Equality For Women Research Articles

Fighting against Patriarchy with Tweets and Hashtags: Social Media Activism of the Women's Movement and Reactionary Counterpublics

This article critically examines social media activism of feminist organizations in Turkey to uncover the strategies and tactics that they deploy in order to mobilize, build networks within and beyond the women's movement, and repel online reactionary publics. It analyzes the use of the Twittersphere by the two leading women's platforms, We Will Stop Femicides (aka KCDP) and Equality for Women (aka EŞİK), in relation to the two important campaigns in recent decades: one about the prevention of femicides and the other on the implementation and, then, reinstatement of the Council of Europe Convention on Violence against Women. Based on in-depth interviews with activists and a quantitative content analysis of the Twitter timelines of the platforms, the authors ascertained five major strategies: insisting on a feminist lexicon; aligning with the ideologically like-minded organized social groups; soliciting support from politicians, celebrities, academics, and the media; forging local and international networks; and disregarding antigender, antifeminist reactive counterpublics and avoiding any direct confrontation with them.

TO THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN INEQUALITY IN THE KAZAKH LITERATURE

The fate of women is one of the most urgent issues at any time. Since literature and human society are closely related, poets and writers cannot refuse to write about human values. Poets and writers of all times were able to convey the true picture and main problem of their era through the fate of the main characters of their works. The article considers the nature and inequality of women in the Kazakh society through works of national literature written at the beginning of the 20th century. In the course of the study, the images of female characters in literary works were analyzed and their fate was considered from the perspective of humanism and morality. The authors pay attention to the topic of women's freedom and inequality in the works written at the beginning of the 20th century, delve deeper into a number of issues, and closely consider the problems of social inequality in the Kazakh society and the period of tension of relations within the framework of universal values. As a result, they determined the factors that affected the sad life of Kazakh women and limited their freedom and inequality at the beginning of the 20th century. The authors used the historical method, comparative and research methods, as well as the principles of synthetic psychology, which are widely used in the analysis of literary works, while analyzing the fate and images of female characters in the Kazakh society in the mentioned historical period.

Research on the Positive Influence of ESG on Equal Rights for Female Employees in Enterprises

Since Roman law, the economic value of women has been suppressed by patriarchal laws. Driven by the need for socio-economic development and the need to fill the gap left by war, women entered the labor market only in the last century. However, this tradition has long placed women at a disadvantage in business, and women's right to work has been restricted. At the same time, with the development of market economy, companies have made reforms accordingly, and the Environmental Social and Governance model, which is an extension of the Corporate Social Responsibility model, has developed not only to promote economic benefits but also to propose more possibilities for the path to equality for female employees. This paper will explore the positive impact of the Environmental Social and Governance model on women's equality through data enumeration and literature review, summarize the shortcomings of the Environmental Social and Governance model, and briefly suggest solutions. In conclusion, the application of the Environmental Social and Governance model provides new ideas for women's affirmative action at work, and this paper believes that the Environmental Social and Governance model is the dawn of advancing more equal treatment for female employees.

The Blurring and Demonisation of the Image of Women in Reality -- Exploring the Modern Development of Feminism with Jane Eyre as an Example

In today's world, feminist thinking is flourishing, and scholars are increasingly concerned about women's groups, queer groups and other disadvantaged groups, with ideas that are becoming more open and diverse. Along with this change in the world landscape, feminism has gained more momentum, and Jane Eyre, an exemplary feminist masterpiece, has been widely studied by scholars. So this essay focuses on the writings of Jane Eyre, looking at the 'madwoman' Mason in the book, exploring the blurring and demonisation of the role of women, and considering the modern development of feminism. By closely reading the text and combining it with Spivak's theoretical framework of feminism, this paper aims to discover how the discourse on women's groups has been colonised in society and how feminism has been underdeveloped. The result is that reality, like fiction, has a habit of obscuring and demonising the female community and men are induced to obscure and demonise women through discourse, thereby consolidating male-centred hegemony. There is still a long way to go regarding women's liberation, equality and freedom. Women need to make aware of their disadvantages and inequality from the inside out, to understand clearly the methods men use to demonise women, to learn how to counteract these methods and to give women a voice. Women need to be self-respecting and confident and unite the strength of spirit of women and the disadvantaged to fight uncompromisingly against all hegemony and for the human rights to which they are entitled.

