Epoxy Based Glass Fiber Research Articles

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Characterization, Ranking and Water Absorption Behavior of RHA/WDA/RHAWDA Filled Epoxy Based Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites

In the present research work, a novel class of epoxy built hybrid combinations strengthened with E-Glass woven rowed mat and occupied with rice husk ash (RHA), wood dust ash (WDA) and a mixture of RHA & WDA has been developed and structural mechanical properties were determined and the results were matched with the non-filled composites. The studies on these composites reveal that the tensile strength (TS) of the composites is decreased by the escalation in weight percentage of the filler material and the rest of the mechanical properties were increased with the increase in weightiness proportion of RHA, WDA and RHAWDA. TOPSIS and VIKOR’S ranking methods are applied to know the best composite from 16 alternative composites having 6 attributes. From the results, the composite filled with RHA at 5 wt% is selected as the best composite based on mechanical characteristics. Water absorption behavior of the composites at various time intervals for RHA, WDA and RHAWDA filled hybrid composites has been studied and it is concluded that the composites occupied with RHA at 12.5 wt% have given the minimum water absorption rate (WA) compared to other filled composites immersed in distilled and mineral waters and the composite filled with WDA at 2.5 wt% has exhibited the minimum water absorption rate (WA) when it is immersed in ground water for 144 hours of a time interval. Based on the results of water absorption rate (WA) and mechanical characteristics (impact strength and Vickers hardness) the composites filled with RHA at 5 wt% and RHA at 12.5 wt% can be used for the manufacturing of roof sheets and water tanks.

Effect of Al2O3 filler in GFRP/banana fiber composite for CNC vertical milling

This study examines the drilling characteristics on GFRP/Banana fiber composite without and with use of Al2O3 filler used in fabrication. of an epoxy-based glass fiber reinforced polymer with and without filler made of banana fiber and aluminum oxide powder. hand layup technique employed in fabricating Three kinds of polymer composites. Pre-test G power for testing was set at 80%, Alpha was set at 0.05%, and CL was set at 95%. This number of samples for each group was then determined. Three groups of nine samples each are used to experiment at CNC and MRR performance evaluated. Controlled variables were feed, drill diameter and spindle speed. The test findings were examined and contrasted using a one-way ANOVA test. The end outcome is MRR. To compare the rates of samples with and without fillers, test data were employed. Software called SPSS V16 was used to determine how significant the results were. A significant level of p0.05 was obtained from the statistical value analysis. The machinability of proposed composite is found good in terms of MRR. That MRR 9.89% fpund excess than machining of plain GFRP. In a similar vein, it was discovered that machining of alkaline-treated glass fiber/banana fibre composite found increase of 14.99% than plain GFRP laminate.

Reinforcement of compatibilized nanoclay/Inviya fibers to epoxy-based glass fiber nanocomposites for high-impact strength applications

Reinforcement of compatibilized nanoclay/Inviya fibers to epoxy-based glass fiber nanocomposites for high-impact strength applications

A thermal latent imidazole complex containing copper (II) as the curing agent for an epoxy-based glass fiber composite

Epoxy-based glass fiber composites are widely used in various fields, such as automotive, marine, and aircraft, owing to their high strength and light weight compared to traditional metal materials. However, the epoxy-based resins or prepregs cannot be stored for a long time at room temperature owing to their high reactivity. In this study, 1-cyanoethyl-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (CEMI) is a complex with copper chloride to improve its thermal latency towards epoxy resins, and the epoxy-based glass fiber composite is made by prepreg processing. The composition of the imidazole–copper (II) complex (Complex-S) is characterized by elemental analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Thermal dissociation of Complex-S is conducted by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With Complex-S as a latent curing agent, the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resins are studied. The epoxy systems show distinctly prolonged shelf life at room temperature. Moreover, the composite with Complex-S has a higher flexure strength and modulus comparable to that with CEMI.

