Equal Periods Research Articles

Diffraction efficiency calculations of polarization diffraction gratings with surface relief

In this paper, we evaluate the optical response of a stack of two diffraction gratings of equal one-dimensional periodicity. The first one is a surface-relief grating structure; the second, a volume polarization grating. This model is based on our experimental results from polarization holographic recordings in azopolymer films. We used films of commercially available azopolymer (poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt]), shortly denoted as PAZO. During the recording process, a polarization grating in the volume of the material and a relief grating on the film surface are formed simultaneously. In order to evaluate numerically the optical response of this “hybrid” diffraction structure, we used the rigorous coupled-wave approach (RCWA). It yields stable numerical solutions of Maxwell’s vector equations using the algebraic eigenvalue method.

Prediction of Risk Generated by Different Driving Patterns and Their Conflict Redistribution

In this paper, risk level correlation and classification using belief functions based on driving activities’ data about sharp transient maneuvering tasks, legal speed exceeding, and average speed ensuing with the human being who is controlling the technical system, i.e., the car, is presented. A dataset is constituted by time stamped and geographically referenced driving maneuver information, which is exceptionally reported when an acceleration exceeds the given threshold in both longitudinal and lateral direction. Risk level is labeled in terms of the change in total vehicle collision property damage cost for the analyzed time period, and long term driving activities’ magnitude and frequency is divided into two equal time periods, which are used to predict risk levels. Redistribution of conflicts generated by driving activities is used to predict the future risk level of involvement in an accident. Using fuzzy approach a microaveraged F-measure 90.98% is achieved by Dubois–Parade and PCR6 conflict redistribution methods.

Wetting Transition of Nonpolar Neutral Molecule System on a Neutral and Atomic Length Scale Roughness Substrate

One recently proposed new method for accurately determining wetting temperature is applied to the wetting transition occurring in a single component nonpolar neutral molecule system near a neutral planar substrate with roughness produced by cosinusoidal modulation(s). New observations are summarized into five points: (i) for a planar substrate superimposed with one cosinusoidal modulation, with increasing of the periodicity length or the surface attraction force field, or decreasing of the amplitude, wetting temperature \(T_W\) drops accordingly and the three parameters show multiplication effect; moreover, both the periodicity length and amplitude effect curves display pole phenomena and saturation phenomena, and the \(T_W\) saturation occurs at small (for case of large amplitude) or large (for case of small amplitude) periodicity length side, respectively. (ii) In the case of the planar substrate superimposed with two cosinusoidal modulations with equal periodicity length, the initial phase difference is critical issue that influences the \(T_W\), which decreases with the initial phase difference. (iii) In the case of the planar substrate superimposed with two cosinusoidal modulations with zero phase difference, change of the \(T_W\) with one periodicity length under the condition of another periodicity length unchanged is non-monotonous. (iv) When the parameters are chosen such that the \(T_W\) draws ever closer to the bulk critical temperature, wetting transition on the roughness substrate eventually does not occur. (v) The present microscopic calculation challenges traditional macroscopic theory by confirming that the atomic length scale roughness always renders the surface less hydrophilic and whereas the mesoscopical roughness renders the surface more hydrophilic. All of these observations summarized can be reasonably explained by the relative strength of the attraction actually enjoyed by the surface gas molecules to the attraction the gas molecules can get when in bulk.

Minimally invasive surgery in the era of step-up approach for treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

ObjectivesTo assess the minimally invasive surgery into the step-up approach procedures as a standard treatment for severe acute pancreatitis and comparing its results with those obtained by classical management. MethodsRetrospective cohort study comparative with two groups treated over two consecutive, equal periods of time were defined: group A, classic management with open necrosectomy from January 2006 to June 2010; and group B, management with the step-up approach with minimally invasive surgery from July 2010 to December 2014. ResultsIn group A, 83 patients with severe acute pancreatitis were treated, of whom 19 underwent at least one laparotomy, and in 5 any minimally invasive surgery. In group B, 81 patients were treated: minimally invasive surgery was necessary in 17 cases and laparotomy in 3. Among operated patients, the time from admission to first interventional procedures was significantly longer in group B (9 days vs. 18.5 days; p = 0.042). There were no significant differences in Intensive Care Unit stay or overall stay: 9.5 and 27 days (group A) vs. 8.5 and 21 days (group B). Mortality in operated patients and mortality overall were 50% and 18.1% in group A vs 0% and 6.2% in group B (p < 0.001 and p = 0.030). ConclusionsThe combination of the step-up approach and minimally invasive surgery algorithm is feasible and could be considered as the standard of treatment for severe acute pancreatitis. The mortality rate deliberately descends when it is used.

