MgSO4 Research Articles

Effect of Mordants on Percentage Absorption of Rubia Cardifolia Dye

This study examines the impact of various mordants on the absorption of Indian Madder Root dye by cotton fabric. The Indian Madder Root dye, derived from the roots of the Indian madder plant, is a natural, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes. The mordants used in this investigation include ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, and potassium dichromate. The absorption of the dye was measured using a colorimeter at a wavelength of 680 nm. The results show that the transition metal mordants, such as copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate, exhibit the highest percentage absorption, while magnesium sulfate shows the least absorption. The study highlights the significance of mordants in enhancing the binding of dyes to fabric, resulting in improved colorfastness and retention of color. The findings of this research have implications for the textile industry, particularly in the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly dyeing processes.

A Case of Partial Molar Pregnancy Complicated by HELLP and PRES

Introduction: The term gestational trophoblastic disease encompasses premalignant and malignant conditions arising from trophoblastic cells. Premalignant disorders include complete or partial hydatidiform mole, whereas malignant disorders include invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental-site trophoblastic tumor. Partial hydatidiform moles are triploid in nature and occur when 2 sperm fertilize a single ovum. Preeclampsia is a syndrome complicating 2-8% of pregnancies which presents as new-onset hypertension plus proteinuria. The occurrence of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count, referred to as HELLP syndrome, is a severe form of preeclampsia. A related severe manifestation is posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) - a clinicoradiological syndrome characterized by symptoms including headache, seizures, altered consciousness and visual disturbances. PRES is commonly associated with acute hypertension. The symptoms of PRES vary widely: i.e., the visual disturbance can vary from blurred vision and homonymous hemianopsia to cortical blindness. Seizures and status epilepticus are common. Although preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome rarely occur before 20-weeks of gestation, reports have suggested early occurrences of these hypertensive disorders specifically in the setting of a molar pregnancy. Case Report: The patient is a 23-year-old, female gravida 1 at 16 week 5 days who presented to an outside emergency department with a 3-day history of progressive abdominal pain which radiated to her back, arms, and shoulders. At the outside facility, the patient had multiple systolic blood pressures greater than 160 mmHg and had a witnessed 30-second seizure which resolved with an intravenous (IV) injection of 2-mg of Lorazepam and 4-gram magnesium sulfate loading dose. She was initiated on magnesium sulfate maintenance pending transfer to our institution. On admission, the patient met criteria for eclampsia and HELLP (platelets 79,000 K/uL, AST 144 U/L, ALT 96 U/L, LDH 482 U/L, Hemoglobin 8.7 g/dL). The beta human chorionic gonadotropin level (HCG) was greater than 200,000 mIU/mL. Bedside ultrasound suggested the presence of an enlarged cystic placenta and a growth restricted fetus (estimated fetal weight 124g, 2%). The patient and her family were counseled and the decision was made to proceed with misoprostol induction and termination of the pregnancy due to maternal indications. During the induction, the patient developed significant vaginal bleeding and was taken to the operating room for an uncomplicated dilation and evacuation. After the procedure, the patient developed progressive visual blurring with 4+ hyperreflexia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without contrast was obtained with findings significant for PRES. The MRI revealed T2 high-signal lesions within the cortex of the bilateral occipital lobes. Neurology was consulted and recommended blood pressure control and initiation of levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis. She was initiated on long-acting nifedipine with subsequent blood pressure control. Patient’s visual symptoms and hyperreflexia resolved. Her liver function tests, platelets, and LDH also returned to normal. The patient received contraceptive counseling to prevent pregnancy during gestational neoplastic disease surveillance period. She underwent weekly beta-hCG until negative, followed by three weekly consecutive negative levels before spacing measurements to every 3 months for a period of six months per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. The pathology results indicated the presence of chorionic villi composed of both large hydropic and smaller normal-appearing villi, a 69.3-gram female fetus compatible with caudal neurocutaneous defect with abnormal localization of brain tissue. The genetic profile of the villous tissue consisted of two sets of dispermic paternal alleles in addition to one set of maternal alleles consistent with a partial mole diagnosis. Discussion: There is an association between preeclampsia and molar pregnancy. Of partial hydatidiform molar pregnancies, 41.9% will develop the symptoms of preeclampsia if left untreated. Although the pathophysiology of eclampsia spectrum disorders is incompletely understood, some evidence points to the role of increased death of trophoblasts and the maternal inflammatory response to trophoblast deportation. Additional evidence points to angiogenic factor imbalance and interestingly, molar placentas produce high levels of antiangiogenic factors. Other causative agents include placental factors that trigger maternal endothelial activation. It is known that trophoblastic debris shed from the placenta into the maternal blood is associated with this condition. It has been demonstrated that trophoblastic debris from molar pregnancies also induces endothelial cell activation through heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) expressed on a hydatidiform molar placenta, which may be a pathogenic signal to endothelial cells. This case reiterates the association between hydatidiform moles and the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy possibly supporting the theories that such disorders may share an etiologic linkage through trophoblast debris and angiogenic factor imbalance. This case also supports screening molar pregnancies for severe preeclampsia syndrome.

