable winding constraints. The optimal winding parameters are determined, and filament winding simulations are conducted on composite pressure vessels. Results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method for variable slippage coefficient fiber path winding mode, providing a new and effective filament winding path design approach for composite pressure vessels.Highlights Establishment of meridian rotation mapping model and simulation of shell fiber paths under variable geometric parameters. The fiber paths, curvature characteristics, slippage coefficients, and winding angles of the shell under variable geometrical parameters are simulated and analyzed. Stress response analysis of shells based on Tsai‐Wu failure criterion and classical lamination theory stress field dimensionless modeling. Construction of winding parameter optimization strategies and bandwidth error evaluation based on stable winding and fiber bandwidth constraints. Simulation of variable slippage coefficient non‐geodesic filament winding for composite pressure vessels with different parameters.

Exploring the Factors Influencing Tourist Destination Loyalty: A Case Study of Homestay Entrepreneurs in Thailand

This research aims to explore the image of the homestay entrepreneurs through service marketing mix, tourist satisfaction, and tourist loyalty toward homestay entrepreneurs and find their tourist destination loyalty model. The data were collected from 440 tourists and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics consisting of confirmatory factor, path, and structural equation modeling. The results showed that the image of the homestays in Samut Sakhon province, service marketing mix, tourist satisfaction, and tourist loyalty toward homestay entrepreneurs in Samut Sakhon province were mostly at high levels. Moreover, confirmatory factors analysis showed that the image of the homestays in Samut Sakhon province has the highest in the “Impression,” the service marketing mix has the highest in “People,” tourist satisfaction has the highest value in “Service quality,” and tourist loyalty toward homestays entrepreneurs has the highest value in the “Repeated use of the service.” Furthermore, it is revealed that the image of the homestays and the service marketing mix have direct and indirect influences on tourist loyalty toward homestay entrepreneurs. With continuous improvement in service quality, affordability, and customer relationship management, homestay entrepreneurs can create positive experiences, enhance value for money, cultivate customer loyalty, and benefit from positive word-of-mouth recommendations, ultimately driving the growth and success of their businesses.

Socio Economic Reintegration on the Fit of Migrant Worker Returnees Policy and Process and Life Satisfaction of Ugandan Migrant Worker Returnees from Middle East

Purpose: The current study was undertaken to establish the contribution of socioeconomic reintegration on the fit of migrant worker returnees policy and process and life satisfaction of Ugandan migrant worker returnees from middle east so as to come up with a unified model for improvements in Uganda. Its objectives main objective was to explore the mediating effect of socio economic reintegration on the fit of migrant worker returnees’ policy and process and life satisfaction of Ugandan migrant worker returnees from Middle East.
 Materials and Methods: In an effort to address the set objectives, a cross-sectional survey design which followed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches was adopted. Data was collected from a total quantitative sample of 218 Ugandan migrant worker returnees from Middle East. A qualitative sample of 25 managers of registered labour export companies and ministry officials in Uganda was determined by saturation point approach. The data was analysed at descriptive and inferential level, and later a Path Equation Model was fitted through Structural Equation Modelling in Stata Version 14.0.
 Findings: The results indicated exists a positive relationship on the use of Social Reintegration and life satisfaction of the Uganda migrant returnees (r = 0.397 statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p< 0.001). Results also showed shows that there exists a positive relationship between returnee policy implementation and social economic reintegration of the Uganda migrant returnees (r = 0.398). This relationship is statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p < 0.001).
 The study concluded that that sufficient evidence substantiates significant relationship exists between socio economic reintegration and life satisfaction.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Finally, the socio economic reintegration and the other strategies had a total causal effect of 92.8% on life satisfaction. However, the life satisfaction referred to only applied to the current environment which did not promise continued Survival into the future. Given that fact the study has proposed the Sustainable Penchant Socioeconomic Partaking Model (SUPSEP MODEL) which guarantees not only life satisfaction but also sustainability. This, therefore, means that if the new Model is adopted, the migrant worker returnees’ will not only be provided a good life satisfaction for a short period of time but will get it for many years to come. The SUPSEP Model is, henceforth, the current study contribution to knowledge.