Longitudinal changes in clinical characteristics and outcomes for children using long-term non-invasive ventilation.

ObjectivesTo describe longitudinal trends in long-term non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use in children including changes in clinical characteristics, NIV technology, and outcomes.MethodsThis was a multicenter retrospective cohort of all children started on long-term NIV from 2005 to 2014. All children 0 to 18 years who used NIV continuously for at least 3 months were included. Measures and main outcomes were: 1) Number of children starting NIV; 2) primary medical condition; 3) medical complexity defined by number of comorbidities, surgeries and additional technologies; 4) severity of sleep disordered breathing measured by diagnostic polysomnography; 5) NIV technology and use; 6) reasons for NIV discontinuation including mortality. Data were divided into equal time periods for analysis.ResultsA total of 622 children were included in the study. Median age at NIV initiation was 7.8 years (range 0–18 years). NIV incidence and prevalence increased five and three-fold over the 10-year period. More children with neurological and cardio-respiratory conditions started NIV over time, from 13% (95%CI, 8%-20%) and 6% (95%CI, 3%-10%) respectively in 2005–2008 to 23% (95%CI, 18%-28%) and 9% (95%CI, 6%-14%, p = 0.008) in 2011–2014. Medical complexity and severity of the sleep-disordered breathing did not change over time. Overall, survival was 95%; mortality rates, however, rose from 3.4 cases (95% CI, 0.5–24.3) to 142.1 (95% CI 80.7–250.3, p<0.001) per 1000 children-years between 2005–2008 and 2011–2014. Mortality rates differed by diagnostic category, with higher rates in children with neurological and cardio-respiratory conditions.ConclusionsAs demonstrated in other centers, there was a significant increase in NIV prevalence and incidence rate. There was no increase in medical complexity or severity of the breathing abnormalities of children receiving long-term NIV over time. The mortality rate increased over time, maybe attributable to increased use of NIV for children with neurological and cardio-respiratory conditions.

Computational Investigation of Environment-Noise Interaction in Single-Cell Organisms: The Merit of Expression Stochasticity Depends on the Quality of Environmental Fluctuations

Organisms need to adapt to changing environments and they do so by using a broad spectrum of strategies. These strategies include finding the right balance between expressing genes before or when they are needed, and adjusting the degree of noise inherent in gene expression. We investigated the interplay between different nutritional environments and the inhabiting organisms’ metabolic and genetic adaptations by applying an evolutionary algorithm to an agent-based model of a concise bacterial metabolism. Our results show that constant environments and rapidly fluctuating environments produce similar adaptations in the organisms, making the predictability of the environment a major factor in determining optimal adaptation. We show that exploitation of expression noise occurs only in some types of fluctuating environment and is strongly dependent on the quality and availability of nutrients: stochasticity is generally detrimental in fluctuating environments and beneficial only at equal periods of nutrient availability and above a threshold environmental richness. Moreover, depending on the availability and nutritional value of nutrients, nutrient-dependent and stochastic expression are both strategies used to deal with environmental changes. Overall, we comprehensively characterize the interplay between the quality and periodicity of an environment and the resulting optimal deterministic and stochastic regulation strategies of nutrient-catabolizing pathways.

The gender gap in economic dependency over the life cycle: some theoretical and practical considerations

Economic analysis usually defines the period of dependency with arbitrary age limits that are independent of country, year, gender and other factors. This paper uses the National Transfer Accounts methodology, which defines dependency by the life cycle periods in which individuals’ consumption exceeds their labour income. The novelty of the paper is the decomposition of the results by gender, as well as the retrospective pre- and post-crisis analysis for the 2000–2012 period. Slovenia, an ageing European society with a small, open economy, is used as a showcase. The findings indicate that, in Slovenia in 2012, women were able to finance their consumption through their labour income for 29.0 years, compared to 35.9 years for men, with a significant decrease in the gender gap in economic dependency over time, from 7.9 years in 2000 to 6.9 in 2012. It would seem that the economic crisis interrupted the path to equal periods of economic dependency for both genders. However, overall, the gender gap tends to decrease, despite the economic crisis.

