Equal Power Distribution Research Articles

Compact circular Wilkinson power divider for wireless applications

Abstract This manuscript introduces an innovative 1-to-4 modified Wilkinson power divider designed to operate at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The configuration of the proposed divider is fabricated on Rogers RT/Duroid 5,880, featuring a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.565 mm, respectively. The circular shape employed in the design minimises size and enhances power handling capability. To achieve a 4-way power division with equal power distribution at each output port, a 1:2 power divider at 3.5 GHz is cascaded. Furthermore, we present and analyse a 1:4 WPD implemented on a microstrip line utilised as a power supply for measuring a four-port MIMO antenna. This divider exhibits excellent impedance matching at all ports and consistent phase and amplitude characteristics between the output ports. The performance metrics of the presented divider, as detailed in both experimental and simulated results, include a return loss of 27.92 dB (1:2) and 29 dB (1:4), isolation of 33.046 dB (1:2) and 35.56 dB (1:4) and insertion loss of 3.17 dB (1:2) and 6.6 dB (1:4) respectively. These proposed power dividers hold potential applications in microwave and communication systems, mainly where power division is imperative with minimal signal loss and robust impedance matching.

Creative approaches to landscape research: Using multisensory and multispecies research perspectives with marginalised groups

The research project discussed here used artist-led workshops to enable people from marginalised groups to explore and communicate their relationships with nature and landscapes. Aligning with multisensory and multispecies methodologies, five workshops took place in England’s north-west, in which participants from marginalised and excluded communities co-produced creative works representing their sensorial responses to those environments. Drawing on participants’ experiences of these workshops, and the resulting creative works, the affordances of location-specific creative activities as a means of facilitating connection with local landscapes are examined, as are the opportunities that creative methodologies offer in enabling marginalised and disadvantaged groups to engage in debates about nature and landscape use. Participants benefitted greatly from the project, which enabled small steps towards involving marginalised groups in debates about nature and landscape use. However, challenges remain for decision-making and a more equal distribution of power amongst humans and other species whose interests may be overlooked.

Trust-building in temporary public health partnerships: a qualitative study of the partnership formation process of a Covid-19 test, trace and protect service

BackgroundPublic health initiatives require coordinated efforts from healthcare, social services and other service providers. Organisational theory tells us that trust is essential for reaching collaborative effectiveness. This paper explores the drivers for initiating and sustaining trust in a temporary public health partnership, in response to a sudden health threat.MethodsThis qualitative study analysed the formation process of a multisector partnership for a Covid-19 contact tracing service. Data was collected through 12 interviews, two focus groups, one feedback workshop, and an online survey with workforce members from all seven partner organisations. Purposive maximum variation sampling was used to capture the reflections and experiences of workforce members from all seven partner organisations. A deductive code scheme was used to identify drivers for building and sustaining trust in inter-organisational collaboration.ResultsRelational mechanisms emanating from the commitment to the common aim, shared norms and values, and partnership structures affected trust-building. Shared values and the commitment to the common aim appeared to channel partners’ behaviour when interacting, resulting in being perceived as a fair, reliable and supportive partner. Shared values were congruent with the design of the partnership in terms of governance structure and communication lines reflecting flat hierarchies and shared decision-making power. Tensions between partner organisations arose when shared values were infringed.ConclusionsWhen managing trust in a collaboration, partners should consider structural components like governance structure, organisational hierarchy, and communication channels to ensure equal power distribution. Job rotation, recruitment of candidates with the desired personality traits and attitudes, as well as training and development, encourage inter-organisational networking among employees, which is essential for building and strengthening relationships with partner organisations. Partners should also be aware of managing relational dynamics, channelling behaviours through shared values, objectives and priorities and fostering mutual support and equality among partner organisations.

