Epistemological Level Research Articles

“It Was Like a Magnet to Bring People In”: School Administrators’ Responses to the Gentrification of a Two-Way Bilingual Education (TWBE) Program in Central Texas

This critical ethnographic study investigated how gentrification processes shaped an elementary school’s community and two-way bilingual education (TWBE) program in Central Texas. Findings revealed how these gentrification processes impacted the principal and vice principal at the ontological and epistemological levels, as their ways of being and knowing around their TWBE program were altered as a dual gentrification process pushed in new customers thirsting for bilingualism and pushed out Spanish-speaking families due to rapidly rising rents. Implications highlight the urgency for administrators to develop critical consciousness around the original race radical vision of bilingual education.

Imagination and Knowledge in the Metaphorology of Paul Ricœur

AbstractThis article seeks to examine Ricœur's reflection on metaphor through an intertextual reading. This reading relates The Rule of Metaphor (1975) with lines of thought developed in a series of lectures held at the Centre de recherches phénoménologiques in Paris, from 1973–1974, on the theme From Language to Image, and an essay which appeared in 1978, “The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination and Feeling”. This work starts with an analysis of Ricœur's interpretation of the Aristotelian theory of metaphor, a theory which the French philosopher principally develops in The Rule of Metaphor. In the other two papers, Ricœur develops his metaphorology through a dialogue with Kant and he reformulates in linguistic terms the doctrine of productive imagination and transcendental schematism, which become the ontological sphere on which metaphorical and narrative activity are founded. Through the long journey of language, Ricœur's hermeneutics builds a bridge between Aristotle and Kant. This article examines this link to understand and explain further, also at the epistemological level, the relationship between metaphor and narrative.

Whose Extension Counts? A Plurality of Extensions and Their Implications for Credible Evidence Debates

The debate over what counts as credible evidence often occurs on a methodological level (i.e., about what technical applications of systematic inquiry provide believable, justifiable claims about a program). Less often, it occurs on an epistemological level (i.e., about what ways of knowing are appropriate for making claims about a program). Even less often, the debate touches on ontological concerns (i.e., about what conceptualizations of reality, in general or in relation to a specific program, are in play when we wish to make claims about that program). For example, whether we understand Extension to be a vehicle for the dissemination of scientific knowledge or a site of grassroots democracy matters when we seek to evaluate Extension with credibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the credible evidence debates through an ontological lens, showing why and how different narratives (or different realities) of Extension must be considered when we seek credible evidence about Extension.

Structural Transformations of Political Rights: the Mexican Case

This note supports the hypothesis that democratization and openness to international human rights law in Mexico brought about a structural change in its constitutional principles. This was mainly the result of substantially transforming the meaning - and especially the scope - legally given to political rights. The change from prerogatives to rights is not only a matter of nomenclature, but also a 180-degree shift, at both practical and epistemological levels. In addition to this, the project to establish a Ius Constitutionale Commune in the region, based on human rights standards, has been an equally important change as it has placed the human person at the heart of the matter.

Contemporary Islamic philosophy response to reality and thinking outside history

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw a map of the general features of epistemological and critical concerns in contemporary Islamic philosophy. This study will not be confined to the domain of academic philosophy or to those who are professionals in the field of philosophy. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopted the critical rational approach in dealing with contemporary Islamic philosophy in the Arab world. The scope will include scholars from different fields of epistemology who tried to present a “vision” of the attitude that should be adopted in facing the challenges of the age and the problems of the nation on the epistemological level or the political, economic and social levels. Findings There is a need for a philosophy of action and progress rather than a philosophy that is based on abstract ideas and theories and of words/rhetoric. The ethics required to accomplish this ought to identify the attributes of the citizen who can reach self-actualization through legitimate means based on a progress agenda with theoretical and philosophical foundations. Research limitations/implications Because a critical rational approach can be dealt with from different perspectives, this paper will adopt the classification of the principal intellectual trends: the reformist, secular and liberal. Practical implications This paper covers a long time span to determine whether the philosophical projects have been effective. Originality/value This paper, which criticizes the philosophic projects that are theoretically unsound and that do not address real social problems (like poverty), argues the need for a philosophy of progress and action. This will lead to devising an agenda that addresses the challenges the society is facing and to finding alternative and creative solutions resulting in development.