Photodynamic therapy and other pretreatment methods on epoxy-based glass fiber post on the push-out bond strength to radicular dentin

AimTo assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber post (GFP) conditioned using different surface treatment regimens bonded to radicular dentin Material and MethodsSixty central incisors and canine were collected and disinfected. Decoronation following working length was determined using K-file. Rotary file system was used for cleaning and shaping. Canals of all samples were dried with paper points and obturated with gutta percha. Canal space was prepared with peso reamers. Now samples were randomly allocated into six groups based on pretreatment of GFP. Post in group 1 treated with 9% HFA+ Silane, post in group 2 surface treated with silane only, Post in group 3 surface treated with airborne particle (50 µm), group 4 post conditioned with photodynamic therapy (PDT), group 5 post pretreatment was performed with MBP and in group 6 GFP was not treated. Conditioned and non-conditioned posts were positioned in canal space and cemented. Tooth were sectioned coronally, middle and apically. Sections were positioned in universal testing machine (UTM) and debonded surfaces were evaluated for failure modes. The means and standard deviations of PBS were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). ResultsCoronal third of group 3 in which posts were sandblasted using airborne Al2O3 particle presented the highest PBS (11.21±0.64 MPa). Whereas, an apical section of group 4 in which posts were treated with PDT exhibited the lowest bond integrity. ConclusionSandblasting using airborne particles (50 µm) and hydrogen peroxide (H3PO4) conditioned with GFP exhibited significantly higher bond strength as compared to the control. However, PDT decreases the PBS of fiber post with the root dentin.

Addition of compatibilized nanoclay and UHMWPE fibers to epoxy based GFRPs for improved mechanical properties

Epoxy based glass fiber reinforced composite laminates containing silanized nanoclay and compatibilized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were processed using vacuum assisted resin infusion moulding for improved mechanical properties. UHMWPE fibers are low-cost, light-weight with excellent impact strength (highest among thermoplastic fibers), tensile strength and modulus. X-ray diffraction/transmission electron microscopy validated nano-level dispersion of nanoclay. Silanization of nanoclay was validated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. UHMWPE fibers were compatibilized using three different surface treatments and their compatibilization was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Nanocomposite reinforced with 2 phr silanized nanoclay and 0.25 phr compatibilized UHMWPE fibers (treated using the best method) showed significant improvement of 30% in impact strength over the reference sample (all other mechanical properties also showed significant improvements). SEM analysis confirmed that silanization of nanoclay and compatibilization of UHMWPE fibers through the optimum treatment resulted in enhanced interfacial bonding among different constituents of the GFRP nanocomposite system.

A synergic effect of CNT/Al2O3 reinforcements on multiscale epoxy-based glass fiber composite: fabrication and molecular dynamics modeling

ABSTRACT The multiscale nanocomposites are a new class of the designed materials that have nano and micro-scale reinforcements. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties such as tensile and bending properties of a four-phase nanocomposite using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experimental evaluations. The nanocomposite constituents are carbon nanotubes (CNT), alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3), and glass fiber as reinforcements and epoxy resin as the matrix. Two atomistic models of nanocomposites were made with the cross-linked epoxy molecules as matrix and CNT and Al2O3 as reinforcements. After using NVT and NPT ensembles, the mechanical properties of the molecular models have been extracted using constant-strain method. An equation was proposed to predict the elastic modulus of the multiscale composite using the results of MD. Eight laboratory samples have been fabricated and empirical tensile and bending properties of these cases have been extracted. The characteristics of experimental samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The obtained results show that adding CNT and alumina to the polymer increased the tensile and bending moduli by 163% and 11%, respectively. Moreover, the nanoscale reinforcements enhanced the tensile and flexural strengths of classic glass fiber composite by about 28% and 13%. Comparing the empirical and simulation results show slight differences between the experimental data and predicted values using formula.

