Equal Distribution Of Resources Research Articles

Examining the Utilisation of Pascal’s Triangle for Community Development and Allocation of Resources in Eastern Uganda

Challenges ranging from resource scarcity to social deprivation and environmental concerns confront the East Region of Uganda. Let’s focus on Pascal’s Triangle as a conceptual model to deal with the problems of unjust resource distribution among communities. This model, which is a triangular arrangement of numbers, affords an opportunity to gain useful insights into community interactions and the process of resource distribution. Understanding Pascal’s triangle’s mathematical nature is a key driving force behind realistic and feasible resource allocation methods and community development approaches. Equal resource distribution methods, clear resource allocation mechanisms, community involvement, and multi-level cooperation are essential for promoting fairness and resilience. East Ugandan communities celebrate diversity as a resource for social cohesion, creativity, and resilience. Collaboration and unity are keys to getting over the difficulties and achieving great heights. It creates resilience and sustainability through community-based organisations, cooperative ventures, and participatory decision-making processes. When involved in solving complex problems, education serves as a key tool for empowering individuals and communities. Participatory decision-making creates a degree of transparency and representativeness in resource allocation. Merging community building and resource deployment with SDGs ensures sustainability and durability. Policies and programmes that address gender issues and encourage community participation are the keys to improving inclusivity. This review article examines Community Building and Resource Allocation: Learning from the Pascal Triangle in Eastern Uganda: Insights. We used data from the last decade (2014–2024) available from many reliable data sources. The findings advocate for community participation in decision-making, the implementation of policies that promote gender equality and social inclusion, collaboration among stakeholders, and the prioritization of education and capacity building, in addition to the integration of Sustainable Development Goals into community development plans and the strengthening of local governance institutions for equitable resource distribution. To solve complicated issues in the east of Uganda, it’s imperative to put more emphasis on equal resource allocation, community mobilisation, and social integration. Apply the insights from Pascal’s Triangle to foster communities that are adaptable, inclusive, and stable. Keywords: Community Building, Resource Allocation, Pascal’s Triangle, East Uganda, Resilience, Sustainable Development Goals

Theory of Thomas Hobbes on the neccessity to move from the state of nature and form a state

This study demonstrated the theory of Thomas Hobbes on the necessity to move from the state of nature and form a state. Law is a prerequisite for ensuring peace, tranquillity and effective governance in a society. When law is in place, it fosters human beings' interaction with each other and creates a conducive environment for socio-economic empowerment. In the state of nature, according to Thomas Hobbes, there existed no government, no law, and nobody was above the other. There was no law, industry, civilisation, social life, economic and political order. If there was no law in place, then there was no morality. If there was no morality, then there was no justice or injustice. Life here was characterised by brutality, selfishness, and solitude and hence was short. The study was guided by Thomas Hobbes's political theory, which emphasises consent and consensus in the formation of government so as to move from the state of nature where life was unbearable. The study was library-based, and the researcher used a purposive sampling method to purposely sample three books that are inclined to materials related to Thomas Hobbes's political theory on the state of nature. The data was collected through reading texts, both published and unpublished. The location of the study was Chuka University Library. The study adopted a descriptive design and used a critical method that questions assumptions, examines the evidence, identifies biases, and strives for a deeper understanding of the state of nature and the necessity of forming a society. The study found that there is a need to have an organised society guided by law. The study recommended the need for equal distribution of resources.

Integrated care systems in England: the significance of collaborative community assets in promoting and sustaining health and wellbeing.

