Epoxy Acrylate Research Articles

Epigallocatechin gallate-immobilized antimicrobial resin with rechargeable fluorinated synergistic composite for enhanced caries control

ObjectivesGiven the global prevalence of dental caries, impacting 2.5 billion individuals, the development of sophisticated prevention filling materials is crucial. Streptococcus mutans, the principal caries-causing strain, produces acids that demineralize teeth and initiate dental caries. To address this issue, we aimed to develop a synergistic resin-based composite for enhancing caries control. MethodsThe synergistic resin composite incorporates fluorinated kaolinite and silanized Al2O3 nanoparticle fillers into an epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) immobilized urethane-modified epoxy acrylate (U-EA) resin matrix, referred to the as-prepared resin composite. The EGCG-modified TPGDA/U-EA network was synthesized by preparing methacrylate-functionalized isocyanate (HI), reacting it with EGCG to form HI-EGCG, and then incorporating HI-EGCG into the TPGDA/U-EA matrix. The lamellar space within the kaolinite layer was expanded through the intercalation of acrylamide into kaolinite, enhancing its capability to adsorb and release fluoride ions (F–). The layered structure of acrylamide/ kaolinite in the U-EA resin composite acts as a F– reservoir. ResultsThe physico-mechanical properties of the as-prepared resin composites are comparable to those of commercial products, exhibiting lower polymerization shrinkage, substantial F– release and recharge and favorable diametral tensile strength. The immobilized EGCG in the composite exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively reducing the biofilm biomass. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of EGCG and fluorinated kaolinite efficiently counteracts acid-induced hydroxyapatite dissolution, thereby suppressing demineralization and promoting enamel remineralization. SignificanceOur innovative EGCG and fluoride synergistic composite provides enhanced antimicrobial properties, durable anti-demineralization, and tooth remineralization effects, positioning it as a promising solution for effective caries control and long-term dental maintenance.

Epoxy (Meth)acrylate-Based Thermally and UV Initiated Curable Coating Systems.

Recently, photocurable coatings are being used frequently. However, it is worth mentioning that the use of photopolymerization has its drawbacks, especially in the case of curing coatings on three-dimensional surfaces and in places that are difficult to access for UV radiation. However, it is possible to develop a system in which UV technology and thermal methods for curing coatings can be combined. Moreover, the obtained resins are derived from low-viscosity epoxy resins or diglycidyl ethers, making them an ideal building material for photopolymerization-based three-dimensional printing techniques. Due to the need to improve this method, a series of epoxy (meth)acrylates containing both epoxy and (meth)acrylate groups were obtained via the addition of acrylic or methacrylic acid to epoxy resin, diglycydylether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA), cyclohexane dimethanol diglycidyl ether (CHDMDE) and neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NPDE). The structures of the synthesized copolymers were confirmed through spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) and studied regarding their nonvolatile matter content (NV) and acid values (PAVs), as well as their epoxy equivalent values (EEs). Due to the presence of both epoxy and double carbon-carbon pendant groups, two distinct mechanisms can be applied: cationic and radical. Hence, the obtained resins can be cured using UV radiation with thermally appropriate conditions and initiators. This type of method can be used as a solution to many problems currently encountered in using UV technology, such as failure to cure coatings in underexposed areas as well as deformation of coatings. Synthesized epoxy (meth)acrylate prepolymers were employed to formulate photocurable coating compositions. Furthermore, the curing process and properties of cured coatings were investigated regarding some structural factors and parameters. Among the synthesized materials, the most promising are those based on epoxy resin, characterized by their high glass transition temperature values and satisfactory functional properties.

UV light leads to the formation of reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles in waterborne coating

Ultraviolet (UV)-curable waterborne epoxy acrylic resin (EB) containing silver nitrate and graphene oxide (GO) was prepared. A new waterborne epoxy acrylate-based coating (rGO/AgNP/CEB) containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was obtained by the in situ crosslinking of EB and the reduction of GO and silver ion (Ag+) via UV curing. The experimental results showed that UV irradiation combined with glucose effectively reduced GO and Ag+ to rGO and AgNP. Moreover, AgNPs with a diameter of approximately 60 nm were uniformly distributed in the coating. This material can be used for the antifouling of the inner wall of fishponds in mariculture.