The Development of an Improved Medium for the In Vitro Germination of Corylus avellana L. Pollen

The European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a self-incompatible, wind-pollinated species of significant economic-productive interest, mainly cultivated between the Mediterranean basin and the Black Sea. Hazelnut breeding programs and high cropping in commercial orchards are necessarily linked to the availability of fertile pollen with wide germinability and high viability. The objective was to develop an improved method to determine the germinability of pollen, comparing the results with those found in the literature. Pollen germinability was firstly evaluated on a wild-type accession using boric acid (H3BO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), potassium nitrate (KNO3), casein hydrolysate and different concentrations of sugars, including sucrose (10, 15 and 25%) and two monosaccharides, glucose (15%) and fructose (15%). The optimal composition included 15% sucrose in a semi-solid medium composed of 1% animal gelatin, containing collagen. This formulation was then tested on three cultivars of commercial interest, evaluating the effect of different concentrations of sucrose. The comparison between different in vitro germination methods showed that the hanging drop technique in a semi-solid medium provides a statistically higher germination index compared to the liquid and solid/agarized techniques. This study proposes an easy-to-use medium for the in vitro germination of Corylus avellana L. pollen.

A rare presentation of adult Bartter syndrome: a case report

Bartter syndrome (BS) is an inherited renal tubular disease. It is caused by a defective salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle. The term BS signify a group of renal disease which is the common divisor of hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. BS is categorized into 5 types based on the specific channel; type 1 is linked to gene SLC12A1, type 2 is linked to a gene KCNJ1, type 3 is linked to a gene called CICNKb while type 4 is linked to a gene BSND and type 5 is linked to CASR gene. This disorder is correlated with an increased antenatal and neonatal mortality. Here, a 61 years old female patient was presented with complaints of fever, myalgia, nausea, and cough for one day, decreased appetite and unable to do daily routine. Patient had conscious, oriented and afebrile. She had history of OAD, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. On hospital stay, she was started on IV calcium gluconate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, antipyretics and other supportive measures. This case concludes the rarity of the BS. Correct diagnosis of BS is more expensive and not routinely available genetic testing. Therefore, the significance of diagnosing the case is more relevant.

Quantification and analyses of seven tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting hepatocellular carcinoma in human plasma by QuEChERS and UPLC-MS/MS