Minimum loss optimization of flywheel energy storage systems via distributed adaptive dynamic programming

AbstractIn this article, a distributed controller based on adaptive dynamic programming is proposed to solve the minimum loss problem of flywheel energy storage systems (FESS). We first formulate a performance function aiming to reduce total losses of FESS in power distribution applications. Then we use the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation to solve this optimal control problem. The solution of the HJB equation is approximated by neural networks. To achieve distributed control, we estimate the global variables in the HJB equation by using the dynamic average consensus algorithm. A barrier Lyapunov function and a saturation function are introduced to handle the issue of state and input constraints, respectively. Then the stability of the system is proved through the Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulations. Simulation results show that FESS can track the power command while minimizing total power losses by interacting with neighbors. The proposed algorithm leads to a loss reduction of compared to the equal power distribution strategy.

Ethical challenges in global research on health system responses to violence against women: a qualitative study of policy and professional perspectives

BackgroundStudying global health problems requires international multidisciplinary teams. Such multidisciplinarity and multiculturalism create challenges in adhering to a set of ethical principles across different country contexts. Our group on health system responses to violence against women (VAW) included two universities in a European high-income country (HIC) and four universities in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to investigate professional and policy perspectives on the types, causes of, and solutions to ethical challenges specific to the ethics approval stage of the global research projects on health system responses to VAW.MethodsWe used the Network of Ethical Relationships model, framework method, and READ approach to analyse qualitative semi-structured interviews (n = 18) and policy documents (n = 27). In March-July 2021, we recruited a purposive sample of researchers and members of Research Ethics Committees (RECs) from the five partner countries. Interviewees signposted policies and guidelines on research ethics, including VAW.ResultsWe developed three themes with eight subthemes summarising ethical challenges across three contextual factors. The global nature of the group contributed towards power and resource imbalance between HIC and LMICs and differing RECs’ rules. Location of the primary studies within health services highlighted differing rules between university RECs and health authorities. There were diverse conceptualisations of VAW and vulnerability of research participants between countries and limited methodological and topic expertise in some LMIC RECs. These factors threatened the timely delivery of studies and had a negative impact on researchers and their relationships with RECs and HIC funders. Most researchers felt frustrated and demotivated by the bureaucratised, uncoordinated, and lengthy approval process. Participants suggested redistributing power and resources between HICs and LMICs, involving LMIC representatives in developing funding agendas, better coordination between RECs and health authorities and capacity strengthening on ethics in VAW research.ConclusionsThe process of ethics approval for global research on health system responses to VAW should be more coordinated across partners, with equal power distribution between HICs and LMICs, researchers and RECs. While some of these objectives can be achieved through education for RECs and researchers, the power imbalance and differing rules should be addressed at the institutional, national, and international levels. Three of the authors were also research participants, which had potential to introduce bias into the findings. However, rigorous reflexivity practices mitigated against this. This insider perspective was also a strength, as it allowed us to access and contribute to more nuanced understandings to enhance the credibility of the findings. It also helped to mitigate against unequal power dynamics.

Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists’ and Critical Care Registered Nurses’ perception of knowledge/power in teamwork with Anaesthesiologists in Sweden: a mixed-method study

Efficient teamwork is crucial to provide optimal health care. This paper focuses on teamwork between Anaesthesiologists (ANES), Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists’ (CRNA) and Critical Care Registered Nurses (CCRN) working in challenging environments such as the intensive care unit (ICU) and the operating room (OR). Conflicts are common between physicians and nurses, negatively impacting teamwork. Social hierarchies based on professional status and power inequalities between nurses and physicians plays a vital role in influencing teamwork. Foucault was a famous thinker especially known for his reasoning regarding power/knowledge. A Foucauldian perspective was therefore incorporated into this paper and the overall aim was to explore CCRN/CRNA perception of knowledge/power in teamwork with ANES.Methods A mixed-method approach was applied in this study. Data was collected using a web-based questionnaire containing both closed-end and open-ended questions. A total of 289 CCRNs and CRNAs completed the questionnaire. Data analysis was then conducted through five stages as outlined by Onwuebugzie and Teddlie; analysing quantitative data in SPSS 27.0 and qualitative data with a directed content analysis, finally merging data together in ATLAS.ti v.23.Results The result reveals a dissonance between quantitative and qualitative data; quantitative data indicates a well-functioning interdisciplinary teamwork between CCRN/CRNA and ANES - qualitative data highlights that there are several barriers and inequalities between the two groups. Medicine was perceived as superior to nursing, which was reinforced by both social and organisational structures at the ICU and OR.Conclusion Unconscious rules underlying current power structures in the ICU and OR works in favour of the ANES and biomedical paradigm, supporting medical knowledge. To achieve a more equal power distribution between CCRN/CRNAs and ANES, the structural hierarchies between nursing and medicine needs to be addressed. A more equal power balance between the two disciplines can improve teamwork and thereby reduce patient mortality and improve patient outcomes.