Digital Smart Manufacturing Context Urban Street Space Design Landscape Elements Retrofit Analysis

INTRODUCTION: With the growth of the economic level, China's urban residents' urban living standards are also increasingly high, which has produced the story of an urban street space design to improve the requirements. Moreover, with intelligent manufacturing and other computer technology to enhance the efficiency of various industries, smart manufacturing applied to urban spatial design landscapes also has a prototype.
 OBJECTIVES: To improve the level of digitization in China, the application of intelligent manufacturing in urban street space design; to promote the transformation of urban landscape elements, urban modernization will increase the level; to solve the problem of the urban environment improvement and economic development is not synchronized; to promote the modernization of urban development, enhance the level of urban informatization and intelligence.
 METHODS: Firstly establishes the Wells equation of the optimal path of intelligent manufacturing through the technique of theoretical exposition; secondly, analyzes people's demand for urban street space design by using the method of data statistics and analysis; lastly, summarizes the principles to be followed in the creation of urban street space and the construction outlook through case study.
 RESULTS: The Wells equation of the optimal path of smart manufacturing shows that intelligent manufacturing has a significant positive effect on the efficiency of urban street space design; the results of data statistics and analysis show that the current level of urban street space design cannot meet people's growing spiritual and cultural needs; the results of the case study show that the design of urban street space should follow the design principles of safety, closeness to nature, and human-centeredness.
 CONCLUSION: Urban street space design in the context of digital intelligent manufacturing should be done promptly, and the level of urban landscape design should be strengthened to meet people's growing spiritual and cultural needs in the post-New Crown epidemic era.

Factors Affecting Farmers' Capacity in Handling Harvest and Post-Harvest Mango Export Commodities Gedong Gincu

The aims of this study were (1) to determine the effect of stakeholder roles and direct access to information on farmer capacity in harvest and postharvest handling, and (2) to determine the influence of the role of stakeholders and access to information on the capacity of farmers in handling harvest and postharvest through. The research was conducted in Majalengka Regency with the central areas of Majalengka District and Panyingkiran District. The time of the research was carried out in August 2023. The determination of the sample was carried out by census on 30 farmers who had supplied gedong gincu mangoes to exporters. Data analysis used path analysis with the independent variable the role of stakeholders and access to information with the dependent variable being the farmer's capacity in handling harvest and postharvest through farmer behavior. data analysis using path analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is an influence on the role of stakeholders and access to information on the variable capacity of farmers in handling harvest and postharvest directly or through farmer behavior. The first path equation is Y = 0.391 + 0.517 + 0.796 and the second path equation is Y = 0.336 + 0.420 + 0.445 + 0.630. The effect of stakeholder roles on farmer capacity directly or indirectly is 0.500, the effect of information access on farmer capacity is 0.662 and the influence of farmer behavior on farmer capacity is 0.420

Arterial stiffness but not carotid intima-media thickness progression precedes premature structural and functional cardiac damage in youth: A 7-year temporal and mediation longitudinal study