Until recently the healthcare system in England was based on a commissioning/provider model. However, this has been replaced with an Integrated Care Systems (ICSs) approach, aimed at improving health and wellbeing and reducing inequalities through local collaborative partnerships with public sector organizations, community groups, social enterprise organizations and other local agencies. Part of this new approach is an emphasis on the role of community assets (i.e., local resources), that are considered integral to promoting positive health and wellbeing outcomes. This paper presents research from a series of three research studies on "community assets" conducted in the East of England within a newly established ICS. Based on analysis of qualitative data highlighting the lived experience of community asset members, this paper shows the positive wellbeing impact on vulnerable community members that assets provide. Further insight on the local impact and the collaborative nature of the research is provided suggesting that new asset-based approaches recognize the social determinants of health. This presents a shift away from positivistic linear approaches to population health and wellbeing to a new non-linear collaborative approach to addressing health inequalities and promoting wellbeing. The authors suggest that exploring this through a complexity theory lens could illuminate this further. Finally, the authors warn that while community assets have an important role to play in empowering citizens and providing much needed support to vulnerable and disadvantaged communities, they are not a substitute for functioning funded public sector services that are currently being undermined by ongoing local governments funding cuts. As such, while community assets can help ameliorate some of the negative effects people experience due to economic, structural and health disadvantages, only a more fair and more equal distribution of resources can address growing health inequalities.

Examining the Integration of Legal and Shariah Principles In the London Metal Exchange

Purpose: The Islamic banking system is recognized for its role in promoting the equal distribution of resources and its emphasis on risk management. This research paper explores the rulings of the London Metal Exchange (LME) within the framework of Islamic law. The main objective is to investigate the involvement and impact of Islamic banking in LME contracts. Methods: The study utilizes both primary data, obtained through interviews with Islamic banks and LME management, and secondary data from previous research. Results: The findings highlight the significant role of Islamic banks in facilitating LME contracts, with Murabaha, Tawarruq, Istisna, Salam, and Kafala identified as the most commonly used instruments in the GCC regions. However, Islamic banks also face challenges, including criticism from Muslim scholars regarding certain practices. Conclusion: Despite these challenges, there are several opportunities for Islamic banks to contribute to the further development of the Islamic financial system. By addressing concerns, increasing awareness, and adhering to Islamic principles, Islamic banks can play a pivotal role in shaping the future of the financial industry.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ В ЭПОХУ ЦИФРОВОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА

In the digital era, information technology empowers foreign language teaching. Teachers' information literacy refers to their ability to screen, process, internalize, apply, and transmit all kinds of knowledge and information, including data literacy, belief literacy, and application literacy, which have both technical and humanistic significance. Challenges include low-tech applications in languages, incomplete training systems, marginalized relationships, uneven regional investment, and unclear evaluation standards. To advance, focus should be placed on belief systems, knowledge, application practices, and habits to transcend technology to humanities. This involves reinforcing policy guidance, fostering a research community, driving information integration, ensuring equal resource distribution, enhancing disciplinary- technological integration, and improving online educational norms.

Gender Budgeting in Higher Education in Odisha: A Comparative Analysis

"Gender budgeting aims to promote development and empowerment of girls and women through equal distribution of resources by providing equal opportunities for all. The participation of women in different sectors are increasing but the women are still now face various forms of vulnerability, discrimination, harassment, violence and abuse. They are neglected due to social prejudice and exploited physically, mentally, socially, economically and emotionally also. Gender Budgeting is a tool which can be used to address these issues through planning and budgeting. The paper analyzing gender budgeting in Odisha with focus specifically on higher education. Data were collected from secondary sources from the year 2019-20 to 2023-24. Governments total allocation of gender budget in higher education, gender specific allocations, Gender Parity Index in higher education are the major focus of the paper. The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in India gradually decreasing according to the increased level of education. The participation of women in educationless than men. It emphasizes the need for implementing Gender Budgeting in higher education in Odisha with analytical planning and purpose to address gender disparities effectively."

Illegal Sri Lankan Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Gulf Countries: An Analysis on Push and Pull Factors

The implementation of new restrictions by the Government of Sri Lanka to discourage unskilled female labour migration through the mandatory ‘Family Background Report’ has resulted in an increase in the number of female illegal migrations. This study efforts to uncover the reasons that motivate women to migrate as domestic workers disregarding the government’s strong discouragement. I argue that gendered push factors coupled with financial motivations trigger illegal and circular migration among women. This explorative research utilizes primary data collected through structured interviews from a sample of sixty-five migrant women which is complemented by secondary data collected from statistics and reports published by the Government of Sri Lanka. The research concludes that government’s inability to address strong push factors that motivates unskilled female labour migration, and its effort to use blanket solutions such as restricting movements through laws have forced women to migrate using illegal measures which makes their situation more vulnerable. It also suggests that affirmative action such as to create more occupational opportunities and the equal distribution of resources to rural areas to address this issue is needed.