가족의 구조와 기능에 대한 초등교사의 인식 유형 분석

Objectives With nontraditional family types increasing, this study aims to derive elementary school teachers’ perception types of family structure and function and to analyze the characteristics of each type.
 Methods In order to achieve this purpose, Q methodology was applied to this study. Q-samples representing perception of family structure and function was selected from 481 statements obtained through open questionaires and literature review, and Q-sort was conducted with the Q-samples to derive P-samples’ perception types of family structure and function.
 Results The result of this study are as follows. There were four types of elementary school teachers’ perception in family structure: Open minded type-opens up various possibilities in both the scope of family members and the method of distributing power within the family, Mixed type-aims for a nuclear family based on marriage or blood ties in which equal power distribution is achieved, Conservative type-emphasizes family solidarity through blood and marriage, Extended type-accepts the family form that has varied by social changes and recognizes objects as family even not human. And three types of elementary school teachers’ perception in family function: Affection exchange type which is more interested in internal functions based on affection exchange within the family, Growth support type which values solving family problems, children’s education and their socialization. Last, Saving system type which pursues members to perform their respective roles for maintenance of family and society.
 Conclusions Through this study, the unique characteristics of each perception type in family structure and function were confirmed, and it was suggested that elementary school teachers need support to form their inclusive family concept.

Communication via quad/hexa-copters during disasters

PurposeThe purpose is to derive the most effective place in the air for an aerial robot, viz., drone to use as an alternative communication system during disasters.Design/methodology/approachIn this technology-driven era, various concepts are becoming the area of interest for multiple researchers. Drone technology is also one of them. The researchers, with interest in drones, are therefore trying to understand the various uses of employing drones in diverse applications which are mind-boggling, starting from civil applications (viz., an inspection of power lines, counting wildlife, delivering medical supplies to inaccessible regions, forest fire detection, and landslide measurement) to military applications (viz., real-time monitoring, surveillance, patrolling, and demining). However, one area where its usage is still to be exploited in many countries is using drones as a relay when communication lines are disrupted due to natural calamities. This will be particularly helpful in rescuing the affected people as the aerial node will enable them to communicate to the rescue team using mobiles/ordinary landline telephones even when regular communication towers are destroyed due to disastrous natural calamities, for example, tsunamis, earthquakes, and floods. Various algorithms, namely, water filling algorithm, advanced water filling algorithm, equal power distribution algorithm, and particle swarm optimization, were therefore studied and analyzed using simulation in addition to various path loss models to realize the desired place for an aerial robot, viz., drone in the air, which will eventually be used as an alternative communication system for badly hit ground users due to any disaster.FindingsIt was found that the effective combination of the water filling algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm may be done to place the drone in the air to increase the overall throughput of the affected ground users.Originality/valueThe research is original. None of the parts of this research paper has been published anywhere.

A Case Study of Parent-Child Interaction in Their Reading Activity

Parents play an important role in the character-shaping of their children, and it is mostly processed during the parent-child interaction. Children can be deeply influenced at home in terms of mother tongue, ideology, habit, or personal behavior. Hence, parent-child reading activity has been used as a popular mode that offers an opportunity to affect children purposely. However, many parents are confused about the way to interact with their children, either verbally or not. This study tries to look into this problem by observing a real case. The conversation between a parent and a child is audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. The result shows that equal power distribution can be found in this particular case, and there are two identities that the child can find herself, i.e., teacher and student. In addition, the mother adopts a number of strategies to help fulfil her expectation, such as reading material selection, teaching ideological lessons, child’s language development, evoking imagination, and praising strategy. The findings may provide implications for parents who are confused about how to interact with their children properly and effectively.

