Equal Linewidth Research Articles

Simulation of the Stark/Zeeman-hyperfine-rotational spectra of 79BrF molecule within its vibronic ground state

Transition dipole moments of Stark/Zeeman-hyperfine-rotational spectra of [Formula: see text] within the vibronic ground state of BrF molecule are deduced, and thus, the transition selection rules are summarized. Unlike the nearly equal linewidth in the other spectral region, the hyperfine-rotational spectral linewidth strongly depends on its transition probability due to the only natural broadening acts. Thereafter, the Stark/Zeeman-hyperfine-rotational spectra are simulated, which could help to assign the experimental spectra. In addition, the quadratic dependence of the Stark spectral shift on the applied electric field is fitted with the fitting correlation of 0.9999, which may be applied in the mapping of a complex electrostatic field. Our results are helpful for the investigations of the field-controlled cold molecular collision, the cold molecular manipulation, the cold molecular further cooling, and other related aspects as well.

10.3: A Fast Method for Equalizing Resistance in Touch Panel Design

In the field of special‐shaped panel design, TP (touch panel) design engineers need to manually complete the wiring routing work between the driven IC port and the TP pad port. Due to the routing channel is not regular, the equal line width method is usually adopted. Complete the routing in the channel in advance, and then adjust the routing line width to reduce the resistance discrepancy manually. As the resistance difference between the shortest and longest wire is relatively large, it is very extremely complicated for engineers to manually modify the line width to reach equal resistance for all the routing wires. At the same time, because the routing channel is often limited to a certain area, when adjusting one wire, the other wires will be affected. In order to achieve the purpose of automatic routing, we designed a routing method that distributes the line width in a limited area automatically, plus a method of superimposing serpentine wiring in the specified area to achieve the overall wiring resistance balance. In the paper, we referred to the idea of channel routing, first split the routing channel, and then routed in the split channel, and then connected the same net wiring in the channel, and adjusted the split channel according to the requirements of resistance. In the process of adjusting the resistance, the strategy of the simulated annealing algorithm is deployed to search the optimum routing result.

A novel method to musicalize shape and visualize music and a novel technique in music cryptography

Since many years ago, musicians have composed music based on the images that they have had in their minds. On the other hand, music affects people’s imagination while hearing it. This research provides a method that can transform shape to music and music to shape. This method defines musical notations for horizontal, diagonal and vertical line segments, filled circle and curve with different colors, which are the basis of many shapes in transforming shapes into music. Then these primary mappings are generalized to more complex forms to transform any shape. Moreover, music can be transformed into shape by this method. For this transformation, primary musical notations such as simple notes, notes joined by a legato, notes with a staccato, notes joined by a legato and have crescendo or decrescendo and notes with an accent or a trill are defined. These primary musical notations are generalized to more complex forms to transform any music into shape. Also, the method of this research can be used in music cryptography. It employs mapping of notes in a twelve-tone equal musical system into shapes and mappings of shapes with an equal line width and different colors into music.

Characterization of the iron core in Ferrifol®, a pharmaceutical analogue of ferritin, using Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements

Mössbauer spectra of Ferrifol® measured at 295, 220, 140 and 90 K demonstrated non-Lorentzian two-peak spectra which were better fitted using a superposition of 5 quadrupole doublets with different quadrupole splitting but similar isomer shift and equal line width. Unusual line broadening was observed in the Mössbauer spectra of Ferrifol® measured in this temperature range. This is consistent with the unusual line broadening already observed earlier in the Mössbauer spectra (295–90 K) of ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® (Oshtrakh M.I. et al., Spectrochim. Acta, Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 2017, 172, 14–24, DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.034). The Mössbauer spectrum of Ferrifol® at 60 K demonstrated a slow decrease of magnetic relaxation in the iron core. Magnetization measurements revealed mainly paramagnetic state of the Ferrifol® iron core and apparently blocking temperature around 33 K.