The impact of social cohesion and risk communication on excess mortality due to COVID-19 in 213 countries: a retrospective analysis

BackgroundTools for assessing a country’s capacity in the face of public health emergencies must be reviewed, as they were not predictive of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social cohesion and risk communication, which are related to trust in government and trust in others, may have influenced adherence to government measures and mortality rates due to COVID-19.ObjectiveTo analyse the association between indicators of social cohesion and risk communication and COVID-19 outcomes in 213 countries.ResultsSocial cohesion and risk communication, in their dimensions (public trust in politicians, trust in others, social safety nets, and equal distribution of resources index), were associated with lower excess mortality due to COVID-19. The number of COVID-19-related disorder events and government transparency were associated with higher excess mortality due to COVID-19. The lower the percentage of unemployed people, the higher the excess mortality due to COVID-19. Most of the social cohesion and risk communication variables were associated with better vaccination indicators, except for social capital and engaged society, which had no statistically significant association. The greater the gender equality, the better the vaccination indicators, such as the number of people who received all doses.ConclusionPublic trust in politicians, trust in others, equal distribution of resources and government that cares about the most vulnerable, starting with the implementation of programs, such as cash transfers and combating food insecurity, were factors that reduced the excess mortality due to COVID-19. Countries, especially those with limited resources and marked by social, economic, and health inequalities, must invest in strengthening social cohesion and risk communication, which are robust strategies to better cope with future pandemics.

Foreign Policy Aspects of the Activities of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the First Convocation (on the 30th Anniversary of the Start of Work)

The article considers the foreign policy aspects of the activities of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the First convocation. The specifics of the main results of parliamentary votes of this period, which were related to international-political realities, in the context of their relationship with the conceptual foundations and implementation of Russian foreign policy, have been characterized. Features of the composition and nature of the activities of the lower house of the Russian parliament of this period have been identified. The conceptualization of the Russian Federation’s foreign policy has been analyzed. The initiatives and decisions of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the First convocation in the field of foreign policy and international relations have been assessed. It is shown that these were due to the specifics of its personal composition, where there was no strict factional discipline and a clear advantage of any political force, which determined the need for situational interaction. The normal work of the lower house of parliament became possible largely due to the efforts of its Chairman, who took a centrist position. It is substantiated that the State Duma, operating in conditions of complex socio-economic problems and the colossal weakening of Russia’s international political positions, demonstrated significant activity in international political initiatives that covered a wide range of topical issues with an emphasis on the situation in the states of the post-Soviet space. These decisions were relatively balanced, which was explained by the approximately equal distribution of resources between the so-called “left”, “right”, “centrists” and “national patriots”, as well as the presence of “common bloc” issues, positions on which coincided or did not cause obvious contradictions. The international political initiatives of the State Duma of the First convocation were distinguished by greater realism and emphasis on the protection of national interests than the content of conceptual documents and the foreign policy course pursued by the state. This happened against the background and simultaneously with the beginning of the process of rethinking the foreign policy approaches of the Russian Federation, which had a significant influence on it.

Fuelwood Supply Consumption and Dynamic on Forest Resource in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Turkana County Kenya

Forestry is a source of livelihood for many farmers and rural households in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the utilization of fuelwood in Africa contributes greatly to desert encroachment and consequently has implications with regard to climate change. Its, little to understand about the drivers and dynamics of fuelwood consumption in Kenya and other African countries. This study is to analyze determinants of refugee camp forest resource utilization efficiency Kakuma refugee camp Turkana county. It accomplishes two broad objectives:( 1) To analyse utilization of fuelwood from indigenous tree species supplied to the camp, the profitability of firewood supplied to the local market and a growing body of evidence on the influence of utilization of fuelwood in the camp in the refugee camp, as the host community get cash from the refugees and food ration in exchange with the resource (Fuelwood) in a household’s level. It embraced a mixed methods approach embedded with an explanatory research design for concurrent triangulation. The study interviewed a total of 296 respondents through HH questionnaires, the KII Tool and FGD Guide. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic framework approach while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential (correlations) statistics on SPSS. Results suggest that even with minimal investment in both productive and non-productive assets (M=2.40) and SD=0.99) from cash purchase of fuelwood from agencies, there is significant negative effect (r=0.139) and P=0.05) between asset accumulation and poverty reduction among targeted household. study reveals that the provision of alternative sources of energy has the potential to reduce overdependence on wood fuel by the refugees in Kakuma Kenya. Therefore, the government ought to support other cheaper energy alternatives like alternatives gadgets and energy-saving cooking technologies, while the local administrators should integrate the refugee needs in the development plans for equal distribution of resources at large

