Equal Representation Of Men Research Articles

GENDER DYNAMICS AND COLONIAL DEPENDENCIES IN THE BELARUSIAN IT SECTOR

This article delves into the complex relationship between colonial dependencies and gender representation in Belarus’s IT industry. It highlights how, on the basis of colonialism/modernity, the standard of gender equality in Belarusian IT becomes not the equal representation of men and women, but the performance of first-world countries in the field of gender equality in IT. The study emphasizes how outsourcing, a significant component of the IT sector in Belarus, perpetuates gender discrimination by removing decision-making power and agency, particularly impacting women’s ability to advocate for gender equality. Additionally, the article explores the intersectionality of these issues, examining how the commodification of human capital in IT, influenced by past Soviet policies, creates a network of dependencies that hinders the promotion of gender equality in Belarus’s IT landscape.

Perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study with South African adults

IntroductionIn South Africa, public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic and risk mitigation measures remain mixed. To better understand health behaviours in the context of COVID-19, a qualitative study was conducted, which aimed to investigate perceptions relating to the COVID-19 pandemic among the South African adult population.MethodsTwelve online focus groups were conducted across the following age groups: 18–34, 35–54, 55 + years old (total n = 70) in December 2021. Diversity across socioeconomic status, geographical areas, and urban and rural settings was maximised, with an equal representation of men and women. Focus groups were conducted, and audio recorded using an online platform, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed using MAXQDA.ResultsThere were mixed perceptions around the pandemic, however, the majority of participants appreciated government actions at the onset of the pandemic and as a result government trust was reported to have initially been high. Nevertheless, as the pandemic progressed, challenges relating to government communication around the pandemic, the inconsistent application of preventative measures by government, the use of soldiers to enforce preventative measures, the banning of alcohol and cigarettes, government corruption and the pervasiveness of social media were reported to have eroded government trust, negatively impacting the uptake of preventative measures. Economic and psychological impacts were experienced differently across income groups. Low-income earners, who already had pre-existing economic challenges reported increased psychological and financial strain. While the once cushioned middle class reported an increase in job insecurity accompanied by psychological challenges. High income earners did not report economic challenges but reported being affected psychologically. Though, low-income earners reported an appreciation of the government financial relief afforded to them middle income earners appeared to not have received adequate financial support.ConclusionWith the existing mistrust of government, there is need for government to leverage existing trusted sources in communities to aid in the implementation of preventative measures. These findings support the development of context specific solutions to address challenges faced at different socioeconomic levels.

Gender bias and inequity holds women back in their conservation careers

The planet is facing climate and biodiversity loss crises that impact all of humanity and yet globally, women remain underrepresented in leading solutions to these urgent conservation challenges. As one of the world’s largest conservation non-profit organizations, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) provided a large case-study for understanding inequity for women in the conservation sector. In 2018, all 1,789 conservation and science staff at TNC were surveyed to understand how they are able to develop their careers and contribute to conservation research and decision making. Of the 904 responses (490 men and 414 women), results show that men influence conservation and science decisions more than women; women face multiple barriers across their conservation careers due to gender bias; women experience sexual harassment and discrimination, as well as fear retaliation more than men; and men reported the sector as a more equitable and favorable place for women than women themselves experienced. Our data demonstrates that gender equality (equal representation of men and women) does not automatically mean that women no longer face systemic inequity and that intersectional issues such as race, location and caring responsibilities can all make it even more difficult for women to excel. Respondents drew from experiences across their conservation careers, to suggest how the conservation sector could address these issues. Based on our findings, we recommend practical ways the conservation sector can improve gender equity, including via workplace and cultural change measures, as well as changes to recruitment, pay transparency, and career development policies.

The EPICTER score: a bedside and easy tool to predict mortality at 6 months in acute heart failure

AimsEstimating the prognosis in heart failure (HF) is important to decide when to refer to palliative care (PC). Our objective was to develop a tool to identify the probability of death within 6 months in patients admitted with acute HF.Methods and resultsA total of 2848 patients admitted with HF in 74 Spanish hospitals were prospectively included and followed for 6 months. Each factor independently associated with death in the derivation cohort (60% of the sample) was assigned a prognostic weight, and a risk score was calculated. The accuracy of the score was verified in the validation cohort. The characteristics of the population were as follows: advanced age (mean 78 years), equal representation of men and women, significant comorbidity, and predominance of HF with preserved ejection fraction. During follow‐up, 753 patients (26%) died. Seven independent predictors of mortality were identified: age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cognitive impairment, New York Heart Association class III–IV, chronic kidney disease, estimated survival of the patient less than 6 months, and acceptance of a palliative approach by the family or the patient. The area under the ROC curve for 6 month death was 0.74 for the derivation and 0.68 for the validation cohort. The model showed good calibration (Hosmer and Lemeshow test, P value 0.11). The 6 month death rates in the score groups ranged from 6% (low risk) to 54% (very high risk).ConclusionsThe EPICTER score, developed from a prospective and unselected cohort, is a bedside and easy‐to‐use tool that could help to identify high‐risk patients requiring PC.

