Principle Of Equality Research Articles

Guarantees of Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities as a Component of Official Legal Status

The article explores and characterises the legislative guarantees of social protection for persons with disabilities among military personnel and individuals discharged from military service. It analyses national labour and social legislation regarding special pension programmes, employ­ment, social payments/assistance, and social services available in our country for persons with disabilities. The content of specific guarantees for military personnel and those equated to them, as determined by their service status, is highlighted, as emphasised by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in its decisions. It is noted that such guarantees for individuals serving in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations apply not only during their service period but also after discharge. Based on the analysed normative acts, it is concluded that the issue of guaranteeing social protection for persons with disabilities, as a component of their special service status, can only be considered with the presence of proper legal confirmation of the impact of service-military activities on the person’s health. It is established that if a former military service member is recognised as a person with a disability due to a disease that arose after discharge from military or equivalent service, the causal link between such a disease and their past service activities must be established. It is emphasised that the legislator also defines additional special conditions for the onset of disability as a component of the grounds for receiving certain types of social protection. One of the conditions is the determination of the time frame for establishing disability after discharge from military service. It is emphasised that the use of time criteria as legal conditions for acquiring the right to social protection violates the constitutional principles of equality in the right to social protection and justice in society. Based on the analysis of the mechanism for providing employment-related social services to persons with disabilities discharged from military and equivalent service, it is concluded that this mechanism is imperfect and not adapted to the current realities in the country. The need to develop a social services system in Ukraine is stressed, one that, on the one hand, ensures effective socialisation and professional orientation for those discharged from military service due to disability, and on the other hand, takes into account the specific conditions under which the disability was acquired. A drawback in this system is highlighted - the lack of a mechanism to involve employers in the process of socialisation and professional adaptation of the individual. It is noted that merely legislating the obligation to create jobs for persons with disabilities is an insufficient measure for facilitating the professional and social rehabilitation of individuals. Proposed are appropriate amendments to the legislation on the social protection of persons with disabilities.

Differential associations between experiences of contraceptive care and subsequent contraceptive access and preferences among family planning patients by racial and ethnic identity: Evidence from Arizona, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

While many frameworks exist for building person-centered and equitable systems of contraceptive care, evidence indicates that the reality of patients' experiences of care is often not in alignment with these ideals. Historical and current contexts of racism in the healthcare system contribute to negative perceptions and experiences of care, as well as reduced care-seeking behavior, for those who identify as Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Our objective in this analysis is to examine whether people's past experiences of contraceptive care are a driver of subsequent barriers to contraceptive access, and whether this relationship differs across racial and ethnic identity. We draw on panel data from five waves of surveys collected between 2018-2023 among patients ages fifteen and older seeking family planning care at sites that receive public funding for these services in Arizona, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Overall and stratified by race/ethnicity, we examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between patients' experiences of high-quality, person-centered contraceptive care and three contraceptive access outcomes: use of preferred contraception, satisfaction with contraceptive method, and experience of no barriers to accessing preferred contraception. We find longitudinal associations between patients experiencing higher-quality, more person-centered contraceptive care and subsequent satisfaction with contraceptive methods. Among non-Hispanic white-identifying patients, we find similar associations between shifting to higher-quality contraceptive care and use of preferred contraception, but we find no statistical relationship between experiencing higher-quality care and subsequent contraceptive outcomes for patients who identify as Black, Indigenous, or Person of Color (BIPOC). Highlighting the dissonance between clinical guidance for quality contraceptive care and patient experiences of care, and especially whether similar experiences across racial and ethnic identity lead to differential outcomes, is a crucial step toward bringing contraceptive care systems into alignment with principles of sexual and reproductive health equity.