Rational design and facile preparation of hybrid superhydrophobic epoxy coatings modified by fluorinated silsesquioxane-based giant molecules via photo-initiated thiol-ene click reaction with potential applications

First, several fluorinated silsesquioxane-based giant molecules (G-SQs) were easily prepared by the photo-initiated thiol-ene click reaction of octa(mercaptopropyl)silsesquioxane (SH8-SQ) with monovinyl(heptatrifluoropropyl)silsesquioxane (CF3-SQ) and perfluorohexyl ethylene with varying stoichiometric ratios. Then, G-SQs were used as low surface energy substances to modify epoxy acrylate resin (EA), which allowed adhesion to different substrates to prepare hydrophobic coatings via photo-initiated thiol-ene click reaction. The hybrid coating can impart stable superhydrophobic properties to cotton fabrics, which possess self-cleaning and oil–water separation function. The cotton fabrics coated by G-SQs-EA can perform oil–water separation very well, whose oil–water separation fluxes and efficiencies are 34,000 L m−2 h−1 and 99 %, respectively. The hybrid hydrophobic coating also provides effective corrosion protection for copper and the corrosion protection effect is further improved by increasing coating thickness. The corrosion current density, corrosion rate and impedance (0.01 Hz) reached 1.17*10−2 μA·cm−2, 0.14 μm yr−1 and 1026 kΩ cm−2, respectively. These excellent results indicate that EA coating modified by G-SQs has potential applications in many fields.

Facile synthesis of functionalized boron nitride nanosheets for photo‐cured 3D printing of high thermal conductive composites

AbstractAddressing the concern of heat accumulation in electronic devices, considerable research efforts have been dedicated to develop composites that are thermally conductive yet electrically insulative. Incorporating hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) as fillers shows promise in enhancing the thermal conductivity of polymer composites. However, notable challenges arise from difficulties in achieving well dispersion and establishing efficient three‐dimensional thermal conductive networks. This work demonstrated an efficient photocurable direct ink writing (DIW) printing method to fabricate functional h‐BN nanosheets (A‐BNNS)/epoxy acrylate (EA) resin‐based thermal conductive composites (A‐BNNS/EA). Apple polyphenol‐assisted ball milling was employed to fabricate functionalized BN nanosheets (A‐BNNS). Subsequently, A‐BNNS/EA inks were 3D printed using DIW to create thermally conductive composites, which were then UV‐cured. The composite containing 55 wt% A‐BNNS demonstrated an impressive thermal conductivity (TC) of 3.44 W/(m K). The utilization of 3D printing technology enables an onion‐like dispersion of A‐BNNS within the polymer matrix, effectively constructing three‐dimensional thermal conductive networks. This contribution significantly enhances the overall thermal conductivity.Highlights The functional BNNS (A‐BNNS) was achieved by apple polyphenol‐assisted ball milling. The utilization of photocurable 3D printing technology for producing high thermal conductivity materials are efficient. A‐BNNS exhibited an onion‐like distribution and effectively constructed a 3D thermal conductive network within the polymer matrix The composites demonstrate excellent thermal conductivity and favorable heat dissipation property.

Novel Low Df Thermosetting Film and Photo Imageable Film

There are various demands for interlayer insulation film. One typical demand is to interlayer insulation film with low Df for substrate to decrease transmission loss, and another typical demand is to low warpage, fine via type photo imageable interlayer insulation film for RDL. We have developed two types of the novel interlayer insulation films, one was low Dk/Df thermosetting film and another was fine via type photo imageable film. Epoxy based interlayer insulation film, which was mainly used for substrate, showed high transmission loss at mm wavelength due to its high Df, especially at high temperature. But it showed good processability and reliability due to its thermosetting property. PPE was known as low Df resin, but it had poor processability and reliability due to its thermoplastic property. Thus we have synthesized the novel curable PPE resin, and by using the resin, we have developed the novel thermosetting PPE based interlayer insulation film for substrate. It showed far lower Df and far lower transmission loss compared to the low Df type epoxy based interlayer insulation film. We have developed the novel photo imageable interlayer insulation film for RDL. Ordinally photo imageable PI solution was used for RDL, but it showed high CTE, which caused warpage and reliability issue, high surface roughness, which required post processing process, and high curing temperature. We have used the novel epoxy acrylate and developed the novel photo imageable film, which showed low CTE, low surface roughness and low curing temperature.

