Inequality In Income Distribution Research Articles

Труд и капитал как факторы формирования прибыли в современной России

This work is devoted to an attempt to quantitatively assess the influence of traditional and human capital, embodied in labor, on the profit of enterprises in the economy of modern Russia. To assess the impact of human capital on profit, data on the monthly wage fund in the regions of the country was used, which was considered as an indicator of the cost of human capital. Based on Rosstat data on the profits of regional enterprises, data on the average monthly wage of employees of organizations, the number of employed workers in the regions, data on the value of fixed assets of enterprises for 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 and 2021, linear regression models were obtained. The models showed the dependence of the profits of regional enterprises on the size of the average monthly wage fund in the regions and on the value of fixed assets. The characteristics of the resulting models indicate that the wage fund and the cost of fixed assets have a significant and equal impact on the profits of enterprises. The equivalence of the influence of capital and human capital on profit assumes that the equilibrium is an equal distribution of income between labor and capital. income distribution. Currently, in the economy, the distribution of income is not in equilibrium, since capital income predominates.

Investment and Sustainability Incentives for Msmes

The government continues to make efforts to increase the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises after Covid 19 as the national economy recovers. A number of economic policies that focus on improving the MSME sector are intended to ensure that this sector grows and develops again in the future. In the national economy, MSMEs continue to make a major contribution to economic development, job creation, equal distribution of people's income, and providing products and services for the community. On the other hand, MSMEs are a source of state revenue to finance development. In the midst of unstable economic conditions, efforts to increase Gross Domestic Product originating from this sector continue to be made. MSMEs are expected to grow again in the long term and become a source of sustainable financial potential. The government, through fiscal policy, provides wider space for MSMEs, the roots of which become economic society, which absorbs the workforce. Through fiscal policy, the government can provide investment incentives to MSMEs. This fiscal policy is aimed at providing relief in fulfilling tax obligations and encouraging MSME activities to grow and develop again after Covid 19, which has had a negative impact on MSMEs. Through incentives, MSMEs have more freedom to increase production. Investment incentives are also intended to increase the capacity of MSMEs to fulfill tax obligations.

ANALYSIS OF INCOME INEQUALITY AMONG DRY AND WET SEASON FARO-44 RICE FARMERS BENEFICIARIES OF FADAMA III ADDITIONAL FINANCE II PROJECT IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA

The study was carried out to examine income inequality among dry and wet season faro-44 rice farmer beneficiaries of fadama III additional finance II project in Taraba State, Nigeria. A Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 500 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution and percentages) and inferential statistics (Gini coefficient). The findings of the study revealed a gini coefficient of 0.71 for dry season farmers indicating 71% inequality in the size of income distribution among dry season faro-44 dry season farmers. The Lorenz curve shows the degree of departure of the curve from the diagonal line shows the extent of the deviation of distribution from equality. There is hence inequality in income distribution among the farmers. The result also shows that most (86%) of the respondents had income range of ₦50,001- ₦100,000 with cumulative income of ₦95,531.56 per farmer representing a gini coefficient of 0.65 for farmers. This indicated a 65% inequality in the size of income distribution among wet season faro-44 farmers. The degree of departure of the curve from the diagonal line shows the extent of the deviation of distribution from equality. From the analysis of both dry and wet season, the study concluded that there is very high-income inequality among faro-44 rice farmers in the study area due to difference in off-farmer income, labour availability, farm size and production technologies adopted by farmers. The study recommended that faro-44 rice farmers in the study area should be encouraged to diversify their income sources beyond farming activities, credit facilities and savings mechanisms should be promoted among farmers. Training and support should be provided to farmers on improved agricultural techniques that can increase productivity and reduce the impact of seasonal variations. And there should be better market linkages for Faro-44 rice farmers to ensure they receive fair prices for their produce.

Quantifying fair income distribution in Thailand.

Given a vast concern about high income inequality in Thailand as opposed to empirical findings around the world showing people's preference for fair income inequality over unfair income equality, it is therefore important to examine whether inequality in income distribution in Thailand over the past three decades is fair, and what fair inequality in income distribution in Thailand should be. To quantitatively measure fair income distribution, this study employs the fairness benchmarks that are derived from the distributions of athletes' salaries in professional sports which satisfy the concepts of distributive justice and procedural justice, the no-envy principle of fair allocation, and the general consensus or the international norm criterion of a meaningful benchmark. By using the data on quintile income shares and the income Gini index of Thailand from the National Social and Economic Development Council, this study finds that, throughout the period from 1988 to 2021, the Thai income earners in the bottom 20%, the second 20%, and the top 20% receive income shares more than the fair shares whereas those in the third 20% and the fourth 20% receive income shares less than the fair shares. Provided that there are infinite combinations of quintile income shares that can have the same value of income Gini index but only one of them is regarded as fair, this study demonstrates the use of fairness benchmarks as a practical guideline for designing policies with an aim to achieve fair income distribution in Thailand. Moreover, a comparative analysis is conducted by employing the method for estimating optimal (fair) income distribution representing feasible income equality in order to provide an alternative recommendation on what optimal (fair) income distribution characterizing feasible income equality in Thailand should be.