Discrimination and gender stereotypes in judicial decisions: The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in light of JL V Italy – A retreat into the shadows?

This article explores the European Court of Human Rights’ evolving approach to gender stereotypes in judicial decisions under Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v Portugal, the Court found the use of harmful gender stereotypes in judicial decisions to be a breach of Article 14 ECHR using a “novel” approach to establishing discrimination. The novelty, however, appears to have been subsequently diluted in the JL v Italy case. Here, the Court failed to consider Article 14 altogether. Side-lining article 14 in such cases has far-reaching consequences for the individual victim, and conceals the pervasive and systemic nature of gender discrimination. Lack of a robust anti-discrimination analysis also stunts the Court's ability to formulate general remedial action that may contribute towards changing institutional structures which perpetuate harmful gender stereotypes. This article argues that a clear and consistent approach to assessing gender stereotypes under Article 14 ECHR is needed if women's substantive equality is to be practical and effective.

The Feminist Dystopian Themes in Margret Atwood’s Handmaid’s Tale: A Reflection of the Social and Political Issues

This paper explores the feminist themes present in Margaret Atwood's seminal novel, "The Handmaid's Tale," and analyzes their resonance with contemporary political and social issues. The aims of this study are to understand how Atwood's depiction of a dystopian society highlights the suppression of women's rights, autonomy, and agency and to elucidate the relevance of these themes to the current socio-political landscape. This qualitative study aims to explore the feminist themes in Margaret Atwood's acclaimed novel, "The Handmaid's Tale," and examine their relevance to current political and social issues. To achieve this, a multi-step approach will be adopted. The method employed involves a comprehensive analysis of the novel, encompassing close reading and critical examination of key passages. The results of this study reveal that "The Handmaid's Tale" intricately explores themes of gender inequality, reproductive rights, and the patriarchal control exerted over women's bodies. Atwood's dystopian society of Gilead serves as a stark warning of the potential consequences of eroding women's rights and dismantling feminist progress. The analysis also illustrates the novel's relevance to contemporary issues, such as the ongoing struggle for reproductive rights, gender-based violence, and women's representation in politics and leadership roles. In the discussion section, the findings are further examined in light of present-day political and social challenges faced by women around the world. Utilizing the critical feminist dystopia concept, the paper explores the parallels between Gilead's oppressive regime and the actual threats to gender equality and women's rights in various societies. Moreover, the analysis highlights how "The Handmaid's Tale" serves as a poignant critique of patriarchal structures and a call to action for addressing systemic gender disparities. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the enduring significance of "The Handmaid's Tale" as a powerful feminist work, reflecting the resilience of patriarchal forces and the need for continued activism to safeguard women's rights. Atwood's narrative serves as both a cautionary tale and a source of inspiration, urging readers to remain vigilant in defending women's agency, autonomy, and equality. Ultimately, this research reaffirms the timelessness of feminist literature and its vital role in fostering awareness and mobilizing societal change.

Human Rights Due Diligence Law for Gender Equality in Multinational Enterprises

Women's equal employment rights are one of the key research topics. The researchers found that only relying on human rights norms could not effectively regulate women's unequal employment rights problems. In addition, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and their host and home countries are responsible for women's unequal employment. Mandatory human rights due diligence (HRDD) laws can effectively regulate this gender inequality. However, the law on mandatory HRDD is still in its infancy and needs to be improved. The present study employs a literature review and empirical research methods to examine the factors hindering the guarantee of women's equal employment. Additionally, this paper scrutinizes the justifications for introducing mandatory HRDD laws. Meanwhile, the study analyses the advantages of mandatory HRDD laws and evaluates the current effectiveness, scope of application, and implementation. It is argued that the present situation needs to be revised to safeguard women's equal employment rights better. Finally, the paper offers corresponding suggestions to enhance the mandatory HRDD laws, and the research purpose of this paper is to promote women's employment equality and human rights protection.