An examination of direct and indirect taxation in OECD countries and the case of Greece

This paper attempts to analyze and interpret the principles of direct and indirect taxation. Initially, a theoretical approach to the general concepts and principles governing tax law is presented. It is followed by a presentation of the Greek tax and financial system. The key points demonstrating the harmonization of tax legislation, in accordance with the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines so far are highlighted. Any future reform of the Greek national tax system should incorporate the fundamental principles of national tax policy. Additionally, it must be in line with OECD principles and guidelines. The further implementation of the Organization's recommendations will shift the balance between direct and indirect taxation, leading to strengthening the first and reducing the second. Over the last decades, the ratio of direct to indirect taxes has been on the increase, particularly in developed countries. The main reason is that direct taxation is socially just and effective. Direct taxation is attributed by the liable person, while indirect taxation is transferred according to the ability of each person to react to the relevant market. The OECD supports, for member countries, the strengthening of direct taxation, which takes into account income and other social criteria and satisfies both the criterion of efficiency and the criterion of fair distribution of economic burdens. On the contrary, indirect taxation is reduced to inversely progressive taxation in terms of the income of consumers and is not consistent with the OECD principles of socially just and effective taxation in economically developed countries. The taxation of the citizens in general follows the principle of the citizens contributing to the public burdens according to their powers, for there is nothing more unjust than to treat unequal men as equals. From this proportional treatment of the taxing units, the constitutional principle of equality is also satisfied by reflection.

Politicization of the Jewish and Muslim minorities in Poland

With Poland’s political transformation after 1989, religious minorities including Jews and Muslims gained more autonomy and support from the state authorities. At the same time, the liberal democracy principles of religious equality and the state’s neutrality have still not been fully implemented. The paper focuses on this problematic situation, using the concept of politicization to portray the situation of the Jews and Muslims in contemporary Poland, and their relations with the Polish state. It presents four instances of politicization of religious minorities (specifically, Muslims and/or Jews). The research is based on public surveys, interviews with members of the Jewish and Muslim communities, legal documents, and NGO reports. According to the hypothesis of the paper, Muslims and Jews are significantly politicized in the Polish public discourse, and both communities play significant roles in shaping the political identity of the Polish polity. Their roles differ in character due to historical factors and the contemporary international context.

Centering Social Justice and Equity in Research on Accessibility to Public Buildings for Individuals with Mobility Disabilities: A scoping review.

To explore how principles of social justice and equity are integrated into research concerning accessibility to public buildings for individuals with mobility disabilities. Utilising a scoping review methodology to assess literature based on the criteria set by the Joanna Briggs Institute, seven databases were screened. Studies were selected using the framework: "persons with mobility disabilities" AND "accessibility" AND "public buildings". A theoretical framework helped to extract codes and develop themes through an inductive-deductive analysis method. The results are presented descriptively. The examination of 84 studies uncovered a complex interplay between agencies, systemic challenges, discriminatory practices, and societal attitudes perpetuating marginalisation of individuals with mobility disabilities in their access to public buildings. The recommendations emphasize importance of practical measures, research imperatives, and policy developments to promote inclusivity. We present a 'Ten-step approach' to integrate social justice and equity into research on accessibility in public buildings for people with mobility disabilities. Integrating diversity, active participation, and inclusive methodologies are essential to address systemic issues, discriminatory practices, and societal attitudes that hinder accessibility and inclusion. Collaborations with diverse stakeholders are crucial for policy changes, resource allocation, and advancing social justice and equity in accessibility research and practice.

Законодательный уровень правового регулирования в субъектах федеративных государств (сравнительно-правовой контекст)

Relevance. The normative prescriptions formed in the subjects of federal states, including in the subjects of the Russian Federation, acquiring a legislative form in accordance with their constitutions, under the conditions of the right granted to these subjects to carry out “their own legal regulation” (Part 4 of Article 76 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), form a fundamentally new — their own level of legislative regulation in the regions, which is noticeable It also modernizes the role of federal legislation in the system of regulatory regulators of public relations. Widely practiced in the subjects of the Russian Federation and other federal states, the principle of its own legislative regulation brings its positive results. Goal. In a comparative legal context, to substantiate that, thanks to the legislative form of legal regulation formed by the subjects of the federation in a single legal space, favorable conditions are created for the implementation of the constitutional principle of equality in specific relations, which, in turn, contributes to strengthening the unity of the Russian federal state. Methods. The obtained conclusions are based on dialectical, logical, systemic, sociological, as well as comparative legal, formal legal, legal interpretation, statistics and other research methods. Results. The distinctive features, meaning, content, positive role and practical significance of their own legislative regulation in the subjects of federal states are revealed. Arguments are presented confirming that the own legislative regulation in the subjects of the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of specifying federal laws and supplementing them with new content, contributes to strengthening the integrity of the federal state and its sovereignty and as such acts as a key link in the system of regulatory regulators in the regions. The results obtained are new and have practical significance. In this aspect, legal regulation in the subjects of the Russian Federation has not been considered in the scientific literature.