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are commonly used to treat various cancers. Literature suggests that the blood concentration of TKIs strongly correlates with their efficacy and adverse effects. Therefore, establishing a Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) methodology for TKI drugs is crucial to improving their clinical efficacy and minimizing the treatment-related adverse effects. However, quantifying their concentrations in the plasma using existing methods to avoid potential toxicity is challenging. Herein, seven TKIs, namely sorafenib tosylate, axitinib, erlotinib, cediranib, brivanib, linifanib, and golvatinib, were successfully analyzed in human plasma by following a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Briefly, biological samples were extracted using 1 mL of methanol, followed by the sequential addition of 250 mg of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 25 mg of N-propylethylenediamine (PSA) for salinization and purification by adsorption, respectively. In this study, dovitinib was used as the internal standard. The seven TKIs were detected by the gradient elution method for 4 min in the positive ion electrospray mode. The mobile phase comprised methanol (phase A) and 0.1 % aqueous formic acid solution (phase B) on the Agilent Zorbax RRHD Stablebond Aq, (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm). Brivanib, linifanib, axitinib, sorafenib tosylate, and golvatinib exhibited good linearity in the range of 5–500 ng/mL, and erlotinib and cediranib exhibited good linearity in the range of 10–1000 ng/mL, with linear correlation coefficients (R2) ≥ 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.60–0.18 ng/mL and 5–10 ng/mL, respectively. The intraday and interday accuracy values ranged from −6.12 % to 7.31 %, with a precision (RSD) of ≤ 10.57 %. The method was rapid, accurate, specific, simple, reproducible, and suitable for the quantitative determination of the seven TKIs in human plasma.

Innovative stimuli-responsive membrane MSF brine rejection dilution by tertiary treated sewage effluent

In this study, treated wastewater and Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) brine were integrated into the Forward Osmosis (FO) system using pressure stimuli-responsive Nanofiltration (PSRNF) membranes to dilute magnesium, calcium, and sulfate MSF plant brine reject. The deposition of magnesium sulfate and calcium sulfate in the heat exchanger is one of the main issues affecting the performance and efficiency of MSF thermal desalination plants. Reducing the concentration of the divalent ions can minimize scale formation and deposition to a level that allows the MSF plant to operate at high top brine temperature (TBT) and without scale problems. The PSRNF membranes were chosen in the FO process because of their high water permeability, rejection of divalent and monovalent ions, small structure parameter (S), and inexpensiveness compared to commercial FO membranes. Three PSRNF membranes were tested in the FO process with the feed solution facing the active membrane layer to avoid active layer delamination. Although the PSRNF membrane exhibited negligible water flux at 0 bar, it increased when a 2–4 bar was applied to the feed solution. The wastewater temperature was set at 25 °C while 40 °C was the brine operational temperature to mimic the field situation. A maximum average water flux of 39.5 L/m2h was recorded at 4 bar feed pressure when the PSRNF membrane was used for the brine dilution, achieving up to 42% divalent ions dilution at 0.02 kWh/m3 specific power consumption. The average water flux in the PRSNF membrane was 35% higher than that in the commercial TFC FO membrane. Notably, the PSRNF membrane is ten times cheaper than commercial FO membranes. Notably, the PSRNF membrane is ten times cheaper than commercial FO membranes, achieving substantial cost reductions and pioneering advancements in FO purification technology.

Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Chocrane review

Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Chocrane review

Influence of recycled rubber and glass aggregates on magnesium sulfate resistance of geopolymers: Physio-mechanical properties and mechanisms

Recycled rubber aggregates (RRA) and recycled glass aggregates (RGA) are sustainable alternatives to natural aggregates. However, the influences of RRA and RGA on the magnesium sulfate resistance of geopolymers remain unclear. Previous studies have focused on the influences of binder type and composition on magnesium sulfate resistance but have neglected the role of aggregates. This study bridges this gap and demonstrates the influences of RRA and RGA on the magnesium sulfate resistance of geopolymers. This study investigated the physical properties, mechanical properties and phases of FA and GBFS-based geopolymers containing 0:10 – 10:0 RRA and RGA after being exposed to 5 % MgSO4 solution for 90 days. The results showed that compared to 100 % RGA, the 90-day length and mass of 100 % RRA increased by 50.48 and 33.22 times, respectively, and the 90-day compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths of 100 % RRA decreased by 65 %, 43.28 % and 56.75 %, respectively. However, the changes in length and mass of 100 % RGA were very small, and the mechanical properties even slightly increased rather than decreased. RRA + RGA showed an interval performance between 100 % RRA and 100 % RGA. The different magnesium sulfate resistance of RRA and RGA were attributed to the following mechanisms. RRA caused much higher drying shrinkage of geopolymers than RGA because the soft nature of RRA increased uncoordinated deformation, leading to micro-cracks in the matrix before magnesium sulfate exposure. The pre-existing micro-cracks served as physical transportation paths for external ions to diffuse into the interior of specimens, leading to expansive gypsum crystals formed in these micro-cracks. The accumulation of expansive gypsum crystals enlarged these micro-cracks and facilitated their propagation, leading to the expansion, cracking and degraded mechanical properties. By contrast, RGA reduced drying shrinkage due to its hard nature, which limited the availability of micro-cracks as physical transportation paths for external ions and therefore reduced the formation of expansive gypsum crystals and improved the magnesium sulfate resistance of geopolymers.

