Burgers-type Equations Research Articles

Higher-Order Corrections to Earthʼs Ionosphere Shocks**Supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University under the Research Project No. 2015/01/4787

Nonlinear shock wave structures in unmagnetized collisionless viscous plasmas composed fluid of positive (negative) ions and nonthermally electron distribution are examined. For ion shock formation, a reductive perturbation technique applied to derive Burgers equation for lowest-order potential. As the shock amplitude decreasing or enlarging, its steepness and velocity deviate from Burger equation. Burgers type equation with higher order dissipation must be obtained to avoid this deviation. Solution for the compined two equations has been derived using renormalization analysis. Effects of higher-order, positive- negative mass ratio Q, electron nonthermal parameter δ and kinematic viscosities coefficient of positive (negative) ions and on the electrostatic shocks in Earth’s ionosphere are also argued.

Traveling wave solutions of the time-delayed generalized Burgers-type equations.

BackgroundRecently, nonlinear time-delayed evolution equations have received considerable interest due to their numerous applications in the areas of physics, biology, chemistry and so on.MethodsIn this paper, we obtain traveling wave solutions by using the extended left( frac{G^{prime}}{G}right)-expansion method.ResultsBased on the method, we get many solutions of the time-delayed generalized Burgers-type equations.ConclusionsThe results reveal that the extended left( frac{G^{prime}}{G}right)-expansion method is direct, effective and can be used for many other nonlinear time-delayed evolution equations.

Exact travelling wave solutions for the local fractional two-dimensional Burgers-type equations

In this paper, a family of local fractional two-dimensional Burgers-type equations (2DBEs) is investigated. The local fractional Riccati differential equation method is proposed here for the first time. The travelling wave transformation of the non-differentiable type is presented. The non-differentiable exact travelling wave solutions for the problems are obtained. The present methodology is shown to provide a useful approach to solve the local fractional nonlinear partial differential equations (LFNPDEs) in mathematical physics.

New (3 $$\varvec{+}$$ + 1)-dimensional equations of Burgers type and Sharma–Tasso–Olver type: multiple-soliton solutions

We construct new (\(3+1\))-dimensional Burgers and Sharma–Tasso–Olver-type equations. We determine the dispersion relation for each of the newly derived models. By using the simplified Hirota’s method, we derive multiple-soliton solutions for each equation. We derive a generalized dispersion relation that works for both equations.

Addendum to “Travelling waves for a non-local Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation” [J. Differential Equations 257 (3) (2014) 720–758

We add a theorem to F. Achleitner, C.M. Cuesta and S. Hittmeir (2014) [1]. In that paper we studied travelling wave solutions of a Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers type equation with a non-local diffusion term. In particular, the proof of existence and uniqueness of these waves relies on the assumption that the exponentially decaying functions are the only bounded solutions of the linearised equation. In this addendum we prove this assumption and thus close the existence and uniqueness proof of travelling wave solutions.

A Quasilinear and Chebyshev Collocation Method for Solving Nonlinear 1-D Burgers-Type Equations

A Quasilinear and Chebyshev Collocation Method for Solving Nonlinear 1-D Burgers-Type Equations

Ion temperature gradient mode driven solitons and shocks

Ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven solitons and shocks are studied in a plasma having gradients in the equilibrium number density and equilibrium ion temperature. In the linear regime, it is found that the ion temperature and the ratio of the gradient scale lengths, ηi=Ln/LT, affect both the real frequency and the growth rate of the ITG driven wave instability. In the nonlinear regime, for the first time we derive a Korteweg de Vries-type equation for the ITG mode, which admits solitary wave solution. It is found that the ITG mode supports only compressive solitons. Further, it is noticed that the soliton amplitude and width are sensitive to the parameter ηi=Ln/LT. Second, in the presence of dissipation in the system, we obtain a Burger type equation, which admits the shock wave solution. This work may be useful to understand the low frequency electrostatic modes in inhomogeneous electron-ion plasma having density and ion temperature gradients. For illustration, the model has been applied to tokamak plasma.