Elastic coefficient analysis on planar S-shaped micro spring under high impact load

Planar spring adopted in micro inertial devices is usually in form of S-shaped and equal line-width. When the planar spring works under inertial loads, its elastic coefficient can't be easily calculated theoretically and was deduced based on mechanical energy method in this paper. And further, this paper proposed S-shaped gradient line-width spring and deduced its theoretical formula of elastic coefficient. The simulations were taken by ANSYS and verified the applicability of the formula. The analysis demonstrated that the relative error of the elastic coefficient formula is less than 3 % under a concentrated force, and the average relative error is less than 5 % under an inertial force. The analysis of spring structure parameters indicates that spring line width and length of the straight beam are two main influence factors on the elastic coefficient. The other structure parameters, such as thickness, line-width increment, spring section number and bending radius, have less influence on the elastic coefficient. The planar S-shaped gradient line-width spring has abilities of the uniform deformation, optimized stress distribution, high impact resistance. Results in this paper provide a certain theoretical reference for the optimal design of micro inertial devices.

Esters of 5-carboxyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: a family of spin traps for superoxide.

Apparent rate constants, at acidic pH and neutral pH for the reaction of a family of ester-containing 5-carboxyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxides with superoxide (O2*-) were estimated, using ferricytochrome c as a competitive inhibitor. It was of interest to note that the rate constants were similar among the different nitrones and not that significantly different from that found for 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. At acidic pH, the rate constant for spin trapping O2*- was 3-fold greater than that at physiological pH. Subsequent experiments determined the half-life of aminoxyls, derived from the reaction of these nitrones with O2*-. The EPR spectra were modeled by using a global analysis method. The results clearly demonstrated that EPR spectra of all the aminoxyls were inconsistent with a model that included a single gamma-hydrogen splitting. A better interpretation modeled them as two diastereomers with identical nitrogen splittings and slightly different beta-hydrogen splittings. Detailed line width analyses slightly favored an equal line width-unequal population ratio for the two diastereomers.

Fitting of the Derivative Voigt ESR Line under Conditions of Modulation Broadening

An analysis is made of the effect of the magnetic-field-modulation amplitude on the Voigt lineshape in electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The problem is solved numerically using the Fourier expansion method. Only the coefficient of the first harmonic in the Fourier expansion, corresponding to the output of the phase-sensitive detector, is analyzed. The modulation-broadened first-derivative Voigt ESR line, here after referred to as the derivative Voigt, is fitted with the sum of a first-derivative Gaussian function and a first-derivative Lorentzian function of equal linewidths to extract the Lorentzian contribution of the line. Fitting to the sum is applicable as long as the amplitude of modulation is less than the true peak-to-peak linewidth of ESR line. Modulation broadening substantially contributes only to the derivative Gaussian component of the derivative Voigt line. The same effect is observed for the modulation-broadened derivative Lorentzian lineshape, which also can be fitted to the sum function. The linewidth of the Lorentzian component of the modulation-broadened derivative Lorentzian is constant if the modulation amplitude is less than the peak-to-peak linewidth. For the modulation-broadened derivative Voigt line, the goodness of the fit depends on the ratio of the Gaussian component to the Lorentzian component of the derivative Voigt line. When the Lorentzian component of the derivative Voigt is dominant, the linewidth of the Lorentzian component can be extracted for a broader range of the modulation amplitudes than when the Gaussian component is dominant.

Rapid Quantitation of Parameters from Inhomogeneously Broadened EPR Spectra

Spectral parameters from inhomogeneously broadened organic-free-radical EPR spectra, using nearly all the information in the spectrum, were extracted rapidly and accurately using an approximation of the spectral shape by the sum of a Lorentzian and a Gaussian function of equal linewidths. This approximate shape was fitted to the spectrum by a nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm. Line position and overall spectral width were extracted directly, whereas component Lorentzian and Gaussian widths were extracted with further analysis of the fit parameters. We investigated the accuracy with which the sum function can be fitted to the more familiar Lorentzian/Gaussian convolution (Voigt) representation of EPR spectra for both a singlet and a closely spaced (overlapping) doublet spectrum. The strategy was applied, first, to synthetic spectra involving noise added to the Voigt doublet and, second, to spectral data from a nitroxide manifold consisting of a closely spaced doublet. This parametric extraction strategy increased the accuracy of the line-splitting measurement by an order of magnitude compared with other methods. It allowed deconvolution of the component Lorentzian linewidth that is consistent with previous direct measurements. It may allow the probing of subtle physical variations which have heretofore been difficult, if not impossible, to measure.