PENGGUNAAN PAKAIAN DINAS HARIAN BERLENGAN PENDEK DAPAT MENINGKATKAN KENYAMANAN DAN KINERJA RADIOGRAFER DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM PUSAT SANGLAH DENPASAR

Technological developments increase the clothing industry from a variety of materials, types of fabrics, clothing models used by various professions in the form of work uniforms or daily service clothing (PDH). The convenient use of PDH helps workers improve their performance. This study was conducted to determine the effect of long-sleeved and short-sleeved PDH on the comfort and performance of radiographers at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar. This research was carried out at radiology installation of Sanglah Denpasar Hospital, from May to June 2017. The design of this study was cross-design of two equal period subjects (treatment by subject and two period cross over pre and post-test group design) with a total sample of 16 people. The use of long-sleeved PDH as a control group, short-sleeved PDH as the treatment group. Measurements were performed pre and post on the comfort and performance of radiographers in terms of hand washing time and the number of patients that could be served. Comparison test on comfort and performance using Wilxocon Signed Ranks Test with p &lt;0,05. The results showed that the application short-sleeved PDH increased the subjective comfort y 10.75 or 27.08% (p &lt;0.05), improving the performance of decreasing the time duration score required by hand washing 0,87 or 34,12% p &lt;0.05) and an increase in the number of patients who could be served by 6.31 or 53.98% (p &lt;0.05).&#x0D; The applicastion of short-sleeved PDH compared to long-sleeved PDH showed a difference of comfort and radiographer performance at radiology installation of Sanglah Hospital Denpasar. The next PDH manufacturing process for radiographers is recommended using short-sleeved PDH.

Regulated and Unregulated Halogenated Flame Retardants in Peregrine Falcon Eggs from Greenland.

Median levels of regulated flame retardants, i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), brominated biphenyl (BB)-153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), in 33-48 eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from Greenland were 1909, 359, and 5.98 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively, and generally intermediate to levels in North America and Europe. Unregulated flame retardants had lower median concentrations of 1.06 (2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, EH-TBB), 2.42 (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane, BTBPE), 0.52 (2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether, DPTE), and 4.78 (dechlorane plus) ng/g lw. Although these compounds are often described as recent replacements for PBDEs, they were also present in eggs from the 1980s. BDE-209 was the only compound with a significant increase (+7.2% annual change) between 1986 and 2014, while BB-153 and DPTE decreased significantly (-8.0% and -2.8% annual change, respectively). Dechlorane plus showed a nonsignificant increase. Individual birds, equipped with light-logging geolocators, confirmed the contaminant exposure over a large geographical area as the birds spent nearly equal time periods in their breeding and wintering grounds in Greenland and Central/South America, respectively, interrupted by 5-6 weeks of migration through North America.

Evolution of laparoscopic liver resection at Singapore General Hospital: a nine-year experience of 195 consecutive resections.

We aimed to analyse the changing trends, safety and outcomes associated with the adoption of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) at a single centre. A retrospective review of patients who underwent LLR from 2006 to 2014 at our institution was performed. To explore the evolution of LLR, the study was divided into three equal consecutive time periods (Period 1: 2006-2008, Period 2: 2009-2011, and Period 3: 2012-2014). Among 195 patients who underwent LLR, 24 (12.3%) required open conversions, 68 (34.9%) had resection of tumours in the difficult posterosuperior segments and 12 (6.2%) underwent major (≥ 3 segments) hepatectomies. Median operation time was 210 (range 40-620) minutes and median postoperative stay was 4 (range 1-26) days. Major postoperative morbidity (> Grade II) occurred in 11 (5.6%) patients and 90-day/in-hospital mortality was 1 (0.5%). During the study, the number of LLRs performed showed an increasing trend (Period 1: n = 22; Period 2: n = 19; Period 3: n = 154). Other statistically significant trends were: (a) increase in malignant neoplasms resected; (b) increase in resections of difficult posterosuperior segments; (c) longer median operation time; and (d) decrease in open conversion rates. Over the study period, the number of LLRs increased rapidly. LLR was increasingly performed for malignant neoplasms and lesions located in the difficult posterosuperior segments, resulting in longer operation times. However, open conversion rates decreased, and there was no change in postoperative morbidity and other perioperative outcomes.