Patient engagement partnerships in clinical trials (PEP-CT): protocol for the systematic development and testing of patient partner and investigator decision aids

IntroductionBuilding capacity to improve sex/gender knowledge and strengthen patient engagement in clinical trials requires training and support. The overall goal of this 2-year project is to refine, translate and evaluate...

Menopause and Sustainable Career Outcomes: A Science Mapping Approach.

This paper provides a systematic review of the phenomenon of menopause at the workplace from a sustainable career perspective, by highlighting its major themes along with the evolution and tendencies observed in this field. A conceptual science mapping analysis based on co-word bibliographic networks was developed, using the SciMAT tool. From 1992 to 2020, 185 documents were retrieved from the Web of Science. In the first analyzed time span (1992–2002), postmenopausal women, health, and risk factors appeared to be the motor themes (well-developed and important for the structure of the discipline under focus), and disorder was an emerging or disappearing theme in the phenomenon under research. In the second studied period (2003–2013), risk and health were motor themes, menopausal symptoms was a basic or transversal theme (important for the discipline but not well-developed), coronary heart disease was a specialized theme (well-developed but less important for the structure of the research field), and postmenopausal women was an emerging or disappearing theme (both weakly developed and marginal to the field). In the third studied period (2014–2020), menopause, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms were motor themes, Anxiety was a specialized theme and risk and body mass index were emerging or disappearing themes. Sustainability of women’s careers in the second half of life is of increasing importance given the increasing equal representation of men and women in working organizations, and the impact of the changing nature of work in the 21st century on older workers.

AUTHOR REPLY

We certainly agree that we have made progress in regards to gender inclusion in the world of academic urology. In addition to the efforts noted in the present study, the American Urological Association (AUA) Leadership Program recipients have shown greater gender diversity over the past four years. The class of 2014-2015 consisted of one woman out of twenty recipients, compared to five women out of twenty in the class of 2016-2017.1 The most recent class had equal representation of men and women.

Chile’s Constitutional Moment

In an October 2020 referendum, nearly 80 percent of Chileans voted to start a process to write a new constitution. A special assembly with equal representation of men and women will now attempt to replace the 1980 dictatorship-era constitution. Getting to this point was a major win for workers, students, leftists, feminists, Indigenous peoples, and the poor, all of whom were involved in leading 2019’s widespread protests over social and economic inequality. The demonstrations forced the conservative government to make the concession of holding the referendum. Chile now embarks on the fraught process of writing a new constitution that must satisfy diverse stakeholders while reforming political and economic systems that have preserved the legacy of the Pinochet dictatorship.

Gender Diversity in Academic Sector—Case Study

Diversity is one of the main characteristics of social groups, including work-teams. At the same time, gender is an important aspect of diversity in organizations, and gender diversity deals with the equal representation of men and women in the workplace. This article aims to analyze the issue of gender diversity in the academic sector and to evaluate the organizational maturity of particular universities in gender diversity management. To do so, the method of comparative case studies is used—Polish and Spanish higher education institutions are compared. First of all, the author describes the status of men and women in Poland and in Spain, in general (considering different socio-economic factors). In the next part of the article, the gender structure of employment in both the Polish and the Spanish academic sector is presented. Finally, the analysis of gender diversity in two universities is conducted. Additionally, the author introduces the model of organizational maturity in gender diversity management (OMDM), to evaluate organizational attitudes toward gender diversity and the type of gender diversity policy in universities. The findings reveal that, in both Polish and Spanish societies and economies, there still are barriers that cause inequalities between men and women in the labor market. Considering the situation in the academic sector, it can be said that the gender structure of employment is more balanced in Poland than in Spain. At the same time, the highest positions of full professors are mainly occupied by men both in Poland and in Spain. When analyzing the situation in the organizations, employment is more diverse in the Polish university, but both universities face the same problem—too little representation of women in top job positions. Consequently, both institutions are classified as those which are in the preliminary stage in the model of gender diversity management. This study contributes to a better understanding of the issue of gender diversity by comparing the status of men and women in the academic sector in two countries and in two universities. Additionally, the model of OMDM presented in this article can be a useful tool to assess the policy of gender diversity in different organizations.

Anthropometric correlations between parts of the upper and lower limb: models for personal identification in a Sudanese population.

