Equality In Countries Research Articles

Health Care Access and Equity Among Migrants: A Literature Review

Background: Health inequality often occurs among disadvantaged population groups, including migrants. Currently, the migrant population does not always receive adequate health services. In addition, the health care system is not optimized for migrants, especially in terms of language, access, genomic data and the expertise of medical personnel. The health condition of these migrants is a global problem that needs attention if countries want to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets by 2030. Purpose: to map the latest existing research on the topic of migrant health, both qualitative and quantitative. Methods: narrative literature review and literature search were carried out using an electronic database with the automatic selection feature used in the electronic database according to the specified inclusion criteria. Results: Obtained an overview of inequality in [1] access to health services for migrants in general, [2] utilization of health services and health-seeking behavior, [3] health literacy, [4] health services related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and [5] maternal and child health services. All authors agree on this division of groups. Conclusion: Migrants who do not have documents or are illegal, skin color (black migrants) who migrate to western countries, languages ​​that are not the same, and do not understand their own health conditions due to lack of health education due to language barriers, these factors are obstacles for migrants to achieve equality in countries where migrants have migrated.

La difusión transnacional de discursos sobre sexualidades no normativas vía Netflix: el caso Sex Education (2019-2020)

Este trabajo estudia cómo la serie Sex Education difunde transnacionalmente discursos sobre sexualidades no normativas, igualdad y diversidad LGBTIQ+. Desde los Estudios LGBTIQ+ se aplica un diseño mixto con metodología no experimental de tipo ex-postfacto usando instrumentos de medición e interacción transmedia y los informes ILGA World y Global Attitudes. Se confirma que Netflix, vía Sex Education, difunde transnacionalmente valores de diversidad e igualdad sexo-genérica en países sin pleno amparo social y jurídico a dicha diversidad, propiciando la construcción de otras subjetividades.

The issue of the ratio of women and men in central and local government: the European Union and Ukraine

Gender mainstreaming is an integral part of the process of building a democratic society, including in thepolitical sphere. In order to draw conclusions about gender equality in the political sphere, it is necessaryto constantly investigate the current situation. An indicator of gender equality in the political sphere is therepresentation of women and men in the governmental institutions. Therefore, there is a need to analyse thegender structure of central and local authorities in the European Union.The aim of the paper is to analyse the representation of women and men in elected authorities andgovernments of the European Union and Ukraine. The author explored the participation of men and womenin the European Parliament, national parliaments of European countries, national governmental authorities,regional and local parliaments of the EU and Ukraine.The gender structures of different authorities were compared. The countries with gender equality in thepolitical sphere and the countries with the largest imbalances were identified.The author analysed the factors that contributed to the establishment of equality in countries with indicatorsas close as possible to gender balance (Scandinavian countries). Among such factors the most interesting are:emancipation of women; high level of social development; institutional factors and legislation as incentives.A comparison of the gender structures of the central executive and legislative bodies and local councils ofUkraine and Poland was made.

Islamism, Secularism and the Woman Question in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring: Evidence from the Arab Barometer

The uprisings that led to regime change during the early period of the Arab Spring were initially inclusive and pluralistic in nature, with men and women from every political and religious orientation engaging actively in political activities on the street and in virtual spaces. While there was an opening of political space for women and the inclusion of demands of marginalized groups in the activists’ agenda, the struggle to reimagine national identities that balance Islamic roots and secular yearnings is still ongoing in many countries in the region. This paper seeks to deepen understanding of the extent to which the pluralistic sentiments and openness to accepting the rights women have persisted following the uprising. We aim to examine changes in attitudes towards women’s equality in countries that underwent regime change through popular uprisings during revolutionary upheavals of the Arab Spring and in countries where regimes have remained unchanged. Using available data from consecutive rounds of the Arab Barometer survey, we examine changes in attitudes in nine countries with two rounds of Arab Barometer during and post Arab Spring (Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia, Algeria, Lebanon, Sudan, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine). We find that support for “Muslim feminism” (an interpretation of gender equality grounded in Islam) has increased over the period and particularly in Arab Spring countries, while support for “secular feminism” has declined. In most countries examined, relatively high degrees of support for gender equality co-exist with a preference for Islamic interpretations of personal status codes pertaining to women. We discuss the implications of these findings for academics and activists concerned with women’s rights in the Middle East North Africa (MENA).