The quadratically cubic Burgers equation: an exactly solvable nonlinear model for shocks, pulses and periodic waves

A modified equation of Burgers type with a quadratically cubic (QC) nonlinear term was recently pointed out as a new exactly solvable model of mathematical physics. However, its derivation, analytical solution, computer modeling, as well as its physical applications and analysis of corresponding nonlinear wave phenomena have not been published up to now. The physical meaning and generality of this QC nonlinearity are illustrated here by several examples and experimental results. The QC equation can be linearized and it describes the experimentally observed phenomena. Some of its exact solutions are given. It is shown that in a QC medium not only shocks of compression can be stable, but shocks of rarefaction as well. The formation of stationary waves with finite width of shock front resulting from the competition between nonlinearity and dissipation is traced. Single-pulse propagation is studied by computer modeling. The nonlinear evolutions of N- and S-waves in a dissipative QC medium are described, and the transformation of a harmonic wave to a sawtooth-shaped wave with periodically recurring trapezoidal teeth is analyzed.

Self-similar solutions of a Burgers-type equation with quadratically cubic nonlinearity

Self-similar solutions are found for a quadratically cubic second-order partial differential equation governing the behavior of nonlinear waves in various distributed systems, for example, in some metamaterials. They are compared with self-similar solutions of the Burgers equation. One of them describing a single unipolar pulse is shown to satisfy both equations. The other self-similar solutions of the quadratically cubic equation behave differently from the solutions of the Burgers equation. They are constructed by matching the positive and negative branches of the solution, so that the function itself and its first derivative are continuous. One of these solutions corresponds to an asymmetric solitary N-wave of the sonic shock type. Self-similar solutions of a quadratically cubic equation describing the propagation of cylindrically symmetric waves are also found.

Classical and Quantum Burgers Fluids: A Challenge for Group Analysis

The most general second order irrotational vector field evolution equation is constructed, that can be transformed to a single equation for the Cole–Hopf potential. The exact solution to the radial Burgers equation, with constant mass influx through a spherical supply surface, is constructed. The complex linear Schrödinger equation is equivalent to an integrable system of two coupled real vector equations of Burgers type. The first velocity field is the particle current divided by particle probability density. The second vector field gives a complex valued correction to the velocity that results in the correct quantum mechanical correction to the kinetic energy density of the Madelung fluid. It is proposed how to use symmetry analysis to systematically search for other constrained potential systems that generate a closed system of vector component evolution equations with constraints other than irrotationality.

Global unsolvability of one-dimensional problems for Burgers-type equations

In this paper, we study the global solvability of well-known equations used to describe nonlinear processes with dissipation, namely, the Burgers equation, the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation, and the modified Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation. Using a method due to Pokhozhaev, we obtain necessary conditions for the blow-up of global solutions and estimates of the blow-up time and blow-up rate in bounded and unbounded domains. We also study the effect of linear and nonlinear viscosity on the occurrence of a gradient catastrophe in finite time.

Roles of negatively-charged heavy ions and nonextensivity in cylindrical and spherical dust-ion-acoustic shock waves

A rigorous theoretical investigation has been carried out on the propagation of nonplanar (cylindrical and spherical) dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) waves in an unmagnetized dusty multi-ion plasma system containing nonextensive electrons, inertial negatively-charged heavy ions, positively-charged Maxwellian light ions, and negatively-charged stationary dust. The well-known reductive perturbation technique has been used to derive the modified Burgers-type equation (which describes the shock wave’s properties), and its numerical solution is obtained. The basic features (viz. polarity, amplitude, width, etc.) of the cylindrical and the spherical DIA shock waves are investigated. The basic features of the cylindrical and the spherical DIA shock waves are found to have been significantly modified in a way that depends on the intrinsic parameters (viz. electron nonextensivity, heavy-ion’s kinematic viscosity, heavy-to-light-ion number density ratio, electron-to-light-ion temperature ratio, etc.) of the considered plasma system. The characteristics of the cylindrical and the spherical DIA shock waves are observed to be qualitatively different from those of planar ones.

