Equal Values Research Articles

Symmetry breaking and superfluid currents in a split-ring spinor polariton condensate

Bosonic condensates of spinless noninteracting particles confined on a ring cannot propagate circular periodic currents once rotation symmetry of the system is broken. However, a persistent current may appear due to interparticle interactions exceeding some critical strength. In this up-critical regime breaking of the symmetry between the clockwise and anticlockwise rotations takes place. We consider this symmetry-breaking scenario in the case of a spinor condensate of exciton polaritons trapped on a ring split by a potential barrier. Due to the intrinsic symmetry of the effective spin-orbit interaction, which stems from the linear splitting between transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic microcavity modes, the potential barrier blocks the circulating current and imposes linear polarization patterns. On the other hand, circularly polarized polaritons form circular currents propagating in opposite directions with equal absolute values of angular momentum. In the presence of interparticle interactions, the symmetry of clockwise and anticlockwise currents can be broken spontaneously. We describe several symmetry-breaking scenarios, which imply either restoration of the global condensate rotation or the onset of the circular polarization in the symmetry-broken state.

Boundary quantum phase transitions in the spin- 12 Heisenberg chain with boundary magnetic fields

We consider the spin $\frac{1}{2}$ Heisenberg chain with boundary magnetic fields and analyze it using a combination of Bethe ansatz and density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) techniques. We show that the system exhibits several different ground states which depend on the orientation of the boundary magnetic fields. When both the boundary fields take equal values greater than a critical field strength, each edge in the ground state accumulates a fractional spin which saturates to spin $\frac{1}{4}$, which is similar to systems exhibiting symmetry protected topological phases (SPT). Unlike in SPT systems, the fractional boundary spin in the Heisenberg spin chain is not a genuine quantum number since the variance of the associated operator does not vanish, this is due to the absence of a bulk gap. The system exhibits high energy bound states when the boundary fields take values greater than the critical field. All the excitations in the system can be sorted out into towers whose number depends on the number of bound states exhibited by the system. As the boundary fields are varied, in addition to the ground state phase transition, we find that the system may undergo an eigenstate phase transition (EPT) where the number of towers of the Hilbert space changes. We further inquire how the EPT reflects itself on local ground state properties by computing the magnetization profile $\langle S^z_j \rangle$ using DMRG. We identify a clear qualitative change from low edge fields to high edge fields when crossing the critical field. We though are unable to conclude on the basis of our data that EPT corresponds to a genuine phase transition in the ground state.

Plan Assessment Metrics for Dose Painting in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

As radiation therapy treatment precision increases with advancements in imaging and radiation delivery, dose painting treatment becomes increasingly feasible, where targets receive a nonuniform radiation dose. The high precision of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) makes it a good candidate for dose painting treatments, but no suitable metrics to assess dose painting SRS plans exist. Existing dose painting assessment metrics weigh target overdose and underdose equally but are unsuited for SRS plans, which typically avoid target underdose more. Current SRS metrics also prioritize reducing healthy tissue dose through selectivity and dose fall-off, and these metrics assume single prescriptions. We propose a set of metrics for dose painting SRS that would meet clinical needs and are calculated with nonuniform dose painting prescriptions. Sample dose painting SRS prescriptions are first created from Gamma Knife SRS cases, apparent diffusion coefficient magnetic resonance images, and various image-to-prescription functions. Treatment plans are found through semi-infinite linear programming optimization and using clinically determined isocenters, then assessed with existing and proposed metrics. Modified versions of SRS metrics are proposed, including coverage, selectivity, conformity, efficiency, and gradient indices. Quality factor, a current dose painting metric, is applied both without changes and with modifications. A new metric, integral dose ratio, is proposed as a measure of target overdose. The merits of existing and modified metrics are demonstrated and discussed. A modified conformity index using mean or minimum prescription dose would be suitable for dose painting SRS with integral or maximum boost methods, respectively. Either modified efficiency index is a suitable replacement for the existing gradient index. The proposed modified SRS metrics are appropriate measures of plan quality for dose painting SRS plans and have the advantage of giving equal values as the original SRS metrics when applied to single-prescription plans.

Inhomogeneity correction of volumetric brain NOEMTR via high permittivity dielectric padding at 7 T.