Comparative Analysis of Antihypertensive and Anticonvulsant Regimens in Managing Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia: Insights from a Sudanese Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND Preeclampsia presents with gestational proteinuria, usually after 20 weeks of gestation, and can be complicated by generalized tonic-clonic seizures of eclampsia. Particularly in countries with limited healthcare resources, preeclampsia and eclampsia are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the presentation, management, and outcomes of 185 women with preeclampsia and eclampsia in 2 maternity hospitals in Omdurman, Sudan, between January and December 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS An analytical retrospective study was conducted in 2 main maternity hospitals in Omdurman, Sudan, between January and December 2020. The study included 185 pregnant women with preeclampsia or eclampsia. Data on clinical and obstetric characteristics (history of the illness, comorbid diseases, parity, gravida, multifetal pregnancy, and laboratory investigations), medications used, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were obtained for the diagnosis. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 27. RESULTS Results: The mean age was 27.2±6.3 years, with 42.7% primigravida, 30% had a triple-drug regimen, nifedipine was the most common antihypertensive (60.5%), and 17.3% of patients underwent observation only. The seizure rate was 20%, with 92.73% controlled with magnesium sulfate. The antihypertensive regimen before delivery was significantly associated with the mode of delivery (P=0.001) and maternal outcomes (P=0.047); the regimen used after delivery significantly achieved blood pressure control (P=0.043) and improved maternal outcomes (P=0.007), but not fetal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal outcomes were markedly affected by the antihypertensive drug regimens used and the patient's seizure control status, and use of anti-convulsants successfully controlled all seizures.

Terapi Nebulasi pada Pasien Anak dengan Bronkiolitis

This study aims to determine which nebulization therapy is effective for improving respiratory status and reducing the length of stay in children with bronchiolitis. The research method used was a literature search using six databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Sage Journals, and Embase. The results of the study showed that the average age of the children who were respondents was 0-24 months. Eight articles showed that all therapy options could improve the child's respiratory status, but not all significantly reduced the length of stay. In conclusion, nebulization therapy that can be used in pediatric patients with bronchiolitis to improve the child's respiratory status includes hypertonic saline (HS), normal saline (NS), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), interferon α1b (IFN α1b) In, In and In racemic epinephrine (RE). , while nebulized therapy that can reduce the length of stay is racemic epinephrine (RE) and hypertonic saline (HS).This study aims to determine which nebulization therapy is effective for improving respiratory status and reducing the length of stay in children with bronchiolitis. The research method used was a literature search using six databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Sage Journals, and Embase. The results of the study showed that the average age of the children who were respondents was 0-24 months. Eight articles showed that all therapy options could improve the child's respiratory status, but not all significantly reduced the length of stay. In conclusion, nebulization therapy that can be used in pediatric patients with bronchiolitis to improve the child's respiratory status includes hypertonic saline (HS), normal saline (NS), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), interferon α1b (IFN α1b) In, In and In racemic epinephrine (RE). , while nebulized therapy that can reduce the length of stay is racemic epinephrine (RE) and hypertonic saline (HS). Keywords: Children, Bronchiolitis, Length of Hospitalization, Nebulization, Respiratory Status

Effect of Magnesium Sulfate with Propofol on Hemodynamic Stability during Tracheal Intubation in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Single-Center Study