Background and aimsThe longitudinal relations of cardiac indices with the aorta and carotid vessel and the time sequence for early cardiac disease development are uncharacterized in youth. We examined the temporal longitudinal associations of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). MethodsFrom the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK birth cohort, 1856 adolescents (1011 females) at a mean (SD) age 17.7 (0.3) years were followed up for 7 years. Vicorder-measured cfPWV and ultrasound-measured cIMT were grouped in tertiles as low (reference), moderate, and high. Echocardiography measured cardiac abnormalities are left ventricular mass indexed for height2.7 (LVMI2.7) ≥51 g/m2.7 as LVH; relative wall thickness ≥44 as hiRWT; LVD function E/A <1.5 as LVD dysfunction (LVDD); and LV filling pressure E/e’ ≥8 as hiLVFP. Data were analysed with generalized logit mixed-effect models, cross-lagged path, and mediation structural equation models adjusting for cardiometabolic and lifestyle factors. ResultsOver follow-up, LVH prevalence increased from 3.6% to 7.2% and LVDD from 11.1 to 16.3%. High cfPWV progression was associated with worsening LVH [Odds ratio 1.23 (1.13–1.35); p < 0.001] in the total cohort, males, overweight/obese, and normotensive. High cfPWV progression was associated with worsening hiLVFP in the total cohort, females, and normal weight. Likewise, high cIMT progression was associated with worsening LVH [1.27 (1.26–1.27); p < 0.0001] in the total cohort, overweight/obese and elevated BP/hypertensive. Neither cfPWV nor cIMT progression was associated with worsening hiRWT in the total cohort. In cross-lagged models, higher baseline cfPWV was associated with future LVMI2.7 (β = 0.06, SE, 5.14, p = 0.035), RWT, LVDF, and LVFP. However, baseline LVMI2.7, RWT, LVDF, and LVFP were not associated with follow-up cfPWV. Baseline cIMT was not associated with follow-up cardiac indices and vice versa. Cumulative increased systolic blood pressure (34.3% mediation) and insulin resistance (15.1% mediation) mediated the direct associations of cumulative cfPWV with cumulative LVMI2.7. ConclusionsArterial stiffness progression temporally preceded worsening structural and functional cardiac damage in youth with increased systolic blood pressure and insulin resistance partly mediating the relationships. Future interventions aimed at attenuating premature cardiac damage in adolescents and young adults may consider a simultaneous treatment of both arterial stiffness, elevated blood pressure and insulin resistance.

Study regarding the influence of process conditions on the surface topography during ultra-precision turning

During ultra-precision turning, the turned surface “copies” a large amount of turning process condition information. In this study, the path equations were combined with the turned surface topography equations, and the condition parameters were superimposed to develop theoretical surface topography models for ultra-precision turned end face, cylindrical, conical, and spherical surfaces influenced by turning condition parameters. The models were validated through a series of experiments. The turned surfaces were analyzed in the spatial frequency domain, and the corresponding relationship between the frequency information in the time domain and the spatial domain was obtained. The corresponding area power values were calculated to determine the quantitative impact of condition parameters on surface roughness. According to the calculation results, the surface roughness under the influence of process conditions was positively correlated with the amplitude of turning process condition parameters. The topography of the simulated surfaces was consistent with that of the experimental surfaces, and the trend of area power values corresponding to different turning process condition parameters in the simulated surface topography was consistent with the experimental results. It was proved that the established relational model, which determined the qualitative and quantitative influence of machining conditions on the machined surface, is tenable. This study established a mapping relationship between the machining condition parameters and their impact on surface topography, and also further provided a foundation for the digitization of ultra-precision machine tools.

Factors Affecting The Learning Process In Extension In Kepahiang District

Indonesia's coffee consumption over the last five years has shown an increase that is consistent with the current average estimate of coffee consumption per capita in Indonesia at around 1.11 kg/capita/year. Exports in the form of beans (green beans and roasts) decreased, on the other hand exports in the form of powder, instant coffee, and coffee drinks continued to increase, except for instant coffee in 2019 which suddenly declined. The stock of coffee beans in Indonesia in the last 5 years has decreased. Coffee imports by Indonesia over the last 5 years have continued to increase, except in the form of roasted beans which have decreased slightly. The stock of coffee beans in Indonesia for the last 5 years has continued to decline. Seeing this phenomenon, researchers are interested in factors that influence the learning process in counseling in Kepahyang Regency. Determination of respondents using the method of arikunto 10% of the total population, then obtained as many as 496 respondents who will be selected randomly. Analysis of research data using path equations, while data processing uses AMOS 22 software. The results show that the variables that have a significant influence on farmers' perceptions of the learning process in extension are; X2 (Farming experience), X4 (Farmers' participation in community institutions), X5 (Access to information), X7 (Farmers' perceptions of government policies).&#x0D; Keywords; Factors, Learning, Counseling, Coffee Farmers