Relevance of Religious Court Decisions on Marriage to National Development Policy Directions: A Legal and Social Analysis

The results show that the Religious Courts play an important role in harmonising Islamic law with national development policies and international legal standards, particularly in the context of protecting the rights of women and children. However, challenges exist in harmonising interpretations of Islamic law with the principles of human rights and gender equality guaranteed by international conventions such as CEDAW. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method to analyse the relevance of Religious Court decisions related to marriage to national development policies as well as their relationship to international law. Primary data was obtained through analysis of Religious Court decisions in several regions of Indonesia in the last five years covering marital issues such as divorce, polygamy, child custody, and division of joint property. Secondary data included national policy documents, such as the RPJMN, as well as international legal instruments such as CEDAW. This research identifies the need for progressive reforms in the Religious Courts system, including capacity building of judges in understanding international law, revision of the Compilation of Islamic Law, and strengthening co-operation between relevant institutions. The innovative contribution of this research lies in its in-depth analysis of how the Religious Courts can serve as a bridge between religious law, national development policy, and Indonesia's international obligations.

Reciprocity and prosocial behavior in democratic dynamic

Prosocial behavior (CP) currently presents some conceptual overlaps with the construct of reciprocity, understood here as a lubricant of democratic dynamics. The proposed study is based on a research agreement between the Universities of Palermo and Malaga, to test the relationship between CP and reciprocity and the multiple dimensions that intervene on the two constructs at the individual, interpersonal and community level. A structural equation model (with the Lisrel method) was used to assess whether the principle of equity, belief in a just world, sense of community and neighborhood norm increase CP and whether this together with worldview and social trust, in turn, increase positive reciprocity and decrease negative reciprocity. The analyses presented are partial and concern the sample of Palermo, consisting of 307 subjects, residing in the eight districts of the city. From the analysis of the data, the parameters of the model are satisfactory even if the effect of the sense of community is not significant.

How has health literacy and digital health literacy scholarship evolved? A global, qualitative study.

Health literacy (HL) is a key social determinant of health (SDoH) and is of increasing importance in public health research and intervention for improved health outcomes. Definitions of HL and digital health literacy (DHL) have evolved over time as the field has expanded conceptualization from an individual focus to the broader community and organizational levels. Careful consideration of HL and DHL for a variety of contexts and audiences is critical given increased global adoption of digital technologies and responses to emerging public health challenges. This study aimed to capture researchers' conceptualizations of HL/DHL and their motivations to engage in this research with attention to SDoH and equity principles. We developed a survey comprising 32 open-ended and multiple-choice questions from which we present participant demographics and overall research affiliations (n = 193), and results from two multiple-choice and three open-ended questions. The three open-ended questions were inductively reviewed and coded using thematic analysis and iterative discussions between multiple coders, while the two multiple-choice questions were descriptively analyzed via SPSS. Findings are situated within the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and inform the international field of HL/DHL research by highlighting momentum and opportunities for increased scholarship.