Nuclear Overhauser effect magnetization transfer ratio (NOEMTR ) is a technique used to investigate brain lipids and macromolecules in greater detail than other techniques and benefits from increased contrast at 7 T. However, this contrast can become degraded because of inhomogeneities present at ultra-high field strengths. High-permittivity dielectric pads (DP) have been used to correct for these inhomogeneities via displacement currents generating secondary magnetic fields. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that dielectric pads can be used to mitigate inhomogeneities and improve NOEMTR contrast in the temporal lobes at 7 T. Partial 3D NOEMTR contrast images and whole brain field maps were acquired on a 7 T MRI across six healthy subjects. Calcium titanate DP, having a relative permittivity of 110, was placed next to the subject's head near the temporal lobes. Pad corrected NOEMTR images had a separate postprocessing linear correction applied. DP provided supplemental to the temporal lobes while also reducing the magnitude across the posterior and superior regions of the brain. This resulted in a statistically significant increase in NOEMTR contrast in substructures of the temporal lobes both with and without linear correction. The padding also produced a convergence in NOEMTR contrast toward approximately equal mean values. NOEMTR images showed significant improvement in temporal lobe contrast when DP were used, which resulted from an increase in homogeneity across the entire brain slab. DP-derived improvements in NOEMTR are expected to increase the robustness of the brain substructural measures both in healthy and pathological conditions.

Discrimination of paediatric acuity test optotypes by 6-year-old children.

To compare the discrimination performance of 6-year-old children for optotypes from six paediatric visual acuity tests and to fit Luce's Biased Choice Model to the data to estimate the relative similarities and bias for each optotype. Full data sets were collected from 20 typically developing 6-year-olds who had passed a vision screening. They were presented with single optotypes labelled 6/12 at a distance of 9 m and were asked to identify the optotype using a matching task containing all optotypes from the relevant test. The data were combined to form a confusion matrix for each test and a biased choice model was fitted to the data. Median correct performance varied from 40% to 100% across optotypes, with the HOTV test having the highest values. Estimates of the similarity of each pair of optotypes indicated equal values for all pairs in the Landolt C, HOTV, Lea numbers and Tumbling E tests. The values differed for the picture tests, that is Lea Symbols and Allen figures. The estimates of bias for each individual optotype also indicated different values with the picture tests. Previous studies of the threshold acuity of young children and adults have indicated differences in acuity estimates across paediatric tests. A recognition acuity task typically requires resolving the difference information between optotypes. The performance of the 6-year-olds here reveals variance in similarity and bias values for picture tests, particularly for the Allen figures when compared with the Lea Symbols. Ideally, this analysis should be performed when designing new tests, and these results motivate progression from the use of current picture tests to well calibrated letter or number tests at the earliest possible age.

Analysis of possible reasons of erronious identificationof the dynamic parameters of a controlled thermal plant

For optimal adjustment of the temperature regulator, it is necessary to know the dynamic properties of the controlled plant, which are mainly obtained from an experimen, in the procedure of identifying the dynamic parameters of the controlled plant. The purpose of the study is to analyze possible causes of erronious identification of dynamic parameters of the plant. A possible mistake may be an unsuccessful selection of parameters, being identified. Their necessary and sufficient list includes static coefficient of transmission, the main and additional time constants, time delay. Possible strong nonlinearity of the actuator should be taken into account to compensate it in calculations. During the experiment, it is desirable not to allow large temperature deviations from the normal operating mode, to avoid the influence of possible small nonlinearity of the controlled plant. To process the results of the experiment, verified universal automatic optimization algorithms should be used. As a minimization criterion, it is recommended to use the logarithm of the mean square deviation between the experimental temperature oscillogram and the corresponding calculated oscillogram on the model. If, as the result of identification, equal or close values of the main time constants are obtained, this may be the result of a fault of the automatic search procedure, which is "stuck" in a local minimax. The values should be divercified, to help the automatic optimizer.

Impatto degli antiossidanti sulla qualità e la stabilità ossidativa dei grassi animali