Stability and singularity analysis of the cosmologies with different scenarios for deceleration parameter in the presence of torsion

In the current paper, path deviation equations in absolutely parametric parallel geometries are derived. It is considered as a geodesic deviation equation. Additionally, it is modified by a torsion term. It proposes the deviation path equation that describes the trajectory deviation of a particle under the influence of the gravitational field. To examine the singularity of the Cosmological models, the modified version of the Raychaudhuri equation is utilized. The generalized law of the variation of Hubble's parameter is utilized to achieve some Cosmological models.

EFFECT LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON PERFORMANCE WITH WORK MOTIVATION AS INTERVENING VARIABLE

With work motivation as an auxiliary variable, this study seeks to ascertain the impact of leadership style and organizational culture on the performance of specialist doctors. This study is a cross sectional study with 65 specialist doctors as respondents. Collecting data for the four variables using a linkert scale of 1-5 points and as a test tool descriptive statistical analysis is used with a three box method approach which is divided into three scale ranges, namely H (High), M (Medium), and L (Low). The results of the analysis of sub-structure 1 and the probability value simultaneously and partially indicating that the leadership style, organizational culture, and work motivation simultaneously and partially have a positive and substantial impact on performance. Sub structure 2 and the comparison of probability values simultaneously and partially shows that simultaneously and partially leadership style and organizational culture have an effect positive and significant effect on work motivation. The equation of path of total influence shows that job motivation influences leadership style and organizational culture in a way that enhances the performance of specialist doctors.

Application of Pathway Analysis Factors Affecting the Human Development Index in North Sumatra in 2021-2022

The Human Development Index (IPM) measures human development achievements based on a number of basic quality of life components. As a measure of quality of life, HDI is built through a basic three-dimensional approach. These dimensions include a long and healthy life; knowledge, and a decent life. These three dimensions have a very broad meaning because they are related to many factors. To measure the health dimension, life expectancy at birth is used. Furthermore, to measure the dimensions of knowledge, a combination of literacy rate indicators and the average length of schooling is used. This study aims to determine the relationship or influence between variables on the human development index. These variables are the average length of schooling, life expectancy, and the percentage of poor people. This research uses survey data from BPS North Sumatra for the 2021-2022 period. Data processing uses path analysis with the help of SPSS version 23 software. The path equation obtained in this study is Y = 0.672X1 + 0.297X2 − 0.223Z + 0.081. The results showed that there was a significant influence between the average length of schooling, life expectancy, and the percentage of poor people on the human development index.

Gamification and proenvironmental performance: could tourists return home with more sustainable habits?

研究目的本研究旨在证明游戏化在环境行为中的应用可促使环保习惯的形成。因此, 了解游客满意度和不同种类刺激 （外在的、内在的和内化的外在的）的关系十分重要。研究设计/方法/途径在UrbanWaste委员会（欧洲项目）指定的法国、西班牙和葡萄牙的试点城市进行现场实验后, 研究小组从受邀答题的玩家中收集调查数据。所有数据都使用Amos软件中的路径方程建模进行研究, 以此来测试研究的维度和先前提出的研究模型。研究发现本研究表明, 尽管游戏化工具可能在第一阶段是形成环保习惯所必需的, 但当这种习惯被内化时, 这些游戏化工具是多余的。研究原创性/价值本研究的独创性在于了解游客游戏化满意度与环保行为产生的关系。这种环保行为同时有助于景区建立正面积极的形象。