An Interleaved Equalization Architecture with Self-Learning Fuzzy Logic Control for Series-Connected Battery Strings

This paper proposes an interleaved equalization architecture for series-connected lithium-ion battery strings, which can deliver energy from a battery module to the cells in the next adjacent battery module, resulting in an enhancement of the equalization current and efficiency. Particularly, the global equalization is achieved without the need of additional stage circuits to balance among modules, leading to a small size and low cost. A two-module equalizer based on resonant LC converter and buck converter with soft switching is implemented to verify the validity of the proposed interleaved architecture. Furthermore, a self-learning fuzzy logic control (SLFLC) algorithm is employed to online regulate the equalization period based on the voltage difference among cells and the cell voltage, not only greatly abbreviating the balancing time but also effectively preventing overequalization. The SLFLC has the outstanding advantages of high balancing precision, easy implementation, and strong robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed equalizer has good balancing performances with soft switching and high efficiency, and achieves zero-voltage gap among cells. Moreover, the proposed SLFLC algorithm abridges the total equalization time by about 27%, and reduces the equalization cycles by about 59% compared with the traditional control algorithm.

Periodic solutions with equal period for the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker model

In this letter, we study the periodic solutions of the equation of barotropic Friedmann–Robertson–Walker cosmologies. Using variable transformation, the original second order ordinary differential equation is converted to a planar dynamical system. We prove that the planar dynamical system has two isochronous centers under certain parameter conditions by using Picard–Fuchs equation. Consequently, we find that there exist two families of periodic solutions with equal period for the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker model.

Carrier Rotation Strategies for Equal Power Distributions in Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters

AbstractMulticarrier pulse width modulation (MC-PWM) techniques such as Level-shifted PWM (LS-PWM) and Phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) are the popular methods to control the output voltage of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs). The advantage of LS-PWM techniques over PS-PWMs is that they produce better harmonic profile, but the un-equal power distribution problem of LS-PWMs imposes limitation to their usage in high power and medium voltage applications. For achieving the equal conduction periods and to evenly distribute the power among different cells, carrier rotation should be employed in LS-PWM. This paper proposes two rotation schemes introduced to LS-PWM for producing the collective benefit of equal power distribution from PS-PWM and better harmonic profile from LS-PWM. MATALB/Simulink has been used to create simulation models and the experimental validations are performed by a hardware setup using dSPACE-DS1104 R&amp;D Controller board. Furthermore, experimental results of device conduction periods, conduction losses of individual cells, total harmonic distortions (THDs) and fundamental output voltages have been measured. The effectiveness of proposed methods are verified by comparing the obtained results with traditional MC-PWM techniques.

Spillover between interparental conflict and parent-child conflict within and across days.

The present study used a daily reporting design to examine the bidirectional spillover in conflict and conflict strategies between the interparental relationship and the parent-child relationship. Participants were 60 parents with a preadolescent child at risk for aggressive behavior. Parents reported on their experience of interparental and parent-child conflict and their use of constructive and destructive conflict strategies through daily telephone interviews over 7 days. Each day was divided into 3 equal time periods roughly corresponding to early morning, daytime, and evening. Time-lagged analyses investigated the spillover in conflict within and across days. Results revealed that the presence of interparental conflict significantly predicted the presence of parent-child conflict 1 time period later and 1 full day later. Likewise, the presence of parent-child conflict significantly predicted the presence of interparental conflict 1 full day later. In terms of conflict strategy use, results revealed that parents who engaged in constructive patterns of interparental conflict were more likely to engage in constructive patterns of parent-child conflict 1 time period later and 1 full day later. Reciprocal effects for constructive parent-child conflict predicting subsequent interparental conflict were significant across all 3 time lags assessed. There were no significant, bidirectional effects for the spillover in destructive conflict. Findings have important clinical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record

P186 Impact on transplant centres in Victoria, Australia of the introduction of CPRA

Aim To evaluate the effect of the change in cPRA calculation in the NOMS from March 1st 2016 on kidney transplant allocation, in particular with respect to highly sensitised patients. Methods Analysis of data from the NOMS describing kidney transplants performed over 2 equal time periods: 1 March 2015–29 February 2016 (prior to the change in cPRA calculation) and 1 March 2016–28 February 2017 (after the change in cPRA calculation). Recipients of multiple organ transplants (apart from multiple kidneys) were excluded as the allocation process differs in these patients. P values were calculated from chi-square analysis, with the null hypothesis of no change in proportions between the time periods. Results The change in systems resulted in a mean increase of 12% in the “PRA” considered in the allocation algorithm, although the median change was 0 (as the majority of patients had no antibodies). Of patients on the waiting list at the time of the change, 41 (3.3%) had a documented PRA over 80%, which is the threshold for increased points according to the algorithm. With the changed method in the same group, 199 (16%) had a PRA over 80%, a 4-5-fold increase. The change resulted in a number of “hidden” sensitised patients becoming “visible” to the algorithm- eg 53 patients (4.3%) increased their PRA by 80% or more with the change, meaning that they would qualify for bonus allocation points even if their PRA was 0 by the previous system. Data on actual transplants revealed that the number of patients transplanted who were “highly sensitised” by the cPRA calculation rose from 24/201 (11.9%) to 56/240 (23.3%) (p Conclusions The change in cPRA calculation method has resulted in a significant increase in transplantation for highly sensitised patients. Significant variation was found between ABO blood groups in recipients, which warrants further investigation.

Corporate Governance and Income Inequality: The Role of the Monitoring Board

Does corporate governance play a role in income inequality? If so, how? This paper pursues this inquiry, beginning with an examination of the causes of significant income inequality throughout twentieth and early twenty-first century American history. The parallel developments of financial practices and board structures over these periods reveal the relatively contemporaneous rises of shareholder valuism and the modern monitoring board, with the latter providing institutional structure and norm propagation for the former, thus serving as a corporate governance channel through which income inequality is perpetuated. History further reveals the monitoring board to be an institutional component of finance capitalism, and the so-called managerial board that dominated during a period of relative income equality to be an institutional component of industrial capitalism.Some cautious reform suggestions are offered, but the purpose of this paper primarily is diagnostic. It also serves as a cautionary tale for developing nations in the process of building their institutional structures.

Development of Adult Education in Europe and in the Context of Knowles′ Study

Abstract The presented article touches upon the idea of adult education history in Europe. It highlights the main programmes and events, which were a great contribution to the development of lifelong learning. At ancient times, adult students considered to be the prominent audience at philosophical lectures of immortal minds. After the period of industrialization and social equality, primary and secondary education became the priority topics of governmental policies. Only after WWII there appeared a need for reviewing or upgrading the already existed knowledge, nothing to say about the late 2000s with the immigration realia and population aging, adult learning takes over the prior importance in Europe. Malcolm S. Knowles was one of the scholars who had been investigating the domain in the mid 1960s and created the theoretical background for further researches. His attitude and vision of adult education process were the predictors of a new adragogical age in Europe, where student took a new central role in the education process, was encouraged to hold responsibility for the most suitable methods, that would match up with their goals, possibilities, intentions and timing. In modern society, there exists an urgent need for changes in the approaches to teaching adults, for individual work that is more appropriate for age and ensures usage of personal experience. The maturity dimension scheme presented by M. Knowles brings understanding of adult psychological inclinations, behaviour and goals that might help an andragogue to decide on methods chosen for achieving educational results. Clear determination of notions should explain and help to avoid misunderstandings on “whom should we consider an adult?” Historical approach will help to create a complex adult education development picture and motivate a researcher for further investigations.

Changing management of gallstone-related disease in pregnancy – a retrospective cohort analysis

Objectives: Gallstone-related disease is the second most common non-obstetric cause, following appendicitis, for acute abdomen in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate treatment strategies, changes over time and outcome.Materials and methods: All consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstone-related disease during pregnancy admitted to Skane University hospital in Lund and Malmö 2001–2015 were analysed retrospectively. Information regarding the patient, pregnancy and fetus/child was recorded. The material was analysed by dividing it into two equal time periods and by comparing conservative management and surgical intervention.Results: We included 96 patients with 97 pregnancies. The age was 30 (26–34) years and BMI 28 (24–31). Median length of pregnancy at first admission was 23 (13–31) weeks. The three most common diagnoses were biliary colic (n = 63), cholecystitis (n = 22) and acute pancreatitis (n = 16). Conservative treatment was practiced in 62 (64%) patients and intervention in 35 (36%). Conservatively treated patients were admitted later during pregnancy (week 26 (20–33) versus 17 (10–22), p < .001). Surgically treated patients had a longer total length of stay (all admissions) than conservatively treated patients (p = .001), less readmissions (p = .001) and equal birth outcome. Surgical intervention was more common in the later time period (48% versus 22%, p = .011). Of the conservatively treated patients, 56% were subjected to surgical intervention within 2 years after delivery.Conclusions: We found that intervention was more common in the later time period, with good results concerning safety, and less readmissions. A majority of the conservatively treated patients had surgical intervention within two years after delivery. Our results support surgical intervention in pregnancy.

Attribution of changes in the water balance of a tropical catchment to land use change using the SWAT model

Changes in the water balance of the Samin catchment (277.9 km2) on Java, Indonesia, can be attributed to land use change using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. A baseline-altered method was used in which the simulation period 1990 – 2013 was divided into four equal periods to represent baseline conditions (1990 – 1995) and altered land use conditions (1996 – 2001, 2002 – 2007, and 2008 – 2013). Land use maps for 1994, 2000, 2006 and 2013 were acquired from satellite images. A SWAT model was calibrated for the baseline period and applied to the altered periods with and without land use change. Incorporating land use change resulted in a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.7 compared to 0.6 when land use change is ignored. In addition, the model performance for simulations without land use change gradually decreased with time. Land use change appeared to be the important driver for changes in the water balance. The main land use changes during 1994 – 2013 are a decrease in forest area from 48.7% to 16.9%, an increase in agriculture area from 39.2% to 45.4% and an increase in settlement area from 9.8% to 34.3%. For the catchment, this resulted in an increase of the runoff coefficient from 35.7% to 44.6% and a decrease in the ratio of evapotranspiration to rainfall from 60% to 54.8%. More pronounced changes can be observed for the ratio of surface runoff to stream flow (increase from 26.6% to 37.5%) and the ratio of base flow to stream flow (decrease from 40% to 31.1%) whereas changes in the ratio of lateral flow to stream flow were minor (decrease from 33.4% to 31.4%). At sub-catchment level, the effect of land use changes on the water balance varied in different sub-catchments depending on the scale of changes in forest and settlement area.

Factors affecting outcomes in traumatic liver injury: A retrospective study

AimTo achieve better outcomes, nonoperative management (NOM) and damage control surgery (DCS) are now recommended for traumatic liver injury. The aim of the present study was to review the outcomes of patients suffering from liver trauma and to determine the factors affecting the outcomes, with emphasis on NOM and DCS.Patients and MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study for liver trauma patients from a single centre. The outcomes were compared between two equal consecutive periods: period A (2001–2007) and period B (2008–2014).ResultsThere were 116 patients, with a mean age of 38.1 years and a male predominance (61.2 per cent). Approximately 57 per cent of patients suffered from grade III or higher liver injury. The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 32.3. The 90‐day mortality was 20.7 per cent. During period B, the 90‐day mortality was significantly lowered (6/56 vs 18/60, P = 0.010) with less liver operations (13/56 vs 26/60, P = 0.022) and more hepatic angiography ± embolization (7/56 vs 0/60, P = 0.005). The proportion of DCS was similar, but more hepatectomies were performed in period B (4/13 vs 0/26, P = 0.009). Multivariate analysis revealed that ISS grade, age and sex were predictors for 90‐day mortality.ConclusionsReduced mortality was seen in traumatic liver injury accomplished by increased NOM, but not DCS.