Joint Optimization of Massive MIMO System Resources Based on Service QoS

Aiming at the problem of low throughput and energy efficiency caused by the mutual restriction of energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in massive MIMO systems and the fact that resource allocation does not consider the factors of user service QoS and the upper and lower speed limits, a resource joint optimization method based on user service QoS guarantee is proposed. The method first performs user scheduling according to service delay and channel state under the condition of equal power distribution and calculates the current system capacity, and then combines transmit antenna power and service QoS constraints to redistribute power, and corrects the system capacity, establishing the objective function for the joint optimization of the spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. An algorithm combining deep learning and Q learning is used to solve the problem, and finally, the purpose of joint optimization is achieved. The simulation shows that the joint optimization method proposed in this paper can control the timeout of user data packets more finely and, at the same time, obtain greater energy efficiency and throughput.

Solving journalism with data: Silicon Valley’s influence on the Fourth Estate

The historically ambiguous relationship between journalism and Big Tech can be traced back to the late 20th century, when news organizations started to recognize the potential of the Internet as a distribution platform. While a growing body of literature is concerned with power asymmetries between Big Tech and journalism, the role of place in shaping the layered histories of journalism remains underexplored. This study uses a framework of place—conceptualized as material and geographic, a setting for action and lived experiences carrying the legacies of their past, and a site of accumulating histories of cultural meaning and power ( Usher, 2019 )—to examine how Silicon Valley and Fourth Estate ideals converge. Empirically, the study analyzes job advertisements of four US and UK print-legacy news outlets serving as a window into shifting expectations, skills, and values that news organizations seek in their employees, reflecting broader trends in journalism. Findings show that journalism draws on Silicon Valley ideals, merging datasolutionism with Fourth Estate narratives of audience access. Some news organizations are not only tech-oriented but frame themselves as tech companies with a Fourth Estate mission. While both Silicon Valley and Fourth Estate narratives promote ideals of equal power distribution, findings indicate the reinforcement of hegemonic power structures in the news industry. We conclude that the influence of Silicon Valley on journalism is one of consolidating power through location, action, and cultural meaning, as news organizations construct datasolutionism as a pivotal novel layer to achieve long-standing Fourth Estate ideals. This analysis contributes to our understanding of the historical context and evolving nature of the relationship between journalism and Big Tech, highlighting the significance of place in shaping the dynamics between these two increasingly intertwined industries.

Research on power balance control method of microgrid energy storage unit

In the isolated island operation of microgrids, affected by the different equivalent circuit impedance between distributed generators, the traditional droop control cannot evenly divide the reactive power borne by distributed generators according to the different line impedance. Therefore, firstly, the reasons affecting power sharing are analyzed, and then an improved droop control method based on traditional droop control is proposed; that is, the time change rate of voltage is used as the droop variable, and a voltage recovery mechanism is added to the reactive droop controller, in order to adjust the reciprocal of voltage to zero in the steady state, so as to stabilize the voltage. Aiming at the problem that the droop controller cannot always realize the equal distribution of reactive power, a voltage compensation link suitable for improved droop control is designed and added to eliminate the line impedance difference between distributed generators and improve the accuracy of reactive power distribution. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy are verified by building a “wind light storage load” microgrid simulation model on the MATLAB / Simulink platform.

An advanced LVRT controlled DSCC-STATCOM for reactive power compensation

<span lang="EN-US">This article focuses on the control of STATCOM for the improvement of reactive power compensation during grid faults and unbalanced load. The problem encountered with convectional voltage source converter based STATCOM for reactive power management and capacitor voltage balancing during grid faults are analyzed and its operational limitations are studied. To remove the above problems, an adaptive low voltage ride through control technique based modular double star cascaded converter (DSCC) STATCOM is proposed. In this dynamic control, the positive reactive currents and negative reactive currents are separately controlled for reactive power management and a zero (Vo) sequence voltage is inserted for the management of active power. This advanced control method effectively balances the submodule capacitor voltage within its prescribed limits by managing the equal distribution of active power between converter legs and provides dynamic reactive power management during grid faults. The effectiveness of the DSCC-STATCOM, with proposed control method is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software-based simulations under single line to ground fault and unbalanced load.</span>