Evaluation the complex of thermal properties for epoxy-based GFRP used in wing of tourist class reusable space vehicle

In general, the prediction the effective properties of fiber reinforced composites is a complicated task due to its heterogeneous properties. Therefore, new approaches can make possible obtaining of the reliable thermal properties of composites with least time and financial costs. This work presents the approach for determination of thermal properties of epoxy-based glass fiber reinforced composites. Firstly, to evaluate the thermal behavior of considered material the numerical modeling was conducted via finite element analysis in commercial software MSC Digimat. To validate the model, two-stage experimental study was carried out. As the result of the experimental research thermal conductivity through-plane was obtained by laser flash method as well as thermal conductivity in-plane – by specialized heat equipment developed in Bauman University with subsequent solution of the inverse heat conduction problem. Summing up, the analytical and experimental data showed good agreement that demonstrates the feasibility of the approach.

Effect of Nanoclay on the Heat Affected Zone during Pulsed Laser Machining of Polymer Based Hybrid Nano-Composites

Laser cutting of composites such as epoxy based glass fiber and carbon fiber composites using pulsed lasers is discussed. Material characteristics are modified by the addition of nanoclay to the glass fiber composite. The heat affected zone (HAZ) reduced by 40% due to the addition of nanoclay. The dispersion of clay (2 wt% of the matrix) in the epoxy resin matrix not only provides good adhesion between matrix and fiber but also restricts the thermal diffusion hence reducing the area of HAZ. Micro channels fabricated using 120 ns Yb3+ fiber laser with a wavelength of 1060 nm had a distorted channel in glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and a very large heat affected zone in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). Nd3+:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and 6 ns pulse width produced uniform channels with reduced heat affected zone in both GRFP and CFRP. In addition, laser cutting is performed via multi pass scribing using 6 ns pulse width and a uniform kerf width of 300 μm is observed.

Mechanical characterization of functional graphene nanoplatelets coated natural and synthetic fiber yarns using polymeric binders

ABSTRACT Fabrication of electrically conductive yarns (glass, flax and polypropylene fibers) coated with graphene nanoparticles (GNP) were characterized for their mechanical properties and compared with their electrical properties. The composites were produced with the use of polymeric binders (epoxy resin and thermoplastic starch) and two different dip-coating methodologies were developed to create the coating layers. Technique-1 involved coating of binder and then GNP layer whereas Technique-2 had a mixture of binder and GNP in the predetermined ratio, which was coated on the yarns. The mechanism of adhesion varies or influences on a number of factors such as the nature of the fiber surface, coating method and effective binder. Tensile properties of the yarns were measured by an appropriate standard, and the highest tensile strength was noticed with epoxy-based glass fiber samples as 222 MPa followed by flax fiber samples as 206 MPa. The composites of starch-based showed poor mechanical performance compared to those of epoxy ones. This was due to poor adhesion between the surface and starch layer (interphase) where the Van der Wall’s force was quite low. Electrical conductivity, glass fiber yarns with epoxy binder were identified to have the highest electrical conductivity of 0.1 S.cm−1 among other samples.

Water and brine absorption capacity of epoxy based glass fiber composite modified with CaCO3–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2/CuO filler materials

Glass fiber reinforced composite materials have versatile engineering applications and superior performance for its various level of properties. Different fillers are mixed with the composite materials to enhance product performance. However, improvements on physical properties of this class of materials are still under research for different applications. In this work, with a fixed weight percentage of plain woven glass fiber reinforcement and epoxy composites added with four different types of fillers, such as Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Titanium Oxide (TiO2) or Copper Oxide (CuO) at different weight ratios (5, 10 and 15 gm) are studied. The composite specimens required for different tests are fabricated in conventional hand lay-up technique followed by light compression molding process as per ASTM standards. These composites are investigated for water and brine solution absorption capacity and significant improvement is observed in case of the composite made of CuO than that of the composite made of TiO2. FTIR, TGA and SEM are also characterized.