The aim of the work was to determine the influence of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the quality and stability of animal fats. On the samples, with and without the addition of natural antioxidants (extract of sage, rosemary and ginger) added in the fats at a concentracion of 0.2 % and synthetic antioxidants (PG-propyl galate, BHA-butylhydroxyanisole and BHT-butylhidroxytoluene) added in the fats at a concentracion 0.01 % the values of the peroxide value and the content of free fatty acids were tested. The oxidative stability of fats was determined by the sustainability test at 98 °C during 7 days. Every 24 hours, the peroxide value and free fatty acids were examinedid for all samples of beef, sheep and goat fat. The results of the research show that the applied antioxidants successfully stabilized all animal fats compared to the control sample. Analysis of the composition of fatty acids of base samples (without the addition of natural antioxidants) shows that palmitic, stearic and oleic fatty acids are the most abundant in animal fats. The highest total SFA value was found in sheep fat (66.85 %), and the lowest in goat fat (56.57 %). In beef fat, the total SFA content was 59.26 %. Stearic acid is the most abundant in sheep fat (37.75 %), while beef and goat fat had lower and approximately equal values (27.93 % and 26.91 %). After staeric fat, palmitic fat is the mostabundant in beef fat with 27.78 %, followed by 25.25 % in sheep fat and 24.91 % in goat fat. Of the monounsaturated acids (MUFA), the most abundant in goat fat was oleic acid (38.16 %), while it was somewhat lower in beef (36.61 %), and the lowest in sheep (27.60 %). Total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) are most abundant in goat fat (43.51 %), followed by beef (40.82 %), while they are significantly less present in sheep's fat (32.95 %). Among polyunsaturated acids (PUFA), the highest content of linoleic acid was found in sheep fat (4.19 %). In beef fat, linoleic acid was 60 % lower compared to sheep fat (0.76 %), and 10% higher compared to goat fat (1.89 %). Based on the content of individual fatty acids and the content of certain groups of fatty acids: SFA, UFA, MUFA, PUFA, the nutritional indices of the tested fats were calculated. It was concluded that the tested samples of beef, sheep, and goat fat without the addition of antioxidants can not be declared as products of high nutritional value. The nutritional value expressed through the PUFA/SFA ratio for beef fat was 0,01, and sheep fat and goat fat 0.06.

Selective enrichment of the raw milk microbiota in cheese production: Concept of a natural adjunct milk culture.

In cheese production, microorganisms are usually added at the beginning of the process as primary starters to drive curd acidification, while secondary microorganisms, with other pro-technological features important for cheese ripening, are added as selected cultures. This research aimed to investigate the possibilities of influencing and selecting the raw milk microbiota using artisanal traditional methods, providing a simple method to produce a natural supplementary culture. We investigated the production of an enriched raw milk whey culture (eRWC), a natural adjunct microbial culture produced from mixing an enriched raw milk (eRM) with a natural whey culture (NWC). The raw milk was enriched by spontaneous fermentation for 21 d at 10°C. Three milk enrichment protocols were tested: heat treatment before incubation, heat treatment plus salt addition, and no treatment. The eRMs were then co-fermented with NWC (ratio of 1:10) at 38°C for 6 h (young eRWC) and 22 h (old eRWC). Microbial diversity during cultures' preparation was evaluated through the determination of colony forming units on selective growth media, and next-generation sequencing (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing). The enrichment step increased the streptococci and lactobacilli but reduced microbial richness and diversity of the eRMs. Although the lactic acid bacteria viable count was not significantly different between the eRWCs, they harbored higher microbial richness and diversity than NWC. Natural adjunct cultures were then tested in cheese making trials, following the microbial development, and assessing the chemical quality of the 120 d ripened cheeses. The use of eRWCs slowed the curd acidification in the first hours of cheese making but the pH 24 h after production settled to equal values for all the cheeses. Although the use of diverse eRWCs contributed to having a richer and more diverse microbiota in the early stages of cheese making, their effect decreased over time during ripening, showing an inferior effect to the raw milk microbiota. Even if more research is needed, the optimization of such a tool could be an alternative to the practice of isolating, geno-pheno-typing, and formulating mixed-defined-strain adjunct cultures that require knowledge and facilities not always available for artisanal cheese makers.

Properties of fermionic systems with the path-integral ground state method

We investigate strongly correlated many-body systems composed of bosons and fermions with a fully quantum treatment using the path-integral ground state method, PIGS. To account for the Fermi-Dirac statistics, we implement the fixed-node approximation into PIGS, which we then call FN-PIGS. In great detail, we discuss the pair density matrices we use to construct the full density operator in coordinate representation, a vital ingredient of the method. We consider the harmonic oscillator as a proof-of-concept and, as a platform representing quantum many-body systems, we explore helium atoms. Pure ^44He systems demonstrate most of the features of the method. Complementarily, for pure ^33He, the fixed-node approximation resolves the ubiquitous sign problem stemming from anti-symmetric wave functions. Finally, we investigate ^33He-^44He mixtures, demonstrating the method’s robustness. One of the main features of FN-PIGS is its ability to estimate any property at temperature T = 0T=0 without any additional bias apart from the FN approximation; biases from long simulations are also excluded. In particular, we calculate the correlation function of pairs of equal and opposite spins and precise values of the ^33He kinetic energy in the mixture.