Enhanced Thermal Stability and Corrosion Resistance of UV-Curing Epoxy Acrylate Coatings by Incorporating Mica

Enhanced Thermal Stability and Corrosion Resistance of UV-Curing Epoxy Acrylate Coatings by Incorporating Mica

Diamine-modified bismaleimide for toughening of UV-cured epoxy acrylate coating

With the rapid development of the electronics industry, higher requirements are being placed on the quality and reliability of flexible copper clad laminate (FCCL). To protect FCCL, there have been studies on using UV curable coatings for surface protection. However, traditional UV curable coatings based on epoxy acrylate (EA) resins tend to be rigid, and although methods for toughening them exist, they often compromise their heat resistance. Therefore, there is ongoing research on how to improve the toughness of UV-curable coatings while maintaining the heat resistance of the EA resin. In this study, a high-heat-resistant bismaleimide (BMI) with excellent properties was used as a toughener by modifying it with 4,4′-Oxydianiline (ODA) and polyetheramine (PEA). The modified BMI was then introduced into the EA resin to prepare a UV-curable protective coating with high heat resistance, toughness, and good insulation and dielectric properties. The research results showed that after the addition of modified BMI, the heat stability was not reduced and even showed improvement, and under conditions of nearly unchanged hardness, the best adhesion was rated as 5B, with a minimum bending radius of 1 mm. At an ODA:PEA ratio of 3:7, the coating attains a maximum tensile strength of 36.84 MPa, showcasing a notable 76.65 % enhancement in elongation at break when contrasted with coatings composed solely of pure EA. When the ratio of ODA to PEA was 4:6, the coating exhibited a minimum dielectric constant of 3.05, a breakdown field strength of up to 77.37 kV/mm, and a volume resistivity of 3.52 × 1014 Ω m, indicating excellent dielectric and insulation performance. This study provides a novel method for the preparation of UV curable coatings with outstanding performance, offering new insights and directions for future research on UV curable coatings for FCCL. Moreover, the research results have important implications for industrial applications.

Preparation and Mechanical Properties of UV-Curable Epoxy Acrylate/Modified Aramid Nanofiber Nanocomposite Films.

In order to enhance the mechanical properties of UV-curable epoxy acrylate (EA)-based coatings, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate modified aramid nanofibers (T-ANFs) were synthesized and used as nanofillers to prepare EA/T-ANF nanocomposite films. The morphology of T-ANFs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The chemical structure of T-ANFs was analyzed via infrared spectroscopy, confirming successful grafting of methyl methacryloyloxy groups onto the surface of aramid nanofibers (ANFs). Real-time infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the influence of ANFs and T-ANFs on the photopolymerization kinetics of the EA film. The results revealed that the addition of ANFs and T-ANFs led to a decrease in the photopolymerization rate during the initial stage but had little impact on the final double bond conversion, with all samples exhibiting a conversion rate of over 83%. The incorporation of ANFs improved the tensile strength of the films while significantly reducing their Young's modulus. In contrast, the addition of T-ANFs led to a substantial increase in both tensile stress and Young's modulus of the films. For instance, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the 0.1 wt% of T-ANF film increased by 52.7% and 41.6%, respectively, compared to the pure EA film. To further study the dispersion morphology and reinforcement mechanism, the cross-sectional morphology of the films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy.

Preparation and performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive materials

Abstract Herein, the performance of silicone-modified 3D printing photosensitive resin was examined. Bisphenol-A epoxy acrylate (EA) was used as the substrate and isophorone diisocyanate, hydroxy-silicone oil, and hydroxyethyl acrylate were used as the raw materials. A silicone intermediate was synthesized to modify the substrate to prepare the 3D printing photosensitive material. The as-synthesized materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The tensile fracture morphology was also analyzed. The effects of the addition of silicone intermediates on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and shrinkage of the prepared 3D printing photosensitive resins were investigated. The results showed that an organosilicone group was successfully introduced into the side chain of EA. When the ratio of n(silicone):n(EA) is 0.3:1, the material has a high impact strength of 19.4 kJ·m−2, which is 32.8% higher than that of the pure resin; in addition, the elongation at break is 8.65% (compared to 6.56% of the pure resin). The maximum thermal weight loss temperature is 430.33°C, which is 6°C higher than that of the pure resin.

Preparation of low viscosity and high flexibility epoxy acrylate and its application in UV-curable coatings

Preparation of low viscosity and high flexibility epoxy acrylate and its application in UV-curable coatings

Dual-cured thermosets based on eugenol derivatives and thiol chemistry

This paper aims to increase sustainability in thermosetting polymeric fields using bio-based monomers and environmentally friendly processing technologies based on dual-curing. Eugenol has been transformed into acrylate epoxy eugenol (AEEU) that can participate in thio-Michael additions and thiol-epoxy reactions. These reactions constitute the first and second steps of the sequential dual-curing process. A basic catalyst has been added to favor the kinetics of the curing process. We have selected three thiols with functionalities 3, 4, and 6, the first is derived from eugenol, and the others are derived from pentaerythritol, all can be obtained from renewable resources. To tailor and improve the intermediate material characteristics in the dual-curing process, we have added the triacrylate of glycerol. By changing its proportion, a liquid or a rubbery solid can be obtained as an intermediate, which allows a significant number of application technologies. Rheology, DSC, and FTIR were used to follow the evolution of both curing steps and to confirm the sequential character of the dual-curing. The thermal characteristics of intermediate and final materials have been evaluated by TGA and DMTA. Tensile tests at break were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties.