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the hemodynamic response of magnesium sulfate (MGS) with propofol during tracheal intubation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary cardiac center in Pakistan, involving 100 patients undergoing elective CABG. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded before and after intubation, following the administration of MGS with propofol. Results: The mean systolic blood pressure was 114.9±9.4 mmHg, 120.3±3.4 mmHg and 111.1±6.4 mmHg before intubation, after 2 minutes and 5minutes respectively, with p-value of <0.001. The mean diastolic blood pressure was 66.2±10.3 mmHg, 67.8±6.1 mmHg, and 62±7.2 mmHg before intubation, after 2 minutes and 5minutes respectively, with p-value of <0.001. The mean arterial blood pressure was 82.5±9.2 mmHg, 85.3±4.5, mmHg and 78.4±6.4 mmHg before intubation, after 2 minutes and 5minutes respectively, with p-value of <0.001. The mean heart rate was 65.1±8.8 bpm, 69.7±5.2 bpm and 71.3±4.6 bpm before intubation, after 2 minutes and 5minutes respectively, with p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: The study concludes that the addition of MGS to propofol contributes to hemodynamic stability during tracheal intubation in patients undergoing CABG. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore optimal dosing regimens.

Magnesium sulfate for postoperative pain in orthopedic surgery: A narrative review.

Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) is a widely used adjuvant in anesthesia. Often administered with local anesthetics, it is known to reduce analgesic and opioid consumption while extending the duration of analgesia. MgSO4 applications extend to orthopedic surgeries, cardiovascular and urogenital procedures, offering extended postoperative pain relief. While commonly administered through various routes, there is a research gap concerning the comparative efficacy of intrathecal (IT) and intravenous (IV) MgSO4 administration. This narrative review aims to provide a comparison between IT and IV administration of MgSO4 particularly following orthopedic procedures, where pain management is paramount. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across several electronic databases, trial registries, and gray literature from inception to 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies investigating the effects of perioperative IT administration of magnesium compared to perioperative IV administration of MgSO4 in patients undergoing surgery, with no language restrictions. Our search identified 4326 articles, of which 9 randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. We summarized these selected articles. Four studies discussed IT magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) administration, 2 focused on IT administration in orthopedic surgeries, and 3 explored both IV and IT administration of MgSO4 in orthopedic surgery. IT MgSO4 shows promise in postoperative pain management, delaying block onset and extending duration. Personalized administration choice, considering patient factors and surgery type, is crucial. Further research is needed to refine strategies for better patient outcomes, particularly following orthopedic surgeries.

Enhanced pseudocapacitive properties of cobalt-doped manganese oxide electrode utilizing magnesium sulfate electrolyte for supercapacitors

This paper investigates the enhanced pseudocapacitive properties of cobalt-doped manganese oxide (Co-doped MnO2) electrode in magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) electrolyte for supercapacitor applications. Co-doped MnO2 was synthesized on nickel foam through a controlled hydrothermal process and specific heat treatment parameters. This resulted in the transformation into α-MnO2 with a 2 × 2 tunnel structure. Morphological investigation illustrates the presence of a hierarchical micro-flower structure with a substantial surface area and mesoporous distribution. The specific surface area of the Co-doped MnO2 electrode significantly increased to 158 m2 g−1, compared to the pristine (bare MnO2) electrode (80 m2 g−1). Electrochemical analyses revealed a specific capacitance of 527 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in MgSO4 (1 M), showcasing a 1.6 times improvement over Na2SO4 (1 M). The unique structure of the Co-doped MnO2, combined with magnesium ions as efficient electron donors, contributes to superior charge-storage, making it a promising candidate for high-performance supercapacitors. Comprehensive characterizations, such as XRD, XPS, BET, SEM, GCD, and EIS, confirm the advantageous electrochemical performance and durability of the Co-doped MnO2 electrode in MgSO4 electrolyte.