\u201cWe all have a responsibility\u201d: a narrative discourse analysis of an information campaign targeting help-seeking in first episode psychosis

BackgroundIntervening at an early stage of psychosis improves the chances of recovery from first-episode psychosis. However, people who are experiencing distress and early psychotic symptoms generally seem to delay seeking help. Therefore, multifaced information campaigns targeting help-seeking behavior of potential patients and their network are considered important tools within early detection and intervention strategies. In this study, we aimed to explore which discursive meaning content, including roles and actors, such information campaigns build on and construct. Our intention was not to provide objective answers, but to contribute to a discursive debate about potential conflicts in messages conveyed in such campaigns.MethodsA broad sample of information material utilized by TIPS Stavanger University Hospital (Norway) was examined. The material consisted of posters, booklets and brochures, newspaper ads, Facebook ads, and TIPS Info’s website, representing various campaigns from 1996 to April 2018. A narrative discursive approach was applied at an epistemological level. At a practical level, a team-based thematic analysis was utilized to identify patterns across data.ResultsDiversity and several changes in strategy were recognized throughout the information material. Furthermore, three main themes and four subthemes were found to constitute the meaning content built in the information campaigns: knowledge is key; (almost) an illness among illnesses; and we all have a responsibility (comprising of the subthemes; to respond quickly; to step in; to provide an answer; and to tag along).ConclusionOur findings pointed to common dilemmas in mental health services: How to combine professional expert knowledge with collaborative practices that emphasize shared decision-making and active roles on behalf of patients? How to combine a focus on symptoms and illness and simultaneously express the importance of addressing patients’ recourses? And how can we ask for societal responsibility in help-seeking when professionals are placed in expert positions which may not be optimal for dialogue with potential patients or their network? We discuss whether highlighting practices with more weight on resources and active roles for patients and their surroundings in information campaigns could promote earlier help-seeking.

Talking About Models: The Inherent Constraints of Mathematics

In this article my primary intention is to engage in a discussion on the inherent constraints of models, taken as models of theories, that reaches beyond the epistemological level. Naturally the paper takes into account the ongoing debate between proponents of the syntactic and the semantic view of theories and that between proponents of the various versions of scientific realism, reaching down to the most fundamental, subjective level of discourse. In this approach, while allowing for a limited discussion of physical and positive science models, I am primarily focused on the structure and ontology of mathematical models, in particular Cohen’s forcing models and to a lesser extent Godel’s constructible universe, to the extent that these were designed to answer questions bearing on the scope, the capacity and ultimately the ontology of models themselves (e.g., the question of continuum), therefore influencing in one or the other way the status of models in general. This status, it is argued, is largely defined by the way models subsume a set-theoretical structure whose constraints, reducible to an extra-linguistic level of discourse, may implicitly condition the epistemic status of models as representations of axiomatic theories. In the last section I deal extensively with the inner constraints of theories (or of corresponding models for that matter) as subjectively originated in a less technical philosophically oriented discussion with certain prompts from phenomenology.

Everyday Words and the Character of Prose in Nineteenth-Century Britain by Jonathan Farina

Reviewed by: Everyday Words and the Character of Prose in Nineteenth-Century Britain by Jonathan Farina Michael Hollington Jonathan Farina. Everyday Words and the Character of Prose in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2017. Pp. xxii + 286. £75. ISBN 9781107181632 Alighting on the phrase "a curate's egg" to characterize my overall reaction to this book, I decided (in the hope of gaining precision in the use of it) to satisfy a longstanding curiosity about its history, and so went online. What I found there was instructive: the phrase originates in an 1895 George du Maurier cartoon in Punch, which depicts a timid curate at table with a bishop. The latter regrets that the curate seems to have been given a bad egg. Anxious to please, the curate replies "'Oh no, my Lord, I assure you! Parts of it are excellent!'" From this, I learnt that the sense in which I want to use the phrase here (like that in which it is mostly used nowadays) is not that of the original joke. Parts of Farina's book are indeed excellent–unlike the curate's egg–but I found it less than thoroughly satisfactory as a whole. Dickens is a constant presence, as one would expect of a book devoted to "everyday words" in the nineteenth century, but to my mind the best chapter in the book is principally about Jane Austen. It pays attention to a cluster of words in the novels–"attentions," "particular" and "general"–from an epistemological point of view, one that distinguishes Farina's perspective throughout the book. Providing us with a valuable sketch of the progress of pragmatism in the eighteenth century (constituting a worthwhile contribution to the intellectual history of that period in relation to the rise of the novel), Farina offers acute commentary on Jane Austen's fine calibrations of the "particular" and the "general," going beyond Byron's Alexander "Suwarrow, who but saw things in the gross–/ Being much too gross to see them in detail" (Don Juan VII, 77) to achieve a razor edge of balance between these binaries. He convincingly proposes this as one source of her universal appeal as a novelist. Everything is right in this chapter–the choice of relatively unambiguous "everyday words" (at least, through their pairing in opposition), the firm grounding in scholarship, the close reading of the relevant texts. Alas, this [End Page 185] is not everywhere the case. The very first chapter, for instance, entitled "Darwin's View from Todgers's: 'A decided turn' for Character and Common Words," fails to convince. It seeks to establish a connection between the repeated use of the word "turn" in the enumeration of Todgers's lodgers–"a gentleman of a sporting turn," "of a debating turn," or of "a smoking turn," etc.–and Darwin's overtly quite different use of the word in expressions like "may well turn the nicely-balanced scale in the struggle of life," or "let us now turn to the nectar-feeding insects"–and, I believe, fails. Although Farina partly redeems himself at the epistemological level again–the comparison between Darwin and Dickens as classifiers and taxonomists of different species within a genus is apposite, for example–there is much vagueness and imprecision in this chapter. Paying attention to "everyday words" seems at times to imply a rejection of analytic close reading, and, concomitantly, something like tone deafness to Dickensian humor. The comparison he makes between the Todgers bachelors and Odysseus the "man of many turns" can surely only make sense as mock-epic, but he solemnly proclaims that they achieve the same "versatility and variety collectively." Nowhere does he seem to investigate the humorous primary meaning and connotation of Dickens's "turn" here–that these are wannabes who dabble in separate favorite hobby-horses (thoroughly traditional in its descent from Sterne etc.) and are very remote from Darwin in every respect except the purely formal resemblance between collections of species. A much better chapter on Dickens, belonging for the most part amongst the good parts of the egg, concerns the conditional analogy "as if." I have long looked forward to reading an in-depth discussion of this quintessential Dickensian phrase, and...