Planar and Nonplanar Shock Waves in a Degenerate Quantum Plasma

AbstractThe nonlinear propagation of modified electron‐acoustic (mEA) shock waves in an unmagnetized, collisionless, relativistic, degenerate quantum plasma (containing non‐relativistic degenerate inertial cold electrons, both nonrelativistic and ultra‐relativistic degenerate hot electron and inertial positron fluids, and positively charged static ions) has been investigated theoretically. The well‐known Burgers type equation has been derived for both planar and nonplanar geometry by employing the reductive perturbation method. The shock wave solution has also been obtained and numerically analyzed. It has been observed that the mEA shock waves are significantly modified due to the effects of degenerate pressure and other plasma parameters arised in this investigation. The properties of planar Burgers shocks are quite different from those of nonplanar Burgers shocks. The basic features and the underlying physics of shock waves, which are relevant to some astrophysical compact objects (viz. non‐rotating white dwarfs, neutron stars, etc.), are briefly discussed. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Variety of the cosmic plasmas: General variable-coefficient Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation with experimental/observational support

Plasmas are known as the most abundant form of matter in the Universe. Nowadays, with respect to the cosmic plasmas, considerable efforts have been put into investigating the experimentally relevant Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-Burgers–type equations. In this letter, with plenty of experimental/observational support presented, symbolic computation on a general variable-coefficient KdV-Burgers equation is performed, which covers the models for a variety of the cosmic plasmas. An auto-Bäcklund transformation is constructed out, along with two families of the analytic solitonic solutions, for the electrostatic wave potential, perturbation of the magnitude of the magnetic field, fluctuation of electron or ion density, or radial-direction component of the velocity of ions or dust particles. Both our auto-Bäcklund transformation and solitonic solutions depend on the cosmic-plasma parameters by way of the nonlinearity, dispersion, dissipation and geometric-effect coefficient functions, as to the ion-acoustic, magnetoacoustic, electron-acoustic, positron-acoustic, dust-acoustic and quantum dust-ion-acoustic waves. The shock structures from our analytic investigation agree well with to those experimentally reported. Certain effects of a cosmic-plasma system, described by such variable coefficients, might be detected by the future plasma experiments/observations.

Coupling estimation and control for a two dimensional Burgers type equation

The aim of this paper is to study the boundary feedback stabilization of a two dimensional Burgers type equation with a Dirichlet boundary control and boundary measurements. Thus we have to deal with highly unbounded control and observation operators. We study the well posedness of the infinite dimensional system obtained by coupling a linear estimator with a linear feedback control law for the corresponding linearized parabolic system in a neighborhood of an unstable stationary solution. We prove the local stabilization of the system obtained by applying to the nonlinear equation the linear feedback control coupled with the linear compensator. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results.

Dust-ion-acoustic shock waves in nonextensive dusty multi-ion plasmas

A theoretical and numerical analysis of dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) shock waves has been carried out in an unmagnetized dusty multi-ion plasma containing nonextensive electrons, inertial negatively charged heavy ions, positively charged Maxwellian light ions, and negatively charged stationary dusts. The normal mode analysis is used to examine the linear properties of DIA waves (DIAWs). The reductive perturbation technique is employed in order to derive the nonlinear time evolution Burgers type equation (which describes the shock waves properties). The basic features (viz. polarity, amplitude, width, etc.) of the DIA shock waves are investigated. It is found that the basic features of DIA shock waves are significantly modified depending on the intrinsic parameters (viz. electron nonextensivity, heavy ions kinematic viscosity, heavy-to-light ion number density ratio, electron-to-light ion temperature ratio, etc.) of the considered plasma system. Both polarities (positive and negative potential) are also found to exist in the plasma under consideration in this paper. The findings of this investigation may be used in understanding the wave propagation in laboratory and space plasmas.