Dipole–Monopole Crossover and Chargeless Half-Mode in an Integrable Exciton–Phonon Nonlinear Dynamical System on a Regular One-Dimensional Lattice

A new form of the integrable nonlinear exciton–phonon dynamical system characterized by two physically independent parameters is suggested. The system is settled along an infinite one-dimensional regular lattice, and it admits the semi-discrete Lax representation in terms of 3 × 3 auxiliary spectral and evolution matrices. The explicit analytic four-component solution to the system’s dynamical equations found by means of the Darboux–Backlund dressing technique turns out to be of broken PT-symmetry. Each component of the solution consists of two nonlinearly superposed traveling waves that inspires the dipole–monopole crossover for the equal values of two physically distinct spatial scaling parameters of the nonlinear wave packet. The phenomenon of the dipole–monopole alternative for the spatial distribution of pseudoexcitons is shown to initiate the partial splitting between the pseudoexcitonic and vibrational subsystems at the threshold point manifested by the complete elimination of one pseudoexcitonic component and the conversion of another pseudoexcitonic component into the pseudoexcitonic chargeless half-mode.

A Hybrid Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Approach for Implementation of Smart Sustainable Waste Management Strategies

The integration of smart city technologies into waste management is a challenging field for decision makers due to its multivariate, multi-limiting, and multi-stakeholder structure, despite its contribution to the ecological and economic sustainability understanding of cities. The success of smart sustainable waste management strategies depends on many environmental, technical, economic, and social variables, and many stakeholders are involved in these processes. Using fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods helps decision makers determine effective, affordable, and acceptable smart waste management strategies. Although MCDM methods are widely used in various environmental engineering applications, the determination of smart sustainable waste management strategies using these methods has not yet received enough attention in the literature. This study aims to contribute to this gap in the literature by evaluating four different smart waste management strategies using a hybrid fuzzy MCDM method. The performance of the proposed strategy alternatives according to fifteen sub-criteria (under four main criteria selected from the literature) was evaluated using a combined application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to obtain the ideal solution (fuzzy TOPSIS). For this evaluation, the subjective opinions of ten different experts working in academia, in the private sector, or in the public sector were obtained using prepared questionnaires. As a result, the sub-criteria of fewer atmospheric emissions (0.42), operational feasibility (0.64), initial investment costs (0.56), and increased awareness of sustainable cities (0.53) had the highest weight values in their main criteria groups. The performance ranking of the alternatives according to the closeness coefficient (CCi) values was obtained as A2 (0.458) > A3 (0.453) > A4 (0.452) > A1 (0.440), with A3 being slightly ahead of A4 due only to a 0.001 higher CCi value. To test the reliability and stability of the obtained performance ranking results, a sensitivity analysis was also performed using eighteen different scenarios, in which the weights of the different sub-criteria were increased by 25% or decreased by 50%, or they were assumed to be 1 and 0, or all sub-criteria in the same group had equal weight values. Since the performance ranking of the alternatives did not change, the ranking obtained at the beginning was found to be robust against the sub-criterion weight changes.

Reconciling Algorithmic Fairness Criteria

Reconciling Algorithmic Fairness Criteria

사회적 시장경제와 지속가능성

German energy transition policy has developed on the basis of social market economy with acceptance of sustainable development ideology in which economy and society and environment are harmonized. In order to discuss the sustainability of the social market economy, this paper examines the idea and foundation of the social market economy from the perspective of a sustainable paradigm, and the value of the social market economy, which considers economic, social, and environmental factors as equal values at the same time. and how the principles were implemented in energy transition policy in Germany. To this end, this paper first tries to shed light on whether the social market economy is sustainable and justice, and the social market economy from the perspective of sustainable development paradigm. Furthermore, energy transition from unsustainable energy system with fossil energy and nuclear energy to sustainable energy system with renewable energy and the ecologization of the social market economy will be discussed as part of harmonizing environment, economic growth, and social justice. Also this paper will examine whether the social market economy provides a sustainable paradigm, focusing on the background and current status of German energy transition policy. Through this, this paper will attempt to evaluate and forecast the sustainability of the social market economy, whether it can be an alternative model for coping with climate change and solving environmental and ecological problems.