DIRECTORS DIVERSITY, BUSINESS STRATEGY, SALES GROWTH ON TAX AVOIDANCE

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the growth of world trade, including Indonesia. The decreases in the Indonesian economy has made the performance of tax revenue has not been optimally. This study aims to analyze the effect of directors diversity, business strategy, sales growth on tax avoidance. This study is a descriptive and verification study with a quantitative approach. This study used all companies that are included in the healthcare sector and the telecommunications sector listed on the IDX as population. The sample in this study amounted to 80 companies with secondary data obtained from the IDX website and their respective company websites consisting of annual reports and financial statements for 2018-2021. The data analysis technique used is the PLS-SEM path equation model with SmartPLS 3.2.8. The results of the study found that: 1) the directors diversity have an effect on tax avoidance, while sales growth and business strategy have no effect on tax avoidance; 2) the directors diversity have an effect on business strategy; 3) business strategy and directors diversity have an effect on sales growth; 5) directors diversity have an effect on sales growth through business strategy; 6) directors diversity have not effect on tax avoidance through business strategy; 7) business strategy have not effect on tax avoidance through sales growth. This study has limitations in data, but compared to other studies, the results of this study are more updated and carried out in two different sectors than previous studies.

CAN CELEBRITY ENDORSE IMPROVE THE PURCHASE DECISION OF “CLOTHING” MSME PRODUCTS THROUGH BRAND IMAGE?

The purpose of the study was to determine (1) the description of the celebrity endorse variable, brand image, and purchasing decisions; (2) The direct effect of celebrity endorsement on a brand image; (3) The direct effect of brand image on purchasing decisions (4) The direct influence of celebrity endorsements on purchasing decisions; and (5) the indirect effect of celebrity endorsement on purchasing decisions through the brand image on Awesam Malang Raya customers. This study uses a quantitative approach with descriptive and explanatory research types. The instrument used is a closed questionnaire which is processed in the validity and reliability test with valid and reliable results. The research population is Malang Raya Awesam customers who decide to buy Awesam clothing products. and have seen endorser Selia Rahma. The sampling technique used a proportional random sampling technique. Calculation of the sample using the Slovin formula with a total of 90 respondents. The analysis used is Path Analysis. The prerequisite test is through the normality test with the results of the residuals being normally distributed and the linearity test with the results of the linear path equation. The results showed that the results of the descriptive analysis of celebrity endorsements and purchasing decisions were included in the good category, and the brand image was included in the good category. The results of path analysis show that (1) celebrity endorsement has a direct effect on brand image; (2) brand image has a direct effect on purchasing decisions; (3) celebrity endorsement has a direct effect on purchasing decisions, and (4) celebrity endorse does not indirectly affect purchasing decisions through the brand image on customers of Awesam store Malang Raya.

Study on entrepreneurship competencies of coffee farmers

Coffee is the main source of income for 1.8 million heads of farming families spread across almost all provinces and 69 thousand families of employees of large plantations, plays a role in job creation, encouraging domestic agribusiness. The stock of coffee beans in Indonesia for the last 5 years has continued to decline. Seeing this phenomenon, researchers are interested in studying entrepreneurial competence, and the factors that influence it both directly and indirectly. Determination of respondents using the method of arikunto 10% of the total population, then obtained as many as 496 respondents. Analysis of research data using path equations. The results of the study stated the eleven indicators of entrepreneurial competence have competencies of which 1 indicator is included in low competence. The results of the path analysis state that X2 (Farming Business Experience), X5 (Access to Information), X7 (Farmers' Perceptions of Government Policy) have a significant direct and indirect influence on the entrepreneurial competence of farmers.

Design and Development of a Mathematical Model for an Industrial Process, in a System Dynamics Environment

This research proposes a methodology based on control engineering, transforming the simulation model of system dynamics into a mathematical model expressed as a system transfer function. The differential equations of a time domain present in the Forrester diagram are transformed into a frequency domain based on the Laplace transform. The conventional control engineering technique is used to present and reduce the dynamic system in a block diagram as a mechanism for determining the structure of the system. The direct path equation and the feedback equation are determined to obtain mathematical models that explain the trajectory of the behavior of each state variable through a transfer function in response to the different inputs of the system. The research proposal is based on presenting an alternative of analytical validation for more robust decision-making to systems dynamics models, based on the explanation of the system structure through a transfer function and its analysis of stability and external controllability for the system dynamics model under study. The results are visually analyzed in a root diagram.