Current state of ICT integration in English proficiency education in Chinese schools: A quantitative study

This research seeks to find out the current situation of the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in English proficiency education in urban Chinese schools. Conducting quantitative research, questionnaires were administered to teachers and students and the data was statistically processed with the help of the SPSS system. Consequently, the performance identified on the impact of ICT on English learning is moderately positive though bears difficulties including the issues of inadequate infrastructure and socio-economic differences. Although ICT tools are being used in English language education, the study found that their application is uneven and frequently hampered by a lack of sufficient funding and differing degrees of facility support throughout schools. Despite these difficulties, when ICT was skillfully incorporated into the curriculum, both instructors and students reported increases in engagement and language competency. This implies that the beneficial effects of ICT on English language acquisition might be greatly increased with improved infrastructure and more equal resource distribution. The results highlight the necessity of focused funding and legislative changes to overcome these socioeconomic and infrastructure-related obstacles and maximize the advantages of ICT in learning environments.

A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EDUCATION ACROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

This paper examines the topic of education across cultural differences and explores the concept of multicultural education (ME) to address the challenges and benefits of cultural diversity in educational institutions. The paper begins by acknowledging the increasing diversity in societies due to factors such as globalization, immigration, and intermarriage, emphasizing the need for cooperation and understanding among nations, peoples, and education; in addition, to highlighting the understandings and contributions of multicultural education, including instilling cultural sensitivity, embracing diversity, and nurturing appreciation of diverse ethnocultural heritage among students. It discusses how multicultural education helps develop a positive mindset, cultural navigation skills, and a global mindset, reducing discrimination, racial abuse, and culture shock while increasing opportunities for employment, education, and settlement in other countries. However, the paper also acknowledges critiques of multicultural education. These include concerns about it being a barrier to quality education for students from minority groups, the potential loss of students' cultural identities, and the argument that it overly emphasizes culture at the expense of intellectual development. The paper discusses the role of critical multiculturalism, intersectionality, critical literacy, and critical race theory in addressing education inequality. These theories advocate for equal resource distribution, recognition of intersecting identities, cultural inclusion, and challenging structural racism. The paper concludes that while multicultural education has its advantages and critiques, these theories offer valuable perspectives for creating a more inclusive and equitable educational system. By incorporating a multicultural perspective, education can better cater to diverse students and foster a more just society.Keywords: critical multiculturism, critical literacy, educational institutions, multicultural education, diversity, individualdifferences, multiculturalism, cultural pluralism, cultural diversity, cultural overlap, immigration, race, religion, gender.

Rulings of the London Metal Exchange in Islamic Law: An Analysis of Islamic Banking Instruments and Challenges

Purpose: The Islamic banking system is recognized for its role in promoting the equal distribution of resources and its emphasis on risk management. This research paper explores the rulings of the London Metal Exchange (LME) within the framework of Islamic law. The main objective is to investigate the involvement and impact of Islamic banking in LME contracts.
 
 Methods: The study utilizes both primary data, obtained through interviews with Islamic banks and LME management, and secondary data from previous research.
 
 Results: The findings highlight the significant role of Islamic banks in facilitating LME contracts, with Murabaha, Tawarruq, Istisna, Salam, and Kafala identified as the most commonly used instruments in the GCC regions. However, Islamic banks also face challenges, including criticism from Muslim scholars regarding certain practices.
 
 Conclusion: Despite these challenges, there are several opportunities for Islamic banks to contribute to the further development of the Islamic financial system. By addressing concerns, increasing awareness, and adhering to Islamic principles, Islamic banks can play a pivotal role in shaping the future of the financial industry.