Microfinace and Gender Equality: Issues and Outlook

In recent years, microfinance has emerged as a significant tool in the fight against poverty. The microfinance scheme has proven effective in elevating individuals beyond the poverty line by offering enhanced self-employment prospects and fostering creditworthiness. In India, the microfinance sector has witnessed substantial growth, catering to both rural and urban populations with a comprehensive range of financial services. While the core concept of microfinance encompasses more than just microcredit, the terms microfinance and microcredit are often used interchangeably. Notably, the microfinance industry places a strong emphasis on empowering women clients due to their proven creditworthiness. An overwhelming 97 percent of microfinance clients are women, reflecting their pivotal role in this domain. However, despite this focus, there appears to be a lack of concerted efforts from microfinance institutions (MFIs) to genuinely promote women's empowerment and gender equality. This paper draws on secondary data and articles, supplemented by the researcher's own experiences as a Branch Head at BASIX and Janalakshmi Financial Services Pvt Ltd. The study aims to delve into gender-related challenges within the microfinance industry, identify opportunities for achieving gender equality, and examine the obstacles and potential pathways toward this goal. Additionally, the researcher investigates the rationale behind the strong emphasis on women within the microfinance sector. In conclusion, the findings suggest that, beyond the mere provision of credit, MFIs have not adequately prioritized gender equality initiatives. Consequently, the anticipated positive impact of microfinance on gender equality has yet to materialize on the ground. It is imperative for MFIs to take proactive steps towards promoting gender equality, not only to enhance the borrowers' livelihood sustainability but also to ensure the long-term viability of these institutions

Measuring Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture: Innovations and evidence

This paper addresses women's empowerment in agriculture, innovations in its measurement, and emerging evidence. We discuss the evolution of the conceptualization and measurement of women's empowerment and gender equality since 2010. Using a gender and food systems framework and a standardized measure of women's empowerment, the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), we review the evidence on “what works” to empower women based on impact evaluations of a portfolio of 11 agricultural development projects with empowerment objectives and a scoping review of livestock interventions. We then review the evidence on associations between empowering women and societal benefits--agricultural productivity, incomes, and food security and nutrition. We conclude with recommendations for measurement and policy.

The Role of Kudumbashree Units in Promoting Sustainable Women's Empowerment in Kerala

Objective: Women's empowerment and gender equality are widely acknowledged as being essential to progress in all spheres. The objective of this study is to examine the factors that motivate women to join Kudumbashree Units in Kerala, with a focus on empowering women and promoting gender equality in the development process. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the understanding that women's empowerment and gender equality are crucial for progress in all aspects of society. The Kudumbashree scheme aims to eradicate poverty and empower underprivileged rural women through the establishment of microcredit and profitable businesses. Method: The study involves female members of Kudumbashree units in Kerala, with a total sample size of 399. The study analyses the variables that influence women's decision to join the Kudumbashree Units, comparing them on a group-by-group basis. Results and Conclusion: The results indicate that, except for the variables of Family environment and Supports/Relationships, there are no significant differences in the factors influencing women's decision to join Kudumbashree Units in Kerala across different groups. Implications of the Research: The research highlights the importance of understanding the factors that encourage women to participate in initiatives like Kudumbashree Units. The findings can inform policymakers and program implementers in designing strategies to promote women's participation and empowerment. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the understanding of women's empowerment and gender equality in the context of Kudumbashree Units in Kerala. It provides insights into the factors influencing women's decision to join such units, offering valuable information for program planning and implementation.

Muslim Women Against Feminism: The Family Love Alliance (Aliansi Cinta Keluarga) and Its Impact on Women's and Sexual Rights in Contemporary Indonesia

Abstract This article discusses how Islamic conservatism has affected public discourse and policymaking on gender and sexuality and its impact on the struggle for gender equality and sexual rights in contemporary Indonesia. It particularly seeks to examine and analyse how Muslim women in the Family Love Alliance produced a counter-discourse against feminism in their struggle to oppose the ratification of the sexual violence eradication bill. While research on Islam and gender in Indonesia has primarily focused on Islamic feminism, little research has addressed the counter-discourse against Islamic feminism produced by Muslim women and how this might influence ideas of and advocacy for women's rights and gender equality. Some scholars on Indonesian Islam have also argued that rising Islamism has turned the country more religiously conservative. However, scholarly understanding of the relationship between Islamic conservatism and gender remains limited. Drawing on my fieldwork in 2018 and 2019 and informed by social movement theory, this study captures how AILA women activists represent a conservative Islamic backlash against gender equality movements in contemporary Indonesia's public sphere.