Pantropical distribution of zinc in green turtles (Chelonia mydas): marine vertebrates as sentiel species.

Pollution is one of the biggest threats to marine life and trace elements are among the most toxic pollutants in this environment. Zn is an essential trace element for biota but becomes toxic at high concentrations. Sea turtles are good bioindicators of trace element pollution, due to their longevity and cosmopolitan distribution that allow bioaccumulation for years in their tissues. Determining and comparing Zn concentrations in sea turtles from faraway places is relevant for conservation due to the lack of knowledge of geographically broader distribution patterns of Zn in vertebrates. In this study, comparative analyses of bioaccumulation in the liver, kidney, and muscles of 35 C. mydas from Brazil, Hawaii, the USA (Texas), Japan, and Australia of statistically equal sizes were performed. Zn was found in all specimens, with the highest levels in the liver and kidneys. Specimens from Australia (30.58µgg-1), Hawaii (31.91µgg-1), Japan (29.99µgg-1), and the USA (33.79µgg-1) showed statistically equal means in the liver. Kidney levels were the same in Japan (35.09µgg-1) and the USA (37.29µgg-1) and the same in Australia (23.06µgg-1) and Hawaii (23.31µg/g). Specimens from Brazil had the lowest means in both organs (12.17µgg-1 in the liver and 9.39µgg-1 in the kidney). The pattern of equal Zn values for most specimens in the liver is an important finding, demonstrating that there are pantropical patterns in the distribution of this metal even in regions so far from each other. A possible explanation is due to the essential nature of this metal linked to metabolic regulation, in addition to the bioavailability for biological absorption in marine environments, such as RS in Brazil, with a lower standard bioavailability also found in other organisms. Therefore, factors such as metabolic regulation and bioavailability indicate that there is a pantropical distribution of Zn in marine biota and green turtles can be a useful model as a sentinel species.

Loss-gain compensated anti-Hermitian magnetodielectric medium to realize Tellegen nihility effects.

Generalized duality transformations significantly modify the constitutive relations of electromagnetic media, preserving principal electromagnetic properties. Here, we contemplate transformation of Tellegen nihility as a specific type of extreme-property nonreciprocal bi-isotropic media and show that some intriguing electromagnetic properties of that medium can be realized in a particular class of isotropic magnetodielectric media without magnetoelectric coupling. We show that the permittivity and permeability of the corresponding transformed medium have equal absolute values and opposite signs. Depending on the value of the Tellegen parameter of the original medium, the transformed magnetodielectric medium can be Hermitian, non-Hermitian, or anti-Hermitian, which simultaneously exhibits loss and gain. Focusing on the latter class of anti-Hermitian media, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate that this extraordinary medium allows propagation of electromagnetic plane waves having zero time-averaged Poynting vector, similarly to the original Tellegen nihility media. Hopefully, this work can open novel opportunities for manipulating electromagnetic fields.

Application of Geospatial Mapping in the Analyses of Pre-monsoon Groundwater Fluctuation: A Case Study of Piriyapatna Taluk of Karnataka State, India

The graphical representations of groundwater models play productive role in hydrological impacts like groundwater movement especially in rural areas. The demand of water for agriculture, domestic, industrial and other uses are increasing due to rise in population, over-withdrawal of groundwater and global warming (?). Periodic evaluation of groundwater levels are very much necessary for effective management due to rapidly changing climatic scenario. Geospatial technique have become the most significant tool for mapping and modeling of groundwater level resources using statistical data. An effort has been made to describe the groundwater level of Piriyapatna taluk of Karnataka State. Eight representative observation well points of pre-monsoon data had been collected over a period of 16 years (2003 - 2019) in order to analyze spatio-temporal variation. Groundwater levels are plotted on a base map with their respective amount of depths, and then the contours of equal values are drawn using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method in ArcGIS. The final results are helpful in preparing for shortage and seeking alternatives if need arises from study report.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM MEDIDOR DE VAZÃO DIGITAL EMPREGANDO PLACA DE ORIFÍCIO PARA USO EM LINHA DE GASES

Initially the most suitable pressure sensor for an application was selected. The sensor model chosen was the MPX5050DP, this sensor was connected to an orifice plate. After this it was necessary to calibrate with the rotameter, we initially used a generic value for flow to see the operation of the project, after that, the correct value was used by the graph so that the programming worked correctly. The programming was done, so that by pressing the "select" button, the voltage and the flow or the voltage and the pressure variation can be visualized, so you can see both data by the same device. In the final test, the meter behaved well, and with equal values to the values of the rotameter. The project was a success and had great results, being of low cost, high precision and digital.