Research on the Multi-factor Aging Resistance for the materials of Composite Poles

A multi-factor faster aging test with 5000h was carried to evaluate the aging resistance of running composite tower materials outdoor, which accelerates aging test includes different factors such as solar aging, mechanical aging, electrical aging, heat aging and environmental aging of materials. The flexural modulus retention rates of resin-based and resin-system composite samples decrease with aging time, except for the sample made of isophthalic unsaturated polyester, the flexural modulus retention rates of other composite samples are above 90%. Meanwhile, the modulus of the unsaturated polyester resin and E44 epoxy resin decreased significantly, the modulus retention of unsaturated polyester rate was 88% after aging test, and the damage flextural strength for E44 epoxy based glass fiber composite sample was 92%, while the bending strengh retention ratioes of other composite materials were higher than 96%. The multi-factor accelerated aging test results show that the modified polyurethane resin and vinyl resin have good aging resistance, and meet the application for composite materials’ poles and crossarms outdoor.

Effects of hybrid water Immersion, environmental exposures, and axial load on the mechanical properties of concrete filled epoxy-based glass fiber reinforced polymer tubes

The increasing need of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) in civil engineering applications gradually aroused serious concern of the long-term durability of this novel construction material. This study investigated the durability of concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) stubs, one of the recent applications of FRP composites for reinforcing concrete members, subjected to the combined freeze/thaw, heating/cooling, and wet/dry cycles with additional sustained axial load and continuous water immersion conditions. Mechanical and material characterization tests were conducted on the conditioned specimens to evaluate the degradation of mechanical properties and changes of physical, chemical and thermal properties. Test results showed that more degradation occurred on both strength and strain capacities of the CFFTs for wet environmental conditioning compared to the dry environmental conditioning. The sustained load further deteriorated the CFFTs in both strengths and strains slightly.

Addition of nanomer clays to GFRPs for enhanced impact strength and fracture toughness

The influence of reinforcement of two different nano-clays, an un-modified clay (Nanomer® PGV) and an organically modified clay (Nanomer® I.28E) on the impact strength, tensile properties, fracture toughness, and flexural properties of epoxy based glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) clay nanocomposites was investigated. GFRPs were fabricated using vacuum assisted resin infusion moulding (VARIM) technique. Exfoliated/intercalated nano-clay morphologies were obtained in all the processed nanocomposites. The mechanisms for improvement/change in properties were corroborated with the help of SEM/TEM analysis and x-ray diffraction patterns. Interestingly, greater improvement in mechanical performance was observed for nanocomposites reinforced with unmodified nano-clay as compared to organically modified nano-clay. Maximum improvement of 22%, 31%, and 73% was observed in impact strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness respectively over the reference sample i.e. GFRP without nano-clay.

Development of indigenous insulation material for superconducting magnets and study of its characteristics under influence of intense neutron irradiation

Epoxy based glass fiber reinforced composites are the main insulation system for the superconducting magnets of fusion machines. 14MeV neutrons are generated during the DT fusion process, however the energy spectra and flux gets modified to a great extent when they reach the superconducting magnets. Mechanical properties of the GFRP insulation material is reported to degrade up to 30%. As a part of R & D activity, a joint collaboration with IGCAR, Kalpakkam has been established. The indigenous insulation material is subjected to fast neutron fluence of 1014 - 1019 n/m2 (E>0.1 MeV) in FBTR and KAMINI Reactor, India. TRIM software has been used to simulate similar kind of damage produced by neutrons by ion irradiation with 5 MeV Al ions and 3 MeV protons. Fluence of the ions was adjusted to get the same dpa. We present the test experiment of neutron irradiation of the composite material (E-glass, S-glass fiber boron free and DGEBA epoxy). The test results of tensile, inter laminar shear and electrical breakdown strength as per ASTM standards, assessment of micro-structure surface degradation before and after irradiation will be presented. MCNP simulations are carried out for neutron flux, dose and damages produced in the insulation material.

Processing and damage recovery of intrinsic self-healing glass fiber reinforced composites

Glass fiber reinforced composites with a self-healing, supramolecular hybrid network matrix were produced using a modified vacuum assisted resin infusion moulding process adapted to high temperature processing. The quality and fiber volume fraction (50%) of the obtained materials were assessed through microscopy and matrix burn-off methods. The thermo-mechanical properties were quantified by means of dynamic mechanical analysis, revealing very high damping properties compared to traditional epoxy-based glass fiber reinforced composites. Self-healing properties were assessed by three-point bending tests. A high recovery of the flexural properties, around 72% for the elastic modulus and 65% of the maximum flexural stress, was achieved after a resting period of 24 h at room temperature. Recovery after low velocity impact events was also visually observed. Applications for this intrinsic and autonomic self-healing highly reinforced composite material point towards semi-structural applications where high damping and/or integrity recovery after impact are required.