Corruption and the Healthcare Sector: Overview

The world is greatly out of balance on issues of health and equal distribution of resources. In the mist of scarce resources corruption has compounded the problem of health care institution as it affects the five dimensions of health system performance; access to care, quality of care, equity in health care services, efficiency of healthcare sector and efficacy of healthcare services. Corruption is a complex, multifaceted and a global issue in health system as no country is exempted, though it is more obvious in the developing world. In the health sectors corruption ranges from smaller- scale acts by doctors and nurses who collects bribes from patient before treatment, falsify data, to larger- scale acts at hospital administrator’s level or ministerial level, when people in power embezzle public funds or redirect resources from those who need it for their own benefit which affects population health. The effect of corruption on health outcome of such population is devastating. Since corruption severally comprise quality of health services, there is need for significant regulatory oversight, transparency and accountability. To attain health for all and implement the fundamental health right, corruption must be eradicated or dwindled to barest minimum for effective implementation of healthcare care services that will enhance population health positively

Modeling the exploitation of common oil and gas resources under different conditions of resource distribution and extraction power: A game theory approach

Oil and gas are the driving forces behind many economic and productive activities, so they hold a crucial place in economic growth and development. The South Pars/North Dome field, the world's largest gas field, needs to be adequately developed and utilized. Iran and Qatar jointly own this field, and they have the responsibility of developing appropriate strategies for oil and gas exploitation. This study analyzes four static game models of the Nash equilibrium and optimal strategies between the two countries to exploit their shared resource. It assumes that a country's extraction power relies on international sanctions, which leads to unequal extraction power. The various conditions of the model include “equal resource distribution and equal extraction power”, “unequal distribution with equal extraction power”, “equal distribution with unequal extraction power”, and “unequal distribution with unequal extraction power”. The study's findings indicate that in the first two scenarios in which no country faces sanctions, both countries should adopt a non-commitment to cooperation. However, in the latter two scenarios in which one country is under sanctions and has weaker extraction power, the sanctioned country should commit to a cooperative policy, while the other country should adopt a non-cooperative approach. Therefore, the decision of a country to participate in the exploitation of common resources depends on its extraction power rather than resource distribution. Consequently, it can be argued that Iran and Qatar's common gas field, which is unequally divided, is significantly affected by sanctions. Due to Iran's sanctions, its extraction power has decreased, and it has adopted a cooperative strategy with Qatar. Meanwhile, Qatar's dominant strategy is non-cooperation. As a result, Iran suffers from the exploitation of shared resources under sanctions.

Freirean Utopian Didactic: A Retrospective View of Education in the South African Education Environment

This study investigates how the utopian didactic in education can be achieved in South Africa. It is foregrounded by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire’s collective and forward-looking dreams about what education, in the shattered sense of the “now”, can look like if teachers and students participate democratically in the learning process. Education, in a general sense, is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills and habits are transferred and nurtured from one generation to the next. But, in the Freirean utopian didactic, education involves so much more than the mere transfer of knowledge. It is about transformation, both internal (the individual) and external (society). By allowing students to critically reflect and engage in honest dialogue with their teacher, education can lead to social injustices being challenged and, hence, being overcome. Freire’s utopian vision of education is one in which hope and imagination are celebrated in the quest for a better world. This vision is sorely lacking in South African educational environment today, which is still bruised by decades of inequality. Using a literature review, this conceptual article explored whether a Freirean utopian didactic can be applied to the current education system in South Africa and bring about the much-needed transformation. We have examined whether a utopian education can be considered a basic right in South Africa, according to the Constitution, and whether it can be applied more broadly to the African continent. For education to meet the needs of all learners in the education system, a utopian education system based on quality educational skills, values and equal distribution of resources is highly recommended.