A New Vision for Enhancing Women’s Leadership Role in Higher Education Decision-Making

Legal issues of gender equality and the principle of inadmissibility of discrimination against women in all spheres of life are becoming relevant worldwide, including in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This study aims to show ways to enhance the role of women in the higher education system, which is necessary to implement the principle of real equality in relationships with men, the principle of fair distribution of managerial positions without gender discrimination, and the implementation of leadership activities by women due to their managerial potential. To achieve this goal, the authors have researched this topic in a comparative legal format, comparing the practice and legal peculiarities of Kazakhstan and some developed countries. We used logical analysis, comparative legislative analysis, legal analysis, and legal forecasting. Kazakh legislative acts that promote the expansion of women’s rights while enhancing the role of women in higher education were analyzed. The practical results of the study consist in the formulation and justification of organizational and legal ways to increase the leadership role of women in higher education in the Republic. The scientific novelty lies in the previously unexplored topic of gender equality in the higher education system of Kazakhstan from a legal viewpoint. The conclusion about gender asymmetry should encourage other researchers to study this problem on a larger scale and deepen the understanding that only clearly, competently, and equally selected leaders of both sexes can positively influence the accelerated development of the higher education system and ensure the actual competitiveness of Kazakhstani universities and their graduates. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-05-016 Full Text: PDF

Pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings

The scientific article examines the legal nature of the pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings. The institution of judicial evidence was subject to change in connection with the latest reforms of the civil procedure legisla-tion. This has led to the emergence of new institutions and the pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings is such. Until 2022, the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter CPC RK) did not have di-rect legal regulation of this institution, and accordingly, no theoretical studies were conducted on this issue. In civil proceedings, the prototype of the institute of pre-trial protocol was a foreign legal institution, such as the disclosure of evidence and the exchange of arguments, characteristic of English and American procedural law. The practical necessity of many aspects of such a phenomenon as the pre-trial protocol, the incomplete-ness of theoretical developments and the need to improve legislation determined the relevance of the topic of the scientific article. It should be recognized that the mechanism for drawing up a pre-trial protocol, in fact, designed to ensure the implementation of the principles of competition and equality of the parties, was not sufficiently enshrined in the civil procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, consistent legislative regulation of the activities of bodies for the disclosure of evidence in civil proceedings is required. The institution of pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings requires regulation and integration at the legislative level, since the mechanism of conclusion in the current CPC of the Republic of Kazakhstan has not been fully investigated.

새만금 지역의 관할구역 결정을 위한 법제도 개선방향

Regarding the decision of the district of local governments, it has been relatively clearly determined by the maritime boundary line on the National Basic Report (topographic map) by the Constitutional Court's competency dispute trial. Currently, it is a dispute settlement system that does not recognize the customary legal effect of the maritime boundary line and resolves it by filing a complaint with the Supreme Court. Article 5 (formerly Article 4) of the Local Autonomy Act states that there is no legal boundary for the district of local governments and that it is subject to the former, and there are no clear regulations under the current law. The decision of the Central Dispute Mediation Committee, the decision of the Supreme Court, and the decision of the Constitutional Court are not judged based on objective and substantive standards. In accordance with the principle of equity, local governments' district decisions are made by applying various factors of consideration set by each judgment agency. As a result, conflicts continue between local governments over the jurisdiction over maritime or public water landfill sites. The revision of the Local Autonomy Act in 2009 seemed to create a new breakthrough, but the revision of the Local Autonomy Act in 2009 is amplifying rather than reducing disputes, and problems in system design and operation are being revealed. Even with the full revision of the Local Autonomy Act in 2021, only the provisions were moved from Articles 4 to 5 without any fundamental improvement in this area. Article 6 was newly established to require the Minister of Public Administration and Security to apply for mediation if the boundaries of the area are unclear, and in such cases, the formation of an autonomous consultative body was requested to establish a procedural regulation that forced consultations within a certain period of time. It is unclear whether such an autonomous consultative body will be effective in resolving conflicts between local governments only through autonomous consultations without attempts to promote negotiations by a third neutral institution or mediator. This is because these voluntary consultative bodies are merely a preliminary negotiation channel for the deliberations and decisions of the Central Dispute Settlement Commission or the local dispute settlement commission. Even the Central Dispute Settlement Commission, the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Court make decisions on jurisdictional determinations based on a combination of factors set by the judicial bodies themselves, rather than the substantive standards set by law. This seems to be in line with the principle of equity by making a comprehensive judgment, but the factors to be prioritized vary from one institution to another, which leads to legal instability and ultimately to a lack of approval until a judicial conclusion is reached. It is also a problem that the filing period to the Supreme Court is only 15 days, and the judgment by the Supreme Court, which is a judicial decision, is also operated as a single-judgment system to investigate facts, so it is necessary to change the system to a two-judgment system that appeals to the Supreme Court after going through the High Court instead of filing directly to the Supreme Court. It seems like a step forward compared to the previous system of resolving disputes over the jurisdiction of local governments over the Saemangeum landfill through the deliberation and decision of the Central Dispute Mediation Committee, the decision of the Minister of the Interior and Safety, and the final decision of the Supreme Court.