The performance of the practices associated with the occurrence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in the very premature infants: data analysis from the Chinese neonatal network

BackgroundThe occurrence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (sIVH) was high in the very preterm infants (VPIs) in China. The management strategies significantly contributed to the occurrence of sIVH in VPIs. However, the status of the perinatal strategies associated with sIVH for VPIs was rarely described across the multiple neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in China. We aim to investigate the characteristics of the perinatal strategies associated with sIVH for VPIs across the multiple NICUs in China.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of data from a prospective cohort of Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) dataset, enrolling infants born at 24+0—31+6 from 2019 to 2021. Eleven perinatal practices performed within the first 3 days of life were investigated including antenatal corticosteroids use, antenatal magnesium sulphate therapy, intubation at birth, placental transfusion, need for advanced resuscitation, initial inhaled gas of 100% FiO2 in delivery room, initial invasive respiratory support, surfactant and caffeine administration, early enteral feeding, and inotropes use. The performances of these practices across the multiple NICUs were investigated using the standard deviations of differences between expected probabilities and observations. The occurrence of sIVH were compared among the NICUs.ResultsA total of 24,226 infants from 55 NICUs with a mean (SD) gestational age of 29.5 (1.76) and mean (SD) birthweight of 1.31(0.32) were included. sIVH was detected in 5.1% of VPIs. The rate of the antenatal corticosteroids, MgSO4 therapy, and caffeine was 80.0%, 56.4%, and 31.5%, respectively. We observed significant relationships between sIVH and intubation at birth (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.75) and initial invasive respiratory support (AOR 2.47, 95% CI 2.15 to 2.83). The lower occurrence of sIVH (4.8%) was observed corresponding with the highest utility of standard antenatal care, the lowest utility of invasive practices, and early enteral feeding administration.ConclusionsThe current evidence-based practices were not performed in each VPI as expected among the studied Chinese NICUs. The higher utility of the invasive practices could be related to the occurrence of sIVH.

Intravenous magnesium sulfate improves orotracheal intubation conditions: A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundMuscle relaxation facilitates orotracheal intubation, but in some situations, neuromuscular blocking agents may be contraindicated. AimTo study the effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate perfusion before induction on orotracheal intubation conditions and the pressor response upon intubation. MethodsThis prospective, randomized, double-blind trial compared magnesium sulfate with saline solution as a placebo. The patients were randomized into two groups: the magnesium group (Group Mg+), which received 50 mg/kg of magnesium sulfate in 100 ml of saline 15 min before induction of anesthesia, and the saline group (Group Mg-), which received only 100 ml of saline 15 min before induction of anesthesia without magnesium sulfate. The induction in both groups was performed without neuromuscular blocking agents.Intubation conditions in both groups were compared using the Copenhagen consensus conference: ease of laryngoscopy, vocal cord position and/or movement, and response to intubation or cuff (cough or diaphragmatic movement). Intubation conditions were considered acceptable (excellent or good) or unacceptable (poor). Systolic, diastolic arterial pressures and heart rate were also recorded during the study. ResultsIn total, 76 patients (38 in each group) were included in this study. Clinically acceptable intubation conditions were significantly more observed in the magnesium group Mg + compared to the saline group Mg-: 36 patients (95 %) vs. 15 patients (39 %) (P < 0.001).Hemodynamic stability was more observed in the magnesium group, with a statistically significant lower heart rate throughout Mg + compared to the saline group. ConclusionAdministration of magnesium sulfate before induction of anesthesia significantly improved intubation conditions without the need for neuromuscular blocking agents.

Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses.

The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to optimize the key factors influencing citric acid production, with a focus on strains, fermentation techniques, and carbon sources, particularly sugarcane molasses. A. niger, sourced from the Botany department/Biotechnology laboratories at Govt. College of Science, Lahore, was employed for citric acid production. The process involved inoculum preparation through spore collection from 3 to 5 days of cultured PDA slants. The fermentation medium, comprising cane molasses with a 15% sugar concentration, was meticulously prepared and optimized for various factors, including magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, time of addition of potassium ferrocyanide, ammonium oxalate, and calcium chloride. Our optimization results shed light on the significant impact of different factors on citric acid production. For instance, the addition of 0.4 g/L magnesium sulfate led to a maximum yield of 75%, while 2 g/L potassium ferrocyanide, added at 24 h, achieved a yield of 78%. Remarkably, ammonium oxalate, at a concentration of 10 g/L, resulted in a notable 77% yield. Conversely, the addition of calcium chloride exhibited negligible effects on citric acid production, with the control group yielding more at 78%. Our study underscores the potential for optimizing factors to enhance citric acid production by A. niger in submerged fermentation. These findings highlight the pivotal role of magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and ammonium oxalate in augmenting citric acid yields while emphasizing the minimal impact of calcium chloride. Ultimately, these insights contribute to advancing our understanding of microbial citric acid biosynthesis, providing valuable implications for industrial applications and future research endeavors.