Low-Frequency Electrostatic Shock Excitations in a Multi-Component Dusty Plasma

Dust-acoustic shock waves are investigated in a four-component plasma consisting of arbitrarily charged inertial dusts, Boltzmann distributed negatively charged heavy ions, positively charged light ions, and electrons. The reductive perturbation technique is employed in order to derive the nonlinear time evolution Burgers-type equation. The properties of dust-acoustic shock waves are analysed via the solution of Burgers equation. It is observed that the basic features of dust-acoustic shock waves are significantly modified due to the influence of arbitrarily charged dusts, Maxwellian electrons, number density and temperatures of heavier and lighter ions, and dust kinematic viscosity. Both polarity (positive and negative potential) shock waves are also found to exists in the plasma under consideration in this manuscript. The findings of this investigation may be used in understanding the dust-acoustic wave properties in both laboratory and space plasmas.

Power Series Solution for Solving Nonlinear Burgers-Type Equations

Power series solution method has been traditionally used to solve ordinary and partial linear differential equations. However, despite their usefulness the application of this method has been limited to this particular kind of equations. In this work we use the method of power series to solve nonlinear partial differential equations. The method is applied to solve three versions of nonlinear time-dependent Burgers-type differential equations in order to demonstrate its scope and applicability.

Nonlinear slow magnetoacoustic waves in coronal plasma structures

Context. There is abundant observational evidence of longitudinal waves in the plasma structures of the solar corona. These essentially compressive waves are confidently interpreted as slow magnetoacoustic waves. The use of the slow waves in plasma diagnostics and estimating their possible contribution to plasma heating and acceleration require detailed theoretical modelling. Aims. We investigate the role of obliqueness and magnetic effects in the evolution of slow magnetoacoustic waves, also called tube waves, in field-aligned plasma structures. Special attention is paid to the wave damping caused by nonlinear steepening. Methods. We considered an untwisted straight axisymmetric field-aligned plasma cylinder and analysed the behaviour of the slow magnetoacoustic waves that are guided by this plasma structure. We adopted a thin flux tube approximation. We took into account dissipation caused by viscosity, resistivity and thermal conduction, and nonlinearity. Effects of stratification and dispersion caused by the finite radius of the flux tube were neglected. Results. We derive the Burgers-type evolutionary equation for tube waves in a uniform plasma cylinder. Compared with a plane acoustic wave, the formation of shock fronts in tube waves is found to occur at a larger distance from the source. In addition, tube waves experience stronger damping. These effects are most pronounced in plasmas with the parameter β at about or greater than unity. In a low-β plasma, the evolution of tube waves can satisfactorily be described with the Burgers equation for plane acoustic waves.

Finite-Horizon Parameterizing Manifolds, and Applications to Suboptimal Control of Nonlinear Parabolic PDEs

This article proposes a new approach based on finite-horizon parameterizing manifolds (PMs) for the design of low-dimensional suboptimal controllers to optimal control problems of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) of parabolic type. Given a finite horizon $[0,T]$ and a low-mode truncation of the PDE, a PM provides an approximate parameterization of the uncontrolled high modes by the controlled low ones so that the unexplained high-mode energy is reduced, in an $L^2$-sense, when this parameterization is applied. Analytic formulas of such PMs are derived by application of the method of pullback approximation of the high-modes (Chekroun, Liu, and Wang, 2013, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.3896v1.pdf). These formulas allow for an effective derivation of reduced ODE systems, aimed to model the evolution of the low-mode truncation of the controlled state variable, where the high-mode part is approximated by the PM function applied to the low modes. A priori error estimates between the resulting PM-based low-dimensional suboptimal controller $u_R^\ast$ and the optimal controller $u^*$ are derived. These estimates demonstrate that the closeness of $u_R^\ast$ to $u^*$ is mainly conditioned on two factors: (i) the parameterization defect of a given PM, associated respectively with $u_R^\ast$ and $u^*$; and (ii) the energy kept in the high modes of the PDE solution either driven by $u_R^\ast$ or $u^*$ itself. The practical performances of such PM-based suboptimal controllers are numerically assessed for various optimal control problems associated with a Burgers-type equation. The numerical results show that a PM-based reduced system allows for the design of suboptimal controllers with good performances provided that the associated parameterization defects and energy kept in the high modes are small enough, in agreement with the rigorous results.