A local perspective on the links between flora biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Northwest Highlands of Ethiopia

The main concern that this study attempts to address is the reason that the local people sustainably conserve church forests while aggressively exploiting biodiversity in common forests, shrublands, and grasslands. The study assesses the local perspective on the links between flora biodiversity and ecosystem services across a range of management options in the typical watershed of the Northwest highlands of Ethiopia. A mixed study design that included questionnaires, remote sensing, and hermeneutics was used because of the multidisciplinary character of the research. There has been a perceptible decline in flora biodiversity in the open-access shrublands, forests, and grasslands as a result of increased settlement encroachment, unchecked and continuous overgrazing, excessive firewood collection, and the cutting of living and dead tree and shrub biomass. Because of this, it was noticed that the availability of wild edible plants, medicinal plants, trees to produce tools, habitat for wild animals, and lumber production is drastically reduced. Alternatively, the church forests were preserved with responsive caring, which enables the outstanding performance of the majority of ecosystem services (except for collecting firewood and fibers) for the local community with the principles of equality and inclusiveness. Therefore, to restore open-access communal grazing ecosystems and the synergy of many ecosystem services in a given watershed, an effective institutional structure must be developed at the local administration level. To offer a range of ecosystem services and socioeconomic benefits, reforestation and planting of both exotic and native plants with enclosure management established on the values of justice, equality, inclusivity, and well-managed local governance with strict laws, sanctions, and enforcement must be the cornerstones of the management plan.

Cooperative Compliance in Poland: The Question of Equality

An increasing number of tax jurisdictions are implementing the concept of cooperative compliance into their tax systems. It aims to improve tax compliance by building an enhanced relationship between tax authorities and taxpayers. In principle, the programme is aimed at large taxpayers capable of engaging in aggressive tax optimization that is detrimental to state revenue. Dedicating the programme exclusively to large taxpayers may raise doubts about whether it violates the principle of equality before the law. In Poland, the legislation governing the cooperative compliance programme was introduced on July 1, 2020. As in other countries, it was targeted at large taxpayers. The article therefore discusses the question whether the Polish legal regulations on cooperative tax compliance are in line with the constitutional principle of equality.

EUROPEAN PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF UKRAINIAN CITIES

The values of a solidary and democratic society, based on the principles of equality, significantly influenced the conceptual and practical principles of design throughout the Modern era. To a large extent, the formative base of modernism – the leading worldview trend that defined the architecture of the 20th and early 21st centuries – is connected with them. One of the important stages in the development of this process was the spread since the 1980s "universal design" concept that aimed at creating a more inclusive space, avoiding various forms of isolation and inequality depending on the physical abilities of a person. Currently, theoretical and practical achievements in this area make it possible to talk about a holistic system of views on design, which, however, still remains largely unrealized to the extent that the goals of universal design can be considered generally achieved. Nevertheless, thanks to the implementation of a number of initiatives and programs, inclusive and friendly environments for different groups have begun to emerge in many European cities, which testify to the benefits of the "design for all" concept. In addition to the purely humanistic aspect, it also gives cities advantages in terms of a more complete use of human potential, maintaining a high economic and social attractiveness, which ultimately increases the competitive indicators of the city. This article consists of three principle parts, two of which are reflective and one analytical. In their sequence, they have the following form: a) an outline of the current concepts of universal design, which are present in various initiatives and programs of the European Union and a wider range of sources that create the relevant discourse; b) assessment of issues related to the equality of space in domestic analysis and practice; c) determination of the local specificity of Ukraine, which determines the perspective of applying the principles of universal design. Based on the analysis, have been outlined the main features of a possible strategy for the development of universal design principles in Ukrainian cities, including taking into account the consequences of full-scale russian military aggression, which began in February 2022.