Identification of a deceased individual is an essential component of medicolegal practice. However, personal identification based on commingled limbs or parts of limbs, necessary in investigations of mass disasters or some crimes, is a difficult task. Limb measurements have been utilized in the development of biological parameters for personal identification, but the possibility to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs other than hands and feet has not been assessed. The present study proposes an approach to estimate the dimensions of various parts of limbs based on other limb measurements. The study included 320 Sudanese adults, with equal representation of men and women. Nine limb dimensions were measured (five based on the upper limb, four based on the lower limb), and extensive statistical analysis of the distribution of values was performed. The results showed that all of the measured dimensions were sexually dimorphic and that there was a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of various parts of limbs. Regression models (direct and stepwise) were developed to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs based on measurements pertaining to one or more other parts of limbs. The study revealed that the dimensions of parts of the upper and lower limb can be estimated from one another. These findings can be used in medicolegal practice and extended to constructive surgery, orthopedics, and prosthesis design for lost limbs.

Managers’ Opinions of Management Accountants’ Competency Skills and Personal Qualities

The Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA) Competency Framework published in 2014 describes four knowledge areas (technical, business, people, and leadership skills) and three personal qualities (ethics, integrity, and professionalism). This study used the CGMA Competency Framework as the basis for a survey completed in 2015 of mid-level managers to assess their opinions of management accountants. The mid-level manager demographics reflected a near equal representation of men and women. All respondents were located in the United States and fairly evenly from all parts of the nation. Other demographics supported a representative sample was collected. The survey results revealed that mid-level managers rank technical skills as management accountants’ strongest knowledge area and people skills as the weakest. The research and methodology in this paper set a benchmark for future comparisons as management accountants successfully work toward meeting and eliminating the perceived crisis of not fully meeting the knowledge areas and personal qualities in the CGMA Competency Framework. Surprisingly, cost accounting and reporting were ranked among management accountants’ weakest knowledge areas, which might indicate that management accountants need to more effectively communicate their actual expertise. Earning the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Certified Management Accountant (CMA) credential could help communicate management accountants’ actual expertise

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Fairness and Power in Family Organization

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Fairness and Power in Family Organization

A Comparative Study of Electoral Gender Quotas in Sweden, Germany, and South Korea

This paper uses Swedish, German, and South Korean cases from the area of quota policy to examine the interactions of main actors involving quota campaigns in the three countries. The aim of this study is to establish under what circumstances the state actors best incorporate women’s policy demands and contribute to equal representation of men and women in politics. This study shows that while the three countries have introduced quotas, there are variations in the tracks to equal representation of women and men, in the actors and motivation in quota reform, and in types of quotas. It has demonstrated that the variations are largely related to each country’s political systems and to how women are integrated into society. The analysis has also emphasized that women were key actors in the success of each country’s quota reform. Both the Swedish and German cases have shown that the high proportion of women in those countries’ parliaments heavily depend on the support of women’s organizations inside political parties. In contrast to these two countries, South Korea has demonstrated a case in which a strong women’s movement outside political parties was the major force in leading the successful quota campaign. The comparative analysis of the three countries in this study contributes to illuminating the global diffusion of quotas, and dynamics of quota policy formation in countries with different political conditions.

Tolerance, Sociability, Sex, and Race: Correlates of Attitudes toward Interracial Marriage

The relationship of sex and race to attitudes toward interracial marriage has been studied by Martelle (1970) and Vandewiele (1980). Their resulcs indicated that black subjects were more favorable than white ones toward interracial marriage, and men more than women. The Interracial Marriage Attitude Scale, devised by the first author, was a sevenpoint semantic differential scale consisting of 10 items, with responses ranging from 1 (totally unacceptable) to 7 (totally acceptable). It was used to measure attitudes toward the marriage of a ( 1 ) white male--Asian female, ( 2 ) Asian male-white female, ( 3 ) white male-Hispanic female, ( 4 ) Hispanic male-white female, ( 5 ) white malePolynesian female, (6) Polynesian m a l e w h i t e female, ( 7 ) white male-Iranian female. (8) Iranian male-white female, ( 9 ) white m a l e b l a c k female, (10 ) black m a l e w h i t e female. The Tolerance and Sociability Scales of the California Psychological Inventory were also given. Inventories were administered to 120 subjects, between the ages of 18 and 23 yr., from classes at a southern university to find out if tolerance. sociabiliry, sex, and race had any significant relation to attitudes toward interracial marriage. Following attrition, 31 white subjects ( 7 men, 24 women), 22 black subjects ( 2 men, 20 women), 43 Asians (25 men, 18 women), and 15 Hispanics ( 9 men, 6 women) participated. Using a downward, step-wise multiple regression procedure,' Tolerance scores alone appeared to give the best prediction of attitudes toward interracial marriage. The higher the scores, the more liberal the attitude toward interracial mariage. Significant ( p < .05) were attitudes of subjects toward marriages of white persons and Iranians and of white and black persons. Interracial Marriage Attitudes Scores seemed to indicate that white persons' intermarriage wirh black persons or Iranians still is not approved, perhaps related to current political issues and the geographical region from which the subjects were drawn. Before further research is undertaken, validation of the Interrac~d Marriage Attitude Scale and replication of this study are needed. The scale might be expanded to allow more detailed information in assessing the bases for subjects' attitudes. Additional studies should also seek equal representation of men and women.