Manajemen Pemasaran Outlet Cuci Sepatu Ngumbah Shoes

Entrepreneurship is a creative business that is formed based on innovation to create something new, has added value, provides benefits, creates jobs and the results are useful for other people. Entrepreneurship is always confused with Medium Enterprises, although this is not always the case, because not always the business owned by an entrepreneur is classified as a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME). Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) can be interpreted in various ways by various sources. The basis for formulating the meaning of MSMEs can be based on the amount of business results/income, the amount of capital, the number of workers and the form of business. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) apparently have an important role in making a positive contribution to overcoming economic, social problems, in the form of high levels of poverty, large numbers of unemployed people, especially among people with low education, inequality in income distribution, uneven development processes between urban and rural areas and the problem of urbanization with all its negative impacts.
 

Pengelolaan Zakat Uni Emirat Arab

Zakat in Islamic economics is able to encourage equal distribution of income and wealth by eliminating the accumulation of assets among some people. Zakat can build economic growth and equal income distribution. Each Islamic country has a different approach to managing zakat. To maximize the collection of ZIS funds, Indonesia can compare zakat collection models with Islamic countries. There are many Islamic countries that are successful in managing zakat, one of which is the United Arab Emirates. This research aims to find out how zakat is managed in the United Arab Emirates and how it differs from zakat management in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with library research methods. The results of the research are that zakat funds in the UAE are managed by the Zakat Fund under the auspices of the Minister of Islamic Affairs and Endowments. The differences lie in the structure of zakat fund collection, location of asnaf distribution, and online zakat request services.

Analysis of Inequality in Lampung Province (2014–2021): Sectoral and Regional Approaches

Lampung as one of the provinces in Indonesia that cannot be separated from the problem of inequality in economic and regional development. From the Gini ration data of Lampung Province, both urban and rural, there was a decrease where the gini ration in 2020 was 0.320, then in 2021 it was 0.314, while in 2022 it was 0.313, from the gini ration data in the last 3 years there was a significant decrease. Lampung which consists of 13 districts and 2 cities has problems in development, namely: problems of economic growth, regional inequality, and inequality of income distribution. The aspect of equitable distribution of territory and income is very important to achieve because equitable distribution of development results is one of the strategies and goals of national development in Indonesia. Development inequality between regions, where on the one hand there are regions that are rapidly advancing and developing, but on the other hand there are also areas that are relatively lagging in terms of development. Thus, this study aims to analyze the level of inequality between regions and clustering districts / cities in Lampung Province in 2014-2021. The data used in this study are secondary data with a research period of 2014-2021. The models used are Williamson Index analysis and Klassen Typology analysis. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the level of regional inequality between districts/cities in Lampung Province in 2014-2021 is still relatively low but tends to decrease every year, where the inequality is caused by the positive contribution of South Lampung Regency, Central Lampung Regency, Tulang Bawang Regency, Mesuji Regency, and Bandar Lampung City.

The Relationship Among Trade Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth Indicators and Income Distribution Inequality: Testing the Kuznets, Financial Kuznets, and Stolper-Samuelson Hypotheses

The Relationship Among Trade Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth Indicators and Income Distribution Inequality: Testing the Kuznets, Financial Kuznets, and Stolper-Samuelson Hypotheses

Analisis Pengaruh Kemiskinan Dan Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan Terhadap Ketimpangan Gender Dalam Pendidikan Di Indonesia

Gender inequality in education persists in Indonesia, as reflected in the differences in the Literacy Rate (AMH) between males and females. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of poverty and income distribution inequality on gender inequality in education in Indonesia, both partially and simultaneously. The study was conducted in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data used were secondary data, including the poverty rate, the Gini ratio, and the Average Years of Schooling (RLS) in 2022. This research data was accessed online from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) at https://www.bps.go.id/id. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that income distribution inequality has a positive and significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. Meanwhile, poverty has a positive but not significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. Education and income distribution inequality simultaneously have a significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. The findings of this study have implications for policy formulation to achieve fair and equal human development.