Border Collision Bifurcations and Coexisting Attractors in an Economic Bimodal Map

In this paper, we enhance the study of the tâtonnement model with cautious price adjustment introduced by Weddepohl in 1995. Specifically, we investigate the discrete time dynamics of the model when the original assumption of equal values for the maximum rate of increase and decrease of the price is relaxed. As a result, its analytic definition is expressed by a bimodal one-dimensional continuous piecewise smooth map which depends on three parameters. As it happens in general for bimodal maps, it is possible to describe the bifurcation structure in some regions of the parameter space of the model using the skew tent map scenario as a normal form. Nonetheless, we show that some border collision bifurcations which play a fundamental role for the asymptotic behavior of the map essentially pertain to its bimodal shape. Among them we highlight the ones that lead, for some specific parameter values, to the coexistence of two chaotic attractors. Moreover, we identify degenerate border collision bifurcations responsible for the peculiar shapes of the chaotic attractors that distinguish the model.

Structural, compositional study, and thermal behavior of TiO2/Cr2O3/GO nanocomposite for methylene blue degradation

This study emphasizes the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation potential of mixed systems of TiO2, Cr2O3, and graphene oxide (GO) based nanocomposites (NCs). Structural and thermal studies for TiO2, Cr2O3, TiO2/GO, Cr2O3/GO, TiO2/Cr2O3, and TiO2/Cr2O3/GO compositions are executed. XRD, FTIR, and EDX confirm the lack of impurities within compositions. Additionally, the EDX, and FTIR results are agreeing with each other in highly oxygenated NC formation. Regarding the morphological study, TEM micro-graphing supports TNC formation owing to aggregation-growing inhibition that causes surface area widening and enhances dye removal potential. On the other hand, FESEM is agreeing with TEM that TNC shows a lowering in grains size and aggregations that TiO2, and Cr2O3 record 60, and 75 nm, respectively. This agreement with TEM, and FESEM in widening surface area and adding crystallinity defects raising which recommended the occurrence of chemical decontamination operation. The thermodynamic study reports almost equal values of enthalpy (ΔH) and activation energy (i.e. according to the CR model: 155.6, 147.7 KJ mole−1, respectively), this is explained by the presence of TNC in the condensed phase through the temperature scope (545–750 °C), besides its significant stability. Moreover, the EDX, and FTIR results are agreeing TiO2/Cr2O3NC shows intermediate thermal behavior between its pure ingredient, leaving 97.3 % as a residual. TNC total weight loss hits 9.2 %. This percentage is contributed to four stages, 1.3 % (30–300 °C/dehydration), 2.3 % (300–545 °C/structure rearrangement), 3.5 % (545–750 °C/GO reduction process & structure rearrangement), and 2.1 % (750–100 °C/GO reduction). The inorganic compositions show acceptable thermal stability for environmental usage. The stated NCs able to be recycled that TiO2/Cr2O3/GO shows a minor decline in MB degradation potential that decreases from 98.8 to 87.5 % after five cycles.

Impact of Teaching and Learning Using the Professional Learning Community through the CSIPL Process

This research aims to 1) study activities that affected the success of the PLC process, 2) study the CSIPL-based learning management process, and 3) study the expression behaviors that provided opportunities to develop learning management based on the CSIPL process. The instruments in this study were: (1) The CSIPL learning management activity plan, which includes five activities: 1) Create a story, 2) Set rules, 3) Insert content, 4) Participate in the game, and 5) Lesson learned. (2) Behavior activities in the CSIPL form include: 1) puzzle letters; 2) haunted pianos; 3) lost eyes; 4) whispers; 5) The Book of Mantra, 6) puzzle sounds; 7) death messages; 8) believing I’m dead; 9) ghosts without voices, and 10) final codes. (3) PLC process assessment form. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentages, mean score (M), standard deviation (SD), and thematic analysis. This research shows that 1) collaboration and shared visions are the stationary driving forces, accounting for 10% of equal work values, while a high collective focus on student learning (45%) drives PLC processes. 2) CSIPL process averaged 4.03 with a standard deviation of 0.74 which shows the suitability of appropriateness at a high level. 3) The overall earnings management for the CSIPL process is 4.22, which means that the level of suitability is high. 4) Students lack the experience of learning what they receive from activities that reflect process control because teachers lack the expertise, they have achieved following the PLC process.