Preparation of fluorescent UV-curable adhesives containing AIEgen-modified monomer

Epoxy acrylate (EA) is the most widely used prepolymer for an ultraviolet (UV)-curable adhesive. Its colorless and transparent appearance can meet some special application needs, but also bring some problems, such as the position and amount of adhesive cannot be well observed by the naked eye, and so that malposition, shortage, or leakage of adhesive may happen. The UV-curable EA adhesive with UV light-excited fluorescence can be used to locate the adhesive through simple visual observation, but would not interfere with the macroscopic appearance of the glued item under natural light. Here we introduced tetraphenylethylene (TPE), a typic structure having aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect, into the adhesive system. TPE-modified methacrylate (TPE-MA) monomer was added to UV-curable EA adhesive to participate in the curing process. The concentration of TPE-MA added to the adhesive was optimized to 0.1 % of the amount of EA prepolymer in mol to give blue fluorescence under UV light. By comparing the cured products, we found that the one having TPE-MA to form covalent bonds with other components, has higher fluorescence intensity and better stability than the other one having TPE via simple blending. Finally, tensile lap-shear strength measurement and thermal analysis of the cured products revealed that the addition of a small amount of TPE-MA to the adhesive has no significant effect on the performance of the adhesive. In conclusion, due to the viscosity of the adhesive itself, the intramolecular movement of TPE is restricted even at dilute concentrations, resulting in blue fluorescence. We hope this study can open a new avenue for the preparation of fluorescent adhesives.

Facile synthesis of cardanol‐based reactive diluents and application for anti‐shrinkage UV‐curable resins

AbstractBiomass resources possessed the advantages of being natural, renewable, abundant, inexpensive, and easy to degrade. Therefore, fabricated bio‐based UV‐curable materials have gradually attracted much more attention, which meet the requirements of sustainable development and save petrochemical resources. In this paper, cardanol was modified to synthesize radical reactive diluent and hybrid reactive diluent by a facial method and was used to adjust the viscosity and reduce the volume shrinkage of UV‐curable epoxy acrylic resin. The structure–activity properties and UV‐curing kinetics of the obtained UV‐curable materials were clarified, and the anti‐shrinkage mechanism was also explored. In addition, the obtained cardanol‐based materials were compared with petroleum based diluent methyl methacrylate (MMA) and application for UV‐curable coatings. The volume shrinkage of the cardanol‐based reactive diluents was 3.5% and 2.1%, respectively, which were lower than MMA (4.6%). The CC conversion of the cardanol‐based reactive diluent exhibited the highest value of 79.6%. This work provided a specific theoretical basis for the subsequent design and application of bio‐based UV‐curable resins. It is of certain significance to the alleviation of the shortage of petrochemical resources and the sustainable development of the UV‐curable coating industries.

Highly improved UV-shielding and mechanical properties of UV-curable epoxy acrylate nanocomposites by incorporating functionalized aramid nanofibers

Highly improved UV-shielding and mechanical properties of UV-curable epoxy acrylate nanocomposites by incorporating functionalized aramid nanofibers

Dual-Cure Adhesives Using a Newly Synthesized Itaconic Acid-Based Epoxy Acrylate Oligomer.

Herein, a novel biomass-derived itaconic acid (IA)-based epoxy acrylate oligomer (EAO) is synthesized by means of the esterification reaction of the epoxy group of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with the carboxylic group of IA. The detailed chemical structure of the as-prepared bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diitaconate (BI) is characterized via the KOH value, FT-IR spectrum, and 1H-NMR spectrum. Further, a dual-cure adhesive system is formulated using BADGE, acrylic acid, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate with various BI contents, and the adhesive performance is investigated by measuring the thermal stability, adhesive properties, pencil hardness, and surface energy properties. Thus, the dual-cure adhesive with a BI content of 0.3 mol is shown to provide excellent thermal stability, along with an adhesive strength of 10.7 MPa, a pencil hardness of 2H, and a similar surface energy to that of a typical polycarbonate film. In addition, the properties of the BI-based dual-cure adhesive are compared with those of the dual-cure adhesives based on bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylate or bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate.