Optimization model growth and equalization of farmer’s income in the rotiklot dam service area on the border area of Indonesia-Timor Leste

The study aims to analyze optimization models of growth and income distribution. The study used a survey method in Fatuketi Village, Kakuluk Mesak District as the Rotiklot Dam service area, with a sample of 300 respondents. Data analysis uses a multi-objective linear programming model for growth and equal distribution of agricultural income. The results of the analysis show that an income of IDR 11,576,192.00 per year is an income that optimizes growth and income distribution. Optimizing growth and equal distribution shows that the average income of farmers in the first planting season was IDR. 4,132,108 and IDR. 7,444,084 in planting season II. The marginal land used is 300 ha with the volume of water needed to meet all plant needs as much as 1,986,565.16 m3. Agricultural income can still be increased for the third planting season because there is still excess water of 948,434.84 m3.

Finding Solutions for Productive Waqf Management in Indonesia

Waqf has a contribution to the economic development of a country, which can reduce government spending, equalize income distribution, reduce poverty and can increase economic growth. However, at present the potential for waqf has not been used optimally in Indonesia. There are many factors that cause not optimal management of waqf, therefore the author tries to analyze the management of productive waqf in Indonesia seen from 3 elements: problem elements, strategic elements, and institutional / stakeholder elements using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and the Delphi method. The results of this study of elements of problems which are the highest ranks are the less of educational or public understanding of waqf, less of public trust in Nazhir institutions and weak political will of authority holders. While the highest ranking of the elements of the strategy is the support of regulations / legislation on law. Then the highest rank of the related institutional elements are BWI, Ministry of Religious Affair (MoRA), and DSN-MUI.

Enforcement of Fisheries Criminal Laws in the Field of Fish Catching and Processing Based on Law Number 45 of 2009 Concerning Fisheries (Case Study of Medan High Court Decision Number: 754/PID.SUS/2015/PT-MDN)

The independent and sovereign state of Indonesia has sovereignty and jurisdiction over Indonesian territorial waters as well as the authority to determine provisions regarding the utilization of fish resources, both for fishing and fish cultivation activities while increasing prosperity and justice for maximum utilization in the interests of the nation and state while maintaining pay attention to the principles of preserving fish resources and the environment as well as the sustainability of national fisheries development. Fisheries have an important and strategic role in national economic development, especially in increasing the expansion of employment opportunities, equal distribution of income, and improving the standard of living of the nation in general, small fishermen, small fish farmers, and business actors in the fisheries sector while maintaining the environment, sustainability, and availability of fish resources. In Indonesia, according to Republic of Indonesia Law Number 9 of 1985 and Republic of Indonesia Law Number 31 of 2004, activities included in fisheries start from pre-production, production, processing to marketing which are carried out in a fisheries business system. In the fishing business, fisheries crimes often occur, so it is necessary to enforce the law on fisheries crimes based on Law Number 31 of 2004 and Law Number 45 of 2009

Economic Inequality and Unfairness Evaluations of Income Distribution Negatively Predict Political and Social Trust: Evidence From Latin America Over 23 Years

Research has produced mixed results on the relationship between economic inequality and social and political trust. These studies overrepresent developed countries, cross-sectional designs, and overlook the role of subjective evaluations of inequality. We use 13 waves from 18 Latin American countries over 23 years (above 250,000 participants) to examine the association between structural inequality and fairness evaluations with political and social trust. Multilevel regression analyses for comparative longitudinal surveys suggest that within-country changes in economic inequality over time are negatively associated with political and social trust. However, between-country inequality was negatively related to social trust but not political trust. In addition, fairness evaluations of inequality were positively related to social and political trust. Exploratory analyses revealed that fairness evaluations mediated the negative association between economic inequality and political and social trust. We discussed that fairness evaluations of inequality may explain why inequality affects social and political trust.

Inflation and inequality: new evidence from a dynamic panel threshold analysis

This paper investigates nonlinearities in the inflation-inequality relationship using a dynamic threshold panel data model and data for 101 countries over the period 1985–2020. We find that inflation rates exceeding 6% are associated with higher income inequality whereas below this threshold, the correlation remains insignificant. From a monetary policy perspective, these findings suggest that a disinflation policy will likely lead to a more equal income distribution in high-inflation countries whereas there is no such effect in a low-inflation setting. In addition, we find that a higher initial level of inequality as well as unemployment has an inequality-enhancing effect. Contrary to previous research, our inflation threshold is endogenously determined, and we control for the Nickell bias arising from the inclusion of the lagged level of inequality. Moreover, our paper covers a much longer time period and also a broader set of developed and developing countries. Our findings have important policy implications, especially against the background of the recent sharp increase in inflation.