Legal and medical aspects of the problem of postmortem donation in reproductive medicine

The reproductive system plays a crucial role in preserving the human race. The health of the reproductive system reflects not only the genetic viability of future generations but also overall health. It is also related to numerous human rights, including the right to life, liberty, personal integrity, health, education, and the principle of equality and non-discrimination. The state, on the other hand, has positive obligations to ensure the observance, protection, and implementation of reproductive rights. Everyone has the right to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health. Any individual or couple has the right to decide how many children to have, when to have them, and at what intervals, even if it involves postmortem reproduction. That is why it is necessary to pay attention to the need to ensure the rights of servicemen to biological paternity (motherhood), which is extremely important, especially in the context of martial law in Ukraine.Despite some controversial aspects arising in the context of postmortem donation in Ukraine, it is the duty of the legislator to adopt laws and create legal provisions that can properly regulate this area. In doing so, the principle of proportionality should be taken into account, which can help to achieve the necessary balance between personal integrity and respect for the body after death, on the one hand, and the right to family, on the other. It should be understood that the experience of states at war has highlighted the urgency of postmortem donation and the position of society on its legal integration along with other areas of social relations that are subject to regulation. Military service, given its daily risks, can certainly compromise fertility, particularly through genitourinary trauma that can be associated with combat, gonadotoxic exposure, and physical separation from a partner.In addition, the issue of disposing of oocytes in case of death or declaration of death of a servicewoman remains unaddressed. Implementation of postmortem donation in the event of the death of a female military service member is possible only through surrogate motherhood. However, the current legislation in this area does not regulate the possibility of in vitro fertilization after the death of one of the spouses and completely “bypasses” any derivative issues related to surrogate motherhood after death.

Equality and justice as the basis for unification of the right of citizens for an insurance labor pension

The differentiation of the right of citizens of the Russian Federation for an insurance labor pension by gender provided for by the current legislation raises questions in civil society due to the discrepancy between the norms fixing different retirement ages for men and women, the principle of equality guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and ensuring social justice in society. One of the reasons is that a significant proportion of men do not live to the 65-year retirement age fixed by law. Analyzing the current legal norms and comparing them with statistical data and the results of law enforcement indicating a clearly unfair standardization of these relations, the authors offer their own vision of solving the existing problems. The authors substantiate the conclusion on the necessity to unify the right of citizens for an insurance pension by establishing a common retirement age of 60 years for men and women for the period of solving the main demographic problems in the state and creating conditions for increasing life expectancy. At the same time, emphasizing the special role of women, the authors propose to include legislatively the time associated with the birth and upbringing of children in a woman’s insurance experience, regardless of whether a woman had previous employment relationships and insurance experience. It should be done to create a favorable regime for the formation of women’s insurance experience and ensure formal equality with men.

Gender equality in the Qur’an: An Analysis of surah an-Nisa’ verses 1 and 34 in the exegesis of al-Tabari and al-Rāzī

Surah An-Nisa' verses 1 and 34 have been central to discussions on gender. According to the interpretations of Imam al-Ṭabarī and Imam al-Rāzī, these verses place women in a subordinate role, both in domestic and non-domestic spheres. This interpretation is considered biased, not reflecting the true essence of the Qur'an. Therefore, further research is necessary to uncover the Qur'an’s intended view on gender in these verses. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative approach, gathering data from books, theses, and articles. The findings reveal that al-Ṭabarī and al-Rāzī's interpretations reinforce male superiority in patriarchal tradition, stating that Eve was created from Adam's rib and that the husband is the absolute leader of the wife. However, contemporary scholars argue that interpreting "nafs" as referring to the unity of humanity without any connotation of gender superiority, emphasizing equality in Islam. The Qur'an advocates for justice in gender issues, making traditional interpretations obsolete in today's context. Regarding Surah An-Nisa' verse 34, al-Ṭabarī and al-Rāzī interpreted men as the rightful leaders over their wives due to the advantages given by Allah, with financial responsibility as the foundation of their authority. However, modern-contemporary tafsir scholars reject this view, interpreting qiwāmah as shared responsibility regardless of gender, emphasizing partnership in the household and gender equality in Islam. This reflects efforts to understand Qur'anic verses contextually and inclusively, supporting the principles of equality and justice.