Blending Compatibility Simulation of UV-thermal Curing Solution with Epoxy Resin

To make a UV-thermal curing solution based on bisphenol A, epoxy acrylate (EA) and epoxy resin of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) were uniformly mixed. The Blends module in the Materials Studio software was used to carry out molecular dynamics simulation of blending compatibility and evaluate the rationality to achieve UV-thermal curing through interaction parameters, binding energy, and phase diagram. The binding energy distribution of DGEBA and EA is not consistent at 298 K, and the interaction parameter is 6.4335. When the temperature rises to 365 K, the interaction parameter diminishes to 3.5795. The compatibility of the UV thermal curing solution is improved by changing the molar ratio of DGEBA and EA to 0.45 and raising the temperature to 340 K. The results can be used to guide and predict the UV-thermal curing process and properties of epoxy resin.

Synthesis of bio‐based modified amphoteric acrylate epoxy emulsion surface sizing agent via RAFT polymerization

AbstractThe synthesis of bio‐based modified amphoteric epoxy modified acrylate sizing emulsion based on reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and its application in paper sizing were studied. A macromolecular chain transfer agent for RAFT polymerization was synthesized by the esterification of epoxy resin E‐51 with RAFT agent to eliminate the active groups on RAFT agent. Amphoteric polymer emulsifiers with good emulsification and dispersion effects in acidic and alkaline media were successfully prepared by RAFT polymerization. After neutralization, other monomers were polymerized to access cationic sizing emulsion (acid neutralization) and anionic sizing emulsion (alkali neutralization). The effects of bio‐based monomer content, hydrophilic monomer dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) content and degree of quaternization on the properties of sizing emulsion and sizing paper were further explored. In addition to the particle size and polymer dispersion index (PDI) of latex particles in different experimental groups, the water resistance, folding resistance, bursting strength, tensile strength and surface roughness of sized paper were analyzed and evaluated. Based on these results, a better sizing emulsion formulation was established. It was confirmed that the addition of bio‐based monomers can improve the sizing performance of paper.

Application of waterborne epoxy acrylic photosensitive resin in coating and wet-end addition during pulping and papermaking

Light curing coating has many advantages and it has the potential prospect in chemical engineering. It could be popularized as a new paper-reinforcing agent. In this paper, the waterborne epoxy acrylic photosensitive resin was prepared with the raw materials of epoxy resin, acrylic acid, and maleic anhydride. Its applications were studied in coating and wet-end addition during pulping and papermaking. At the same time, the effects of feed ratio (Solid content), pH value, and UV (Ultraviolet) curing sequence on the strength of the resin were discussed. The results showed that the physical strength of papers was significantly improved when the resin was used in coating and wet-end addition. In addition, the photosensitive resin had the characteristics of being fast and environmental-friendly. It indicated that the waterborne epoxy acrylic photosensitive resin met the requirements of being a paper-wet strength agent.

PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE OF CEMENTING MATERIALS FOR RAPID MAINTENANCE OF PAVEMENT POTHOLES

At present, China has entered the peak stage of large-scale maintenance, but repair materials for asphalt pavement potholes are subjected to problems, such as low construction efficiency and poor durability. Polyurethane modified epoxy acrylic resin was selected in this study to repair pavement potholes rapidly and improve durability further. Meanwhile, the cementing material and aggregate were formed into a mixture for rapid repair. A four-factor and four-level orthogonal experiment was designed, and the optimal mass ratio of each component of the cementing material (EPMY) was determined according to three indexes: tensile strength, elongation at break, and viscosity. The basic properties of the material were evaluated using viscosity, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and elastic recovery rate tests. Finally, the mechanical properties of EPMY immersed in water, salt, acid, and oil solutions were tested under different environmental stimuli. Results showed that the optimal mass ratio of epoxy resin binder is 100% epoxy acrylic resin:15% diluent:30% toughening agent:60% curing agent:6% accelerant, with a tensile strength of 21.48 MPa and an elongation at break of 48.3% at ?10 °C. Elastic recovery rate is 51.3% at room temperature, glass transition temperature is ?13.6 °C, and mass residual rate of EPMY is 10.06% when the temperature rises to 500 °C. The mechanical properties of EPMY are maximally affected by the acidic solution; and the elongation at break, bending strength, and bending deformation are reduced by 11.63%, 7.52%, and 9.58%, respectively. Moreover, and the elongation at break of EPMY can be maintained above 89%. The cementing material can be used for the rapid repair of pavement potholes, thereby increasing the convenience of maintenance work and improving the maintenance level. Keywords: pavement materials, epoxy resin, polyurethane, material design, mechanical properties