Design and thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cells–internal combustion engine combined cycle system based on Two-Stage waste heat preheating and EGR

The integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid system has attracted more and more attention due to its advantages of high efficiency and good response ability. Combined with waste heat recovery (WHR) strategy, the system energy conversion efficiency can be further improved. In this study, a new integrated hybrid power system consisting of SOFC and pilot diesel micro-ignition natural gas engine, with WHR strategy was designed and analyzed. Firstly, the mathematical modeling of each component was established and compared with the experimental results to ensure the reliability of the simulation results. Moreover, the effects of key operating parameters and natural gas mixing with an appropriate amount of hydrogen on improving system efficiency and exergy efficiency were also explored. The results showed that the efficiency of the combined system was higher than each component and improved with the increase in the power distribution ratio of the SOFC and ICE, while descended with the decrease of fuel utilization of the SOFC. Anode exhaust of SOFC had a similar effect on the engine as exhaust gas recirculation, which can significantly reduce NOx emissions. In addition, when the SOFC and ICE had equal power distribution with fuel utilization of 0.7, with adding a 25% hydrogen volume ratio, the exergy efficiency and thermal efficiency of the system increased by 6.01% and 5.8% respectively.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELATIONSHIP OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERPETRATORS

Domestic violence is generally carried out by the person closest to the victim and the husband is the dominant person being the perpetrator of violence against the wife. This can occur because family awareness has not been touched in improving self-quality through the application of understanding family functions. Victims of Domestic Violence also frequently exhibit mental health situations associated with a history of trauma to violence in their family. The depiction that men are considered more powerful and stronger makes them more aggressive, which can lead to domestic violence against women. The power relations of the perpetrators are also influenced by the wife's economic independence. The power of the perpetrator which is higher than the victim is influenced by the domination of the perpetrator in the economic system. Because the husband spends time in the sector that makes money while the wife takes care of the household and takes care of the children. The pattern of husband-wife relations greatly affects the roles between husband and wife and the distribution of power. Scanzoni and Scanzoni divide the husband-wife relationship into four types of marriage patterns, namely; property owner pattern, head complement pattern, senior-junior pattern, and equal partner pattern. These four patterns result from special and dynamic socio-economic conditions. Equal distribution of power in the family will have a low level of conflict of control, and violence

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ВИТРАТ ПЕРВИННОГО ПАЛИВА НА ЛОКАЛЬНИХ РИНКАХ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГІЇ В СИСТЕМАХ З ДИЗЕЛЬ-ГЕНЕРАТОРАМИ

Local energy markets represent a separate distribution system with several sources of distributed generation and with its own network-independent operator. The cost of electricity in local systems depends on many criteria. They include the consumption of primary fuel for diesel generators, which depend on their capacity. Equal distribution of power on generators running in parallel leads to an increase in primary fuel consumption. An algorithm for optimizing fuel consumption, which calculates the power distribution of generators connected in parallel, has been developed. These capacities correspond to the minimum value of fuel consumption. The system using three diesel generators and the option of replacing one generator with a solar electric installation was considered. The use of the optimal algorithm allows for reducing the price by an average of 9 to 20% if compared to the uniform distribution. The introduction of a photovoltaic system with a rechargeable battery allowed to increase energy efficiency and reduce the price due to lower running costs of the solar installation. References 10, figures 3, tables 1.