Chemical modification of starch with epoxy resin to enhance the interfacial adhesion of epoxy-based glass fiber composites

In order to fabricate epoxy-based glass fiber composites with superior mechanical and thermal properties, starch was chemically modified by E-51 epoxy resin, as a sizing for glass fibers.

Mechanical performance degradation of glass fiber insulation material after neutron irradiation

Epoxy based glass fiber reinforced plastic composites G-10 CR grade are suitable material for electrical insulation breaks of the superconducting fusion device. At IPR, under the national fusion program, characterization of G-10 CR material with the neutron irradiation dose is studied. This study will help us towards the indigenous development project of electrical insulation breaks for future superconducting fusion magnets under the radiation environment. The insulation material has been irradiated by 14 MeV neutrons D-T generator in the Fusion Neutronics Laboratory, I.P.R. The mechanical and electrical performance was investigated after irradiation (with a fluence of 8.63×1014 n/m2) at room and cryogenic temperature condition. The results show that the mechanical degradations (by ∼ 9 to 30%) after neutron irradiation in tensile strength and impact strength at 300 K and 77 K. In this paper, we present the experimental details of the neutron irradiation and the data have been compared using MCNP code for flux calculation on glass fiber insulation composite along with Stycast 2850 GT epoxy. Investigation of mechanical, electrical, SEM analysis for internal surface morphology, glass transition temperature measurement of insulation material and its test results at 300 K and 77 K before and after neutron irradiation will be presented.

Characterization and qualification of advanced insulators for fusion magnets

Intensive research over the past decades demonstrated that the mechanical material performance of epoxy based glass fiber reinforced plastics, which are normally used by industry as insulating materials in magnet technology, degrades dramatically upon irradiation to fast neutron fluences above 1×1022m−2 (E>0.1MeV). which have to be expected in large fusion devices like ITER. This triggered an insulation development program based on cyanate ester (CE) and blends of CE and epoxies, which are not affected up to twice this fluence level, and therefore appropriate for large fusion magnets like the ITER TF coils. Together with several suppliers resin mixtures with very low viscosity over many hours were developed, which renders them suitable for the impregnation of very large volumes. This paper reports on a qualification program carried out during the past few years to characterize suitable materials, i.e. various boron-free R-glass fiber reinforcements interleaved with polyimide foils embedded in CE/epoxy blends containing 40% of CE, a repair resin, a conductor insulation, and various polyimide/glass fiber bonded tapes. The mechanical properties were assessed at 77K in tension and in the interlaminar shear mode under static and dynamic load conditions prior to and after reactor irradiation at ~340K to neutron fluences of up to 2×1022m−2 (E>0.1MeV). i.e. twice the ITER design fluence. The results confirmed that a sustainable solution has become available for this critical magnet component of ITER.

UV irradiation improves the bond strength of resin cement to fiber posts

The purpose is to evaluate the effect of UV irradiation on the bond strength between epoxy-based glass fiber posts and resin cement. Twelve epoxy-based glass fiber posts were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (Cont.): No surface treatment. Group 2 (Low-UV): UV irradiation was conducted from a distance of 10 cm for 10 min. Group 3 (High-UV): UV irradiation was conducted from a distance of 1 cm for 3 min. A resin cement (CLEARFIL SA LUTING) was used for the post cementation to form resin slabs which contained fiber posts in the center. Microtensile bond strengths were tested and the mean bond strengths (MPa) were 18.81 for Cont. group, 23.65 for Low-UV group, 34.75 for High-UV group. UV irradiation had a significant effect on the bond strength (p<0.05). UV irradiation demonstrates its capability to improve the bond strength between epoxy-based glass fiber posts and resin cement.