Women's Career Challenges and Opportunities (A Study of Career and Job Satisfaction among Bangladeshi Women)

The purpose of this research is to learn more about women in Bangladesh and their perceptions of career options and job satisfaction. Women's labor force participation has increased dramatically in Bangladesh, as it has in many other developing countries. But despite these improvements, women still face several roadblocks in the workplace. Women's professional development and job happiness can be aided by policies and environments that take into account the unique obstacles they confront. The study uses a Univariate, Bivariate, and multivariate method, collecting information through both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. Participants are professional women from a wide range of fields in Bangladesh. Quantitative surveys analyze issues including work-life balance, gender bias, education status, women's violence in the job sector, support from family members, promotion prospects, and job satisfaction. The qualitative interviews dive more deeply into the women's lived experiences, shedding light on the difficulties they face and the strategies they use to overcome them. The study has both theoretical and practical significance. For practical purposes, this research will improve our understanding of the most significant obstacles to women's careers and participation in development processes and the most effective ways to overcome them. This paper will also be useful as a source of information for feminist groups and other organizations with the goal to advance women's rights and equality.

The Concept of Murtadha Muthahhari on Freedom and Equality of Women's Rights in Islam

<p>This article describes the concept of Murtadha Muthahari's thoughts on freedom and equality of women's rights in Islam. Studying freedom and equality of women's rights in Islam is essential to respond to misinterpretation of women, which causes Westerners to make wrong assumptions about women in Islam and issue negative ideas about Muslim women. The primary data of this article is Muthahhari's work entitled Women's Rights in Islam and Women's Philosophy in Islam. This study used an analytic description method with a factual historical approach regarding the characters. This article presents how Muthahhari explains emancipation, freedom, and equality of women's rights in Islam. Muthahhari explained that emancipation is a movement that determines the equality of women's rights against men's rights to obtain justice and happiness. Meanwhile, according to Muthahhari, the freedom and equality of women's rights in Islam is that women and men have equal rights but not freedom and equality, which is the same between equality and identity, must be distinguished. Different from other figures who study women's issues, Muthahhari uses methods from Islam by using philosophy and religion as a starting point.</p>

Women Political Empowerment in Makran

Women's political participation is crucial for the promotion of gender equality and democratic governance. However, women are often underrepresented in political positions and face numerous barriers to participation. This paper aims to examine women's political empowerment and their participation in Makran division of Balochistan and identify strategies for promoting it. The study uses quantitative survey in which 310 questionnaires were distributed in three districts of Makran. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software. The results show that the women in Makran are not empowered politically, but there is a good environment of politics and women have political awareness in the region. The findings of the present study have significant implications for civil society organizations, policymakers and women's rights advocates who are seeking to encourage women's political participation and gender equality.

Fun young ladies — Modern feminism and China's stand-up comedy

Since the introduction of stand-up comedy into contemporary China, young Chinese comediennes have become an active part of the comedy scene. As an annual stand-up comedy show for new generation comedians, Rock & Roast provided an excellent platform for young female comedians to break the gender barrier of traditional language performance art, giving birth to outstanding female stand-up comedians including Yang Li and the Yan Twins, igniting a new wave of feminist thinking. Contrary to the more active feminist movements in the West, stand-up comedy performances featuring female topics serve as a negotiated form of feminist expression. Using humor and satire as a medium, comedy works as the new means for the dissemination and further emancipation of feminist thought in China. Although their humorous expressions are still limited by gender stereotypes and patriarchal gazes, their courageous voices will still make a historic contribution to Chinese women's further struggle for women's rights and gender equality.