Normative human rights cascades, North and South

This essay submits that events preceding and leading to the establishment of the United Nations, in the 1940s, saw the emergence of foundational human rights ideas that have shaped the international order ever since. While the major wartime powers were the sponsoring actors, there were strong demands for justice and equality in countries of the South. It was a combination of Northern, Southern and NGO contributions that shaped the content of the normative human rights framework. No country came to this with fully clean hands. The leading powers sought to shield themselves from colonialism, gulags and racial segregation but had to agree to principles and norms that would triumph in the end. Southern representatives, some partly educated in the West but mostly taking their essence from their own soils, argued for high principles and norms, and then many proceeded to violate them once they had gained control of their countries. Many Latin American leaders advanced lofty principles while presiding over exploitative feudal societies at home. The gulf between principles and practice continues in our times, with numerous violations of human rights worldwide.

Gender Differences in School Achievement across Cultures: An Analysis of Results from PISA 2000-2012

This study analyzes gender differences in scholastic achievement of 15-year-olds in 75 countries that participated in the OECD’s PISA (Programme of International Student Assessment) tests. The cultural and socioeconomic determinants of three outcome measures were investigated: (1) overall achievement (math, reading, science average); (2) gender-typicality of achievement profiles (higher reading combined with lower math scores for females); and (3) the male/female variance ratio as a measure of the extent to which male scores are more variable than female scores. Females achieved higher reading scores than males in all countries, usually by a wide margin. Males achieved higher mathematics scores in 61 out of 75 countries, and gender differences in science were negligible. Overall achievement was higher for males than females in only 6 countries, 5 of them Latin American, and the variance was higher for males than females in all but three countries. With the exception of the variance ratio, which was higher in advanced economies, the outcomes were virtually unrelated to the level of economic and social development, to measures of different aspects of gender equality in countries, and to measures of gender-related attitudes and beliefs sourced from the World Values Survey. This contradicts earlier reports (e.g., Guiso et al., 2008) reporting higher female relative to male performance in more gender egalitarian societies. For some measures, a trend in the opposite direction was found. Key words: PISA, Sex differences, Mathematics, Reading, Variance ratio

Women’s equality in the Scandinavian academy: a distant dream?

While Scandinavian countries are deemed the most equal in the world, vertical sex segregation remains resilient in the Scandinavian academy. This article investigates women’s equality in universities in three Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, countries where women’s share of professorships is below the EU average. It explores the perception of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian women academics with respect to sex equality, hiring and discrimination. In doing so, it exposes the resilience of inequality regimes in Scandinavian universities and thereby questions the reality of sex equality in countries deemed the ‘most equal’. However, the article also finds that Norwegian respondents were less likely to report discrimination and it reflects on the reasons for differences between the Scandinavian countries.

The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages

Feminists have long argued that sexist language can have real world consequences for gender relations and the relative status of men and women, and recent research suggests that grammatical gender can shape how people interpret the world around them along gender lines (Boroditsky 2009). Although others have theorized about the connection between grammatical gender in language and societal gender equality (Stahlberg et al. 2007), the current work tests this link empirically by examining differences in gender equality between countries with gendered, natural gender, and genderless language systems. Of the 111 countries investigated, our findings suggest that countries where gendered languages are spoken evidence less gender equality compared to countries with other grammatical gender systems. Furthermore, countries where natural gender languages are spoken demonstrate greater gender equality, which may be due to the ease of creating gender symmetric revisions to instances of sexist language.

Revisiting UNDP's GDI and GEM: Towards an alternative.

textabstractThere are two reasons why it is important to have a good measure of gender equality in countries or regions. One is that it is important in itself: countries or regions want to compare their achievements in this area with those of other countries. The second is that such a measure can be used to assess the relationship between gender equality and economic development. In 1995, UNDP has developed two composite indices of gender equality, the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The paper reviews and extends conceptual and methodological critiques of not only the GDI, but also the GEM – the latter has thus far largely been neglected in the literature. The paper then goes on to develop an alternative composite measure of gender equality that draws on the good aspects of GDI and GEM, but attempts to avoid their methodological weaknesses.