Population pharmacokinetics and dose optimization of magnesium sulfate in Chinese preeclampsia population

ObjectiveTo establish the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)in women with preeclampsia (PE), and to determine the key covariates having an effect in magnesium pharmacokinetics in Chinese PE.MethodsPregnant women with PE prescribed MgSO4 were enrolled in this prospective study from April 2021 to April 2023. On the initial day of administration, the patients were administered a loading dose of 5 g in conjunction with 10 g of magnesium sulfate as a maintenance dose. On the second day, only the maintenance dose was administration, and maternal blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 5, and 12 h after the second day’s 10 g maintenance dose. The software Phoenix was used to estimate PPK parameters of MgSO4, such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V), and to model PPK models with patient demographic, clinical, and laboratory covariates.ResultsA total of 199 blood samples were collected from 51 women with PE and PPK profiles were analyzed. The PPK of MgSO4 is consistent with to a one-compartment model. The base model adequately described the maternal serum magnesium concentrations after magnesium administration. The population parameter estimates were as follows: CL was 2.98 L/h, V was 25.07 L. The model predictions changed significantly with covariates (BMI, creatinine clearance, and furosemide). Furosemide statistically influences V. The creatinine clearance, BMI and furosemide jointly affects CL. Monte Carlo simulation results showed that a loading dose combined with a maintenance dose would need to be administered daily to achieve the therapeutic blood magnesium concentrations. For the non-furosemide group, the optimal dosing regimen was a 5 g loading dose combined with a 10 g maintenance dose of MgSO4. For the furosemide group, the optimal dosing regimen was a 2.5 g loading dose combined with a 10 g maintenance dose of MgSO4.ConclusionsThe magnesium PPK model was successfully developed and evaluated in Chinese preeclampsia population, and the dose optimization of MgSO4 was completed through Monte Carlo simulation.

Randomized trial to compare acceptability of magnesium sulphate administration for preeclampsia and eclampsia: Springfusor pump versus standard of care.

In low-resource settings, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) for preeclampsia is administered majorly through an injection into the gluteal muscles 4-hourly for 24 hours. The repeated injections are very painful and may lead to infection, abscess formation, and reduced compliance. To determine the acceptability of Springfusor® pump for the administration of Magnesium Sulphate in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Randomized Open Label Clinical Trial. The study was conducted at Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Eligible women had a systolic blood pressure of ≥140mmHg and or diastolic blood pressure >90mmHg, proteinuria ≥+1, and the physician's decision to start on MgSO4. Four-hundred-ninety-six participants were randomized to a Springfusor® pump group (n = 248) or control (standard of care) (n = 248) administration of MgSO4. Intervention group had a loading dose (4gm of 50% MgSO4 intravenously over 20 minutes) and maintenance therapy (1gm of 50% MgSO4 intravenously per hour for 24 hours) administered using the Springfusor®. The standard of care (SOC) group received a loading dose of 4gm of 20% MgSO4 IV over 15-20 minutes, followed by 10gm of 50% MgSO4 intramuscular (5gm in each buttock) and a maintenance dose of 5gm of 50% MgSO4 was administered IM every 4 hours for 24 hours. Both arms received the rest of the care for preeclampsia/eclampsia as per the hospital guidelines. Acceptability of the method of administration was assessed using a Likert scale (1-5; 1 and 2: acceptable and 3-5: unacceptable). Pain at the site of MgSO4 administration was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale 1-7, (1 minimal pain and 7 worst pain). Comparisons were assessed with the Chi-square test, Mann Whitney-Wilcoxon test, and Students' t-test. Intervention arm; was more acceptable than the standard of care arm, (95.3% vs70.3%; p<0.001), had a lower median pain score, (2(CI: 2-2), vs 4(CI: 4-5) p<0.001), and fewer side effects. Maternal mortality was comparable between groups (0.8% in the intervention arm vs 1.2% in the IM arm). Trial No PACTR201712002887266 (https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/).