THE ROLE OF FEMINISM IN ENGAGING INTERNATIONAL ACTORS TOWARDS EMPOWERING THE EFFORTS OF RECOVERING WOMEN IN POST-PANDEMIC TOURISM

This study seeks to unravel the role of feminism in shaping the engagement of international actors bilaterally, regionally, and multilaterally in the endeavor to revive and enhance the economic and social condition of women in the tourism industry within the post-pandemic condition. Through the lens of feminism that also perpetuates an understanding from the liberal-institutionalism view, this paper discovers that the engagement of actors who conduct cooperation leading to the establishment of institutions and programs with a focus on the prevailing notion of innovation is underpinned by the salient concept of shared value, which prioritizes the importance of women's rights and gender equality.

Gender, Economy, and the Law: Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesian and Islamic Legal Perspectives

The relationship between women, the economy, and state law in Muslim countries has generated intense debate about whether such laws have promoted or inversely impeded women's rights and gender equality. This study aims to assess women's economic rights, especially in entrepreneurship, in Indonesia from the state and Islamic legal perspectives. It is qualitative research with the juridical and sociological legal approach by analyzing the dimensions of report on entrepreneurship in Women, Business, and the Law 2023 achieved by Indonesia, Law state-related, and Islamic Law. It finds that Indonesia has promoted women's economic rights, including entrepreneurship, in the state law, despite some room for improvement. Women have the same rights to business licenses, enter into contracts or agreements, and open bank accounts, despite a lack of affirmative actions for access to credits for women entrepreneurs. As the biggest Muslim country in the world, Islamic law has influenced such state law. Islam has granted women the right to be self-employed, despite some cultural barriers to achieving gender equality. The government is expected to promote women's economic rights, including the ones on entrepreneurship, and needs to overturn the prevailing gender norms that assign women multiple burdens.

The hybrid political role of feminism on Twitter during COVID-19: SISMA Mujer in Colombia

Twitter proved to be strategic for the dissemination of information, and for the activation of feminist social movements. This article identifies the patterns of representation around feminist movements on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed the discourse around a Colombian NGO known as Sisma Mujer, in a corpus of 4415 tweets posted during the first year of COVID-19. The results showed five significant topic categories: gender-based violence, women in peacebuilding, women's human rights, gender equality, and social protest. This activity re-contextualized the online activism of this movement into a new, hybrid role with important political implications for the social movement. Our analysis highlights this role by pointing out how feminist activists framed gender-based violence to generate a discourse on Twitter.

Critical Overview of Patriarchy, Its Interferences With Psychological Development, and Risks for Mental Health.

The systemic oppression of women and gender-based discrimination has deep roots in human civilization. As evident in both written texts and widespread practices, conscious and unconscious biases associated with patriarchy have been and continue to be interlaced with power struggles, control, and conformity enforced by the male-dominant cultures of the time. Brought into bold relief in this pandemic, recent dramatic events (the tragic murder of George Floyd and the overturning of Roe v. Wade, for example) have heightened social outrage against bias, racism, and bigotry and have also brought us to an inflection point demanding our better understanding of the pernicious and long-term mental health effects of patriarchy. There are compelling grounds to further expand their construct, but efforts to do so in psychiatric phenomenology have, until now, failed to gain momentum and substantive attention. The resistance may in part lie in misconceptions that patriarchy is supported by archetypal endowments of the collective unconscious constitutive of shared societal beliefs. While many continue to live with the adverse experiences associated with patriarchy within the current times, critics have argued that our concepts about patriarchy are not empirical enough. Empirically supported deconstruction is necessary to debunk misinformed notions that undermine women's equality.

Fostering Women Empowerment through Financial Inclusion in India

Abstract: This study attempts to investigate how financial inclusion affects women's empowerment in India. The report offers a thorough analysis of India's current financial inclusion situation. It evaluates the success of the numerous measures made by the Indian government and the private sector to encourage financial inclusion and women's empowerment. The study also offers potential ways to address the barriers that women may face in gaining access to financial services. The report concludes with policy proposals for improving financial inclusion and advancing women's empowerment in India that are addressed to decision-makers, financial institutions, and other stakeholders. Overall, the study comes to the conclusion that financial inclusion might be extremely important for advancing women's empowerment and gender equality in India.