Intragroup conflict dynamics and their linkages with horizontal power disparity configurations, upper management conflicts and coworker support

PurposeThis study aims to examine how changes in power disparity shape in-groups and upper-level management conflict are associated with intragroup relationship and task conflict variations. It also examines how workplace conflicts relate to focal employees’ perceptions of coworker support.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 3,343 respondents for nine years, comprising measurements taken on six occasions in 47 departments and stores of a Canadian retailer. The relationships between, within and across levels were tested using multilevel structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results showed that higher levels of power concentration vested by a few members or a single person are associated wih higher levels of intragroup conflict than usual. Furthermore, higher levels of task and relationship conflicts at upper management levels are associated with higher-than-usual task and relationship conflicts between nonhierarchical employees. Additionally, a higher-than-usual intragroup task conflict level was associated with lower-than-usual coworker support, supporting the proposed multilevel dynamic model.Research limitations/implicationsAn important limitation of this study is that all variables are self-reported despite using the six-wave repeated measurements, thereby increasing the possibility of inflating some observed relationships. Future research should examine the emergence of a larger spectrum of power dispersion configurations and their role on process conflict.Practical implicationsRetail managers should legitimize why a high-power concentration occurs when the equal distribution of power is not possible and find ways to minimize the trickle-down effects of conflicts at upper levels on their subordinates.Originality/valueThis study examines the effect of variability on power configurations and conflict in upper management ranks on conflict dynamic. The findings show that a high-power concentration elicits increasing conflicts, and that there is no empirical evidence that intragroup conflict is associated with positive outcomes.

A Flexible Space Vector Modulation Scheme for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters Under Failure Conditions

Space vector modulation (SVM) is a mature modulation scheme, which is widely used for voltage source inverters. In this article, a flexible online SVM scheme is proposed for a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHMI) under short-circuit and open-circuit switch as well as cell failure conditions. The proposed scheme directly calculates all the active redundant switching states and the dwelling duty cycles of the three space vectors enclosing the reference vector for a CHMI such that balanced line-to-line voltages and currents under failure conditions are generated. Accordingly, the resultant switching sequences are determined to meet any specific requirement, e.g., even-order harmonics elimination and minimization of switching losses. Furthermore, in order to reduce voltage stress on the semiconductors under short- and open-circuit switch conditions, an equal power distribution criterion is introduced. The proposed SVM scheme is fast and independent of the number of levels. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate performance and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A 1-to-8 Fully Modular Stacked SIW Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications

This communication presents a vertically stacked substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna array that enables different array configurations with the minimum number of SIW layers. This achievement lies in the modular feature offered by the proposed design. Specifically, four distinct array configurations can be produced with only three different designs of SIW layers. Depending on the number of SIW layers employed in the stacked antenna, the directivity in the E-plane is modified. To obtain an equal and in-phase power distribution among the array elements, H- and E-plane corporate feeding networks are efficiently implemented in each array configuration. Array configurations of one, two, four, and eight radiating layers are offered by the proposed modular array, where each radiating layer is formed by eight H-plane horn antennas. The simulated directivity for the array configurations ranges from 15.8 to 23.8 dBi and the main beam direction remains fixed along the operating frequency range. The array design has been manufactured, and an agreement between simulated and measured results is observed. The measured impedance bandwidth in all the array configurations is from 35 to 41 GHz (15.79% bandwidth) with a reduction in the E-plane beamwidth as the number of radiating layers increases.

Interference-aware modeling and analysis for the secrecy performance of cooperative vehicular relaying networks over mixed Nakagami-[formula omitted] and double Nakagami-[formula omitted] fading channels

Due to the massive wireless communications among numerous vehicular and static entities in the internet of vehicle networks, these networks became vulnerable to eavesdropping and interference. Thus, using physical-layer security techniques in vehicular networks can significantly enhance secrecy performance. This paper investigates the secrecy performance of cooperative vehicular relaying networks (CVRNs) over mixed Nakagami-m and double Nakagami-m fading channels in the presence of a single eavesdropper and co-channel interference. The relaying node is assumed to operate with different relaying schemes, namely, decode-and-forward, amplify-and-forward with variable gain, and amplify-and-forward with fixed gain. Hence, mathematical expressions for the average secrecy capacity (ASC) are obtained for the relaying schemes. Furthermore, a power allocation model is proposed to maximize the derived ASCs in terms of the source and relay nodes’ transmission powers, enhancing the relaying schemes’ secrecy performance. The results demonstrate the impact of channel condition and the strength of interference on the system secrecy performance. Moreover, the results show that the proposed power allocation model enhances the secrecy performance significantly compared to the equal power distribution model.