Study on mechanical properties of E-glass mat reinforced basic magnesium sulfate cement thin-slab

To achieve sustainable development and reduce the carbon footprint in building material production, the E-glass fiber mat was impregnated with basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC) by lamination impregnation. This process reduces environmental pollution from cement preparation, increases fiber volume content, and enhances the mechanical properties of cementitious composite materials. The study examined axial tensile, four-point bending resistance, drop weight impact resistance and pendulum impact resistance of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with dispersed short glass fiber (SGF), short glass fiber mat (SGFM) and continuous glass fiber mat (CGFM) of varying gram weights. The results show that the mechanical properties of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with fiber mat are much higher than those of SGF reinforced thin-slab. The tensile strength of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with CGFM is higher than that of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with SGFM at the same gram weight, and the tensile strength increases as the weight of CGFM increases. Specifically, the axial tensile strength of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with 450 g of CGFM is nearly 8 times higher than that of SGF reinforced BMSC thin-slab. BMSC thin-slab reinforced with 450 g of CGFM has the maximum proportional limit load and bending strength. The impact strength and toughness indexes of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with CGFM are the highest, followed by SGFM reinforced BMSC thin-slab. The addition of 300 g CGFM significantly enhanced flexural toughness during the early stage of thin-slab cracking, while 450 g CGFM showed significant improvement in flexural toughness during the middle and late stages of cracking. When comparing thin-slabs with the same glass fiber volume ratio, those reinforced with 450 g CGFM exhibited the best impact resistance. SEM results indicated superior adhesion between 450 g CGFM and the cement matrix, as well as between adjacent CGFM layers, with fiber breakage being the main cause of specimen failure.

Sustainable bacteria-based self-healing steel fiber reinforced concrete

Self-healing concrete presents an innovative and eco-friendly solution with the potential to reduce maintenance costs through self-activated crack repair. This study examined the effect of varying bacterial content across different environmental conditions. Additionally, the coupling effect between bacteria and steel fiber to enhance the mechanical and physical properties at different ages has been investigated. Bacillus Sphaericus (B. Sphaericus) was incorporated into the concrete at concentrations of 2 × 109 (CFU/ml), and different bacterial percentages selected utilizing calcium lactate as a nutrient source. Bacterial content of 0.0 %, 0.25 %, 1.0 %, and 2.5 %, cured in both fresh water and magnesium sulfate water solution, were tested to examine concrete behavior in harsh environments. Additionally, steel fibers at volume fraction percentages (Vf%) of 1.0 % and 1.5 %, along with 1.0 % bacterial content, were tested to highlight their combined effect. Tests were conducted at different ages to measure compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. In addition, SEM and EDS analyses for cracked and uncracked specimens were performed. The results showed a significant increase in the long-term compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths at 180 days by 47 %, 80 %, and 50 %, respectively, with a bacterial content of 2.5 %. Moreover, the incorporation of steel fibers, 1.0 % and 1.5 % content, in the bacterial concrete resulted in a long-term compressive strength increase at 180 days by 45 % and 55 %, respectively with 1.0 % bacterial content, compared to 15 % and 27 % for 0 % bacteria. Curing in sulfate-rich water, concrete specimens exhibited increasing compressive strength at 180 days from 47 MPa for 0 % bacteria to 77 MPa with 2.5 % bacteria content. Despite lower initial strength of 29 MPa at 7 days, bacterial incorporation led to significant strength improvements, highlighting effective self-healing even in aggressive curing environments.