Українська національно-правова ідея: виклики сьогодення

It was found that the Ukrainian national-legal idea is the driving force for the preservation and development of Ukrainian identity and statehood based on social and legal ideals, which are formed through the value beliefs, attitudes and orientations of conscious, socially active citizens. Today’s challenges for the national-legal idea of Ukrainians are, first of all, Russia’s military aggression, when the enemy disregards all international and general civilizational rules of human coexistence and tries to destroy our identity, sovereignty and independence. The challenge is not simply the preservation of Ukrainian identity, but, in fact, democracy in the center of Europe. It was emphasized that it is important, despite complex social, political, economic and legal realities, to form a holistic understanding and perception of citizens from an early age, themselves and their nation, traditions, customs, culture as the highest value of national self-identity and the basis of selfaffirmation of a person. Today poses new challenges for Ukraine. Challenges, perhaps the most extensive in the history of the modern development of our state, which are connected not only with the threat to our national identity, but also with the physical destruction of Ukrainians. We are choosing the right to life and our own thousand-year history in the twenty-first century, in the center of Europe. In these challenges of Russia’s war against Ukraine, it is important to preserve our national values, ideals, and ideas, because it is precisely them that the enemy is fiercely destroying, trying to erase our history and the future of Ukrainians. It is noted that the legal ideology, as a component of the legal idea, personifying the law and its essence, establishes the principles of democracy, equality and justice as the main directions of the development of the state and society. Today, we observe Ukrainians realizing the value of the legal ideology of our state, which is aimed at recognizing, observing and realizing the rights, freedoms and duties of a person and a citizen, at the development of a democratic society and a social and legal state. Citizens realized that these are not empty words and that these factors determine the vector of development of our society. Attention is focused on the fact that legal ideology, as a component of the legal idea, personifying the law and its essence, consolidates the principles of democracy, equality and justice, together with the national idea, it accumulates national values, progressive initiatives.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion in gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Position Statement.

1: The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) adheres to the overarching principles of equality of opportunity, fair treatment, nondiscrimination, and diversity of health care professionals. 2: ESGE strongly supports the creation of collaborations within and between national and international endoscopy societies to disseminate the principles of diversity, equality, and inclusion (DEI) in the field of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. 3: ESGE aims to reflect the diversity of its membership in all its scientific and educational activities. 4: ESGE supports the fostering of collaborative work settings that empower all members of the endoscopy team to reach their full potential. 5: ESGE supports international and national endoscopy societies in promoting equitable access to high quality endoscopy training. 6: ESGE recommends the implementation of ergonomic principles in endoscopy units to prevent injuries and to provide adapted workplace conditions for personnel with disabilities and/or special needs. 7: ESGE recommends comprehensive mentorship, that includes diverse backgrounds, and equitable sponsorship for professional development, training, and academic excellence. 8: ESGE recommends that endoscopists actively identify, discuss, and attempt to accommodate reasonable patient preferences and expectations regarding endoscopy procedures. 9: ESGE advocates for educational and awareness campaigns targeting both health care professionals and patients, as well as the adoption of cost-effective health care strategies to address disparities and enhance equity in endoscopy care. 10: ESGE is committed to increasing support for underrepresented scholars and minorities pursuing research in endoscopy. 11: ESGE identifies mentorship and sponsorship as factors that may mitigate the barriers to academic careers for underrepresented endoscopy scholars. 12: ESGE recognizes the need to increase awareness of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the field of endoscopy and supports publications on these topics.