Assessment of Food Security in Development Programs and its Relationship with Inequality of Income Distribution in Rural Areas of Iran

Assessment of Food Security in Development Programs and its Relationship with Inequality of Income Distribution in Rural Areas of Iran

A synergistic study on farmers’ income enhancement and urban-rural financial development under the perspective of common wealth by an intelligent decision support system for land improvement

Abstract This paper proposes the general framework and technical process of the intelligent decision support system for land improvement based on a multi-objective artificial immunity algorithm. Based on the analysis of the current situation of land use structure and spatial layout in County S, three land resource quantity structure optimization schemes are selected, and the improvement of agricultural land use efficiency and agricultural output value in the three schemes are evaluated and analyzed. The mechanisms that affect income distribution in urban-rural financial development and land finance are summarized. The results show that after land improvement, the area of cultivated land and grassland in County S decreased by 1,444 ha, and the area of garden land and forest land increased to the greatest extent in the economically prioritized scenario. The size of towns increased to 541 ha, and the size of villages decreased to different degrees and all three land improvement programs had the combined effect of increasing the gross agricultural product and boosting farmers’ incomes. The development of urban and rural finance is aided by land improvement, but the degree of inequality in income distribution is widened.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ БЕДНОСТИ И МЕР ПОЛИТИКИ ПО ЕЕ МИНИМИЗАЦИИ В РОССИИ И ОДНОЙ ИЗ РАЗВИТЫХ СТРАН (НА ПРИМЕРЕ США)

The article discusses the issues of poverty and policy measures to minimise it in Russia and compares them with the USA. The authors emphasise the specific impact of poverty on political processes, which slows down state action and delays the development of civil society. The link between poverty and demographics, employment, health, education, culture, upbringing, socialisation and morality is examined. The text also discusses the key economic factors affecting poverty in Russia, such as low income, declining social security and deteriorating equality in income distribution. An analysis of poverty indicators in Russia and the USA is presented, poverty minimisation policies are reviewed, policy shortcomings are identified and recommendations for improving the effectiveness of existing poverty minimisation policies are made. The authors emphasise the need to fight poverty to ensure sustainable development of society and to provide social protection to vulnerable groups.

Changing Structure of Concessional Loan in Nepal

This article highlights the changing scenario of concessional loan in Nepal. It examines the policies, trends, and structural shifts within the country’s financial framework. A concessional loan is a crucial tool for the economic development of Nepal. It aimed at promoting economic efficiency and equitable distribution of income throughout the country. Using secondary data from FY 2017/18 to FY 2021/22, this study evaluates the trend and structure of concessional loan in Nepal. The findings reveal that there is a significant surge in both the volume of concessional loan and the number of borrowers across different headings of concessional loan. Particularly, the number of borrowers of Women entrepreneurship loan are remarkably increased in the recent years. However, the concentration of loan among larger borrowers and the misappropriation of funds raises concerns regarding the program’s effectiveness. Furthermore, the commercial banks play a dominant role in disbursing concessional loan. Agricultural Development Bank Limited is a key contributor, aligning with the government’s focus on promoting the agricultural sector. This study recommended a call for a comprehensive evaluation of the concessional loan program. The reevaluation of the program could be crucial to fine-tune the policies, address challenges, and focus the program toward its goals of enhancing productivity, promoting financial inclusion, and fostering equal distribution income distribution in Nepal.

POVERTY IN BULGARIA: A GENERAL CHALLENGE

The current article is not committed to the complex task of providing solutions to the deepening unfavorable economic situation in the country, but rather to put an emphasis on one of the most pressing problems for society in Bulgaria - poverty. European statistics report that our country faces the highest risk of poverty compared to other members of the European Union. Among those most at risk are some of the working people - the so-called working poor, children and persons over 65 years of age. Bulgaria is the EU-27 country with the highest inequality in income distribution and a low poverty threshold. The research has an empirical and analytical focus, considering indicators that have a direct relationship to the high proportion of the poor population in our country.

Equal Distribution of National Income through the Concept of Green Economy: an Exploratory Studies

The initiation of national economic growth gives the government a focus on handling economy equally in both rural and urban areas. The considerations that make the economy must be sustainable among others which the current generation who enjoys goods and services produced from natural resources and the environment has a moral obligation to leave the services of these natural resources for future generations. The aim of this research is initiated to promote equitable economic growth through the conservation of natural resources that can be used sustainably from each generation. The approach used in this research is qualitative with exploratory study method. The analysis technique used is literature search and case analysis related to the entity of equal distribution of national income and the green economy concept. The results of this study indicate that there are seven strategic steps and green economy using macro-regional economic indicators namely genuine saving to monitoring the distribution of national income. This result is to describe concepts of green economy, green growth and green development are basically intended to operationalize the linkages of economic, social and environmental pillars in the context of sustainable development.