KOMPARASI MASLAHAT PERSPEKTIF AL-TUFI DAN AL-SYATIBI


 
 
 In comparing the masculine concepts of these two figures, the researcher concluded that the concept of maslahat al-Tufi and al- Syatibi only had differences at the epistemological level. If al-Tufi positions maslahat as a supremacy of the law which is higher than the nas, while al-Syatibi is more careful by trying to combine the text massively and not justifying the reason beyond the limit set. In this concept of maslahah, al-Syatibi excels in elaborating his theory in more detail as the goal of the Shari'ah so that it develops into a whole theory sid, while al-Tufi does not formulate maslahat theory in one form of writing as in al-Syatibi with the book al-Muwafaqat essay.
 
 

Metamorfozy Platońskiej „metafory słońca” (Respublica 509b) w hetero- i ortodoksyjnej teologii (I-III w.): gnostycyzm, Klemens z Aleksandrii i Orygenes

The metaphor of the sun, in which Plato (Republic 509b) compares the idea of the Good to the sun that dwells above the earth yet affects the phenomena occurring on it, was an inspiration for both heretical and orthodox theology in the first Christian centuries. The Gnostics, Clement of Alexandria and Origen all believed that God, like the Platonic idea of the Good, is radically transcendent in relation to the world, but at the same time is the cause of everything that exists in it. Unlike Plato, who believed that the idea of the Good is knowable and can be the subject of science, the Christian theologians of the first centuries believed that God was like a blinding light. This means that God, according to them, though intelligible, is unknowable in His essence. Therefore, God cannot be the subject of science. Another modification of the Platonic metaphor was the introduction of the element of sunlight, to which the philosopher from Athens did not refer. For the Gnostics, the rays of the sun were “eons” – spiritual beings that existed in the space between the first principle of all things and the material world. For Clement and Origen, the light that comes from the sun was the Son – the power and wisdom of God. In contrast to the Gnostics, who believed in the progressive degradation of the spiritual world through successive emanations, the Alexandrian Fathers believed that the Son possessed all the knowledge of God and therefore revealed to man the true God. Yet the revelation of God by the Son, and even the grace that assists human beings in the process of learning about God, do not give man complete knowledge of the essence of God. Thus the Gnostics, Clement and Origen, despite some doctrinal differences, all accepted the concept of the radical transcendence of God on the ontological and epistemological levels.

Od Fichtego do Kanta i z powrotem. Kilka uwag o Marka J. Siemka idei transcendentalizmu

From Fichte to Kant and back. Several considerations on Marek J. Siemek’s concept of transcendentalism: The basic interpretation claim presented in Marek J. Siemek’s book is that Kant created a completely new level of philosophical reflection, for which the epistemological question remains characteristic. This question — in contrast to the epistemic questions posed before Kant — neither solely focuses on the problem of the ontic structure of the reality nor it does on the cognitive conditions which enable a subject to get to know the latter. The epistemological question deals with the very relationship that occurs between the cognition (subject) and the reality (object) and constitutes both the ontological and cognitive conditions of knowledge. According to Siemek, Kant developed a transcendental perspective, but only Fichte was able to fully develop it, while Kant dealt with interweaving epistemic and epistemological threads. However, one can defend the thesis that Kantian solutions, on the one hand