Institutions and tax capacity in sub-Saharan Africa

AbstractThis paper contributes to research on the institutional determinants of tax capacity using annual data from 39 sub-Saharan African countries from 1985 to 2018 to construct a measure of tax capacity for each country based on the trend component of the ratio of actual to potential tax revenue. Potential revenue is estimated by a parsimonious tax performance specification, including only variables found to be robust determinants of the tax/GDP ratio. The results show that, on average, tax capacity is high (given potential) and has improved over time (especially for low-income countries). The final stage of analysis selects, from a wide variety of economic and institutional variables, the most important determinants of cross-country variation in tax capacity. Equal distribution of resources is the most important institutional factor associated with greater capacity, consistent with perceptions of equity supporting the fiscal bargain; corruption is associated with lower capacity, consistent with undermining trust in government. Private consumption and resource rents are associated with greater capacity. Other institutional factors are indirectly associated with greater capacity, such as accountability and elements of democracy associated with equity in the allocation and use of public resources.

Gender Equality as a Tool for Sustainable Development

Gender inequality is prevailing in all the cultures of the world that is a big challenge for sustainable development of any country. Sustainable Development depends on an equal distribution of resources that cannot be attained without gender equality. Gender equality is the process distributing resources, programs and decision making fairly to both males and females without any discrimination on basis of sex. Women empowerment is a key factor for achieving sustainability any as it enables them to fully use their potential, creativity and talent which are instrumental for the economic development for country. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) accepted by world leaders in 2015, symbolize a roadmap for progress that is sustainable and achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment is integral to each of the 17 goals. The present paper reveals the aspect that sustainable development of any country is impossible without women empowerment. Main objectives of the research paper is to promote societal awareness to gender issues and women's human rights. The paper analysis applications of SDG-5 (Women Empowerment) as a Tool for Sustainable Development.

Literature review in the field of solidarity economy (SE) and energy cooperatives

The article is a review of existing research on the concept of a solidarity economy (SE) and the role of cooperation in this area. The authors analyze various aspects of the SE, such as equity, sustainability, resource allocation, social inclusion and environmental sustainability. The paper emphasizes the relevance of the study of solidarity economy and cooperation in the context of modern challenges. The authors draw attention to the fact that the SE is focused on meeting social needs, unlike the traditional economy, which is focused on profit and cost reduction. The authors point out that the solidarity economy does not require a complete replacement of existing economic forms, but is complementary and compatible with existing market relations. Various methods were used in the research process, including the analysis of scientific literature and international practices, as well as the study of data and statistics. The authors analyze and compare various studies and approaches related to the SE and cooperation. The main conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of a solidarity economy and cooperation in creating a fair, sustainable and socially inclusive society. The authors note that a solidary economy and cooperation can contribute to an equal distribution of resources, promote environmental sustainability and innovative practices. The article provides valuable information for researchers, economists and practitioners interested in solidarity economy and cooperation. The results of the study and the proposed approaches can be used to develop policies and programs aimed at developing a SE and improving socio-economic conditions. The role of energy cooperatives in the sustainable development and decentralization of energy systems is considered.

The effects of antiretroviral stockout on primary health care nurses in the Ethekwini and Ilembe districts, KwaZulu-Natal

Background: Nurses face challenges of antiretroviral therapy (ART) stock out when rolling out, leading to drug resistance, poor compliance and decreased viral suppression. Poor viral suppression leads to higher morbidity and mortality rates, hence a need to strengthen supply chain principles in order to achieve equal distribution of resources amongst clinics. Nurses also need to have relevant guidelines available to prevent treatment failure. The study aimed to describe the effects of ART stockouts on primary health nurses rolling out ART in clinics in KwaZulu Natal. Methods: The study followed a qualitative approach, using a descriptive design. Two primary healthcare clinics in Ilembe and Ethekwini districts were selected for the study. The population comprised of 8 purposively selected participants. In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted to describe the experiences of primary health care nurses rolling out antiretroviral therapy regarding stockout and how it was managed. Data collection and analysis followed Yates, Partridge and Bruce steps. Ethics and trustworthiness were maintained. Results: The singular theme of inconsistent availability of treatment emerged, as well as sub-themes of means used to manage treatment stockout and supply change management issues. Conclusions: An adequate supply of ART through an efficient supply chain management strategy, ongoing training in primary health care and nurse-initiated management of antiretroviral therapy and the availability of treatment guidelines should be enforced.