A Study of Single Events in GaAs SRAMs

Complementary enhancement JFET(C-EJFET) and depletion MESFET(D-MESFET) GaAs RAM cells have been simulated for single event upset. Cells were simulated using a GaAs MESFET/JFET model incorporated into SPICE. Two device locations have been determined to be vulnerable to single event hits: the gate-to-drain junction and the source-to-drain channel region. Upset caused by source-to-drain charge injection in C-EJFET cells is similar to upsets in CMOS static RAMs. Gate-to-drain charge injection not a problem in CMOS RAMs, is an additional upset mechanism in GaAs RAMs. The critical charge for such hits is lower than the source-to-drain critical charge for upset. Determination of which mechanism dominates upset requires further examination. Resistor-coupled complementary designs were studied as a possible hardening approach. The dependence of critical charge on simulated pulse decay time has also been studied. The critical charge for the unprotected GaAs SRAM upset is comparable to that of Si SRAMs of equal line widths. Finally, soft error rates have been estimated for two GaAs SRAM designs.

Line broadening in the 13C NMR spectra of bulk polymers above Tg

AbstractThe effects of magic‐angle sample spinning (MAS), high‐power decoupling, and resonance frequency on the 13C NMR linewidths of bulk polyisobutylene and bulk trans‐polybutadiene are examined. The 13C linewidths increase with resonance frequency, are unaffected by high‐power decoupling, and are reduced to different extents by MAS. The dominant contribution of the natural linewidth of the polyisobutylene lines is confirmed. The two carbons of trans‐polybutadiene have approximately equal linewidths under all conditions, a result that eliminates residual chemical shift anisotropy as a major contributor to the linewidths. The large reduction of the trans‐polybutadiene linewidths with MAS, coupled with the above result, suggests that microscopic variation of magnetic susceptibility is the major factor for this semicrystalline polymer. Cross‐polarized 13C spectra of trans‐polybutadiene were obtained with and without MAS. With MAS, resonances due to the crystalline and amorphous components were resolved. The principal components of the chemical shift tensor of the vinylene carbons were obtained from the spectrum without MAS.

Relative Intensities of Hydrogen Recombination Lines in Gaseous Nebulae

RECENTLY, Gardner and McGee1 have published measurements on the 126α, 159β and 158β recombination lines of hydrogen in two galactic nebulae. These lines have frequencies differing by less than 2 per cent and are therefore observed with the same beamwidth. Their results are summarized in Table 1. TL is the measured peak line temperature above the continuum. (TLβ/TLα)E is the predicted ratio of temperatures assuming thermodynamic equilibrium and equal line widths.

Shape of Collision-Broadened Spectral Lines

Van Vleck and Weisskopf and Fr\"ohlich have derived a microwave line shape by studying the interruption by collisions of the motion of a classical oscillator. They assume that after the instantaneous impact the oscillator variables are distributed according to a Boltzmann distribution appropriate to the value of the applied field at collision. In contrast to the earlier theory of Lorentz, they obtain the correct static polarization. The procedure involves an assumption of very large velocity during collision. This is criticized on the grounds that the duration of collision is short compared to the resonant period and energy exchanges are of the order of $\mathrm{kT}$. We have derived a line-shape formula assuming that the positions are unchanged after impact. Two extreme models are studied. In one, the oscillators have a Maxwellian distribution of velocities after impact; the second is a Brownian motion treatment. The resulting line shape in both cases is that of a friction-damped oscillator. For collision frequency much less than the resonant frequency, the polarization postulated by the above authors is reached as a result of kinematic motion between collisions, and the line shapes agree. However, to obtain equal line widths and peak absorptions, the collision frequency is twice as large for the present theory. For collision frequency comparable to resonant frequency a less distorted line shape results. For testing the theories, experiments on foreign-gas broadening in the microwave region at pressures of the order of an atmosphere are required. Differences between the theories are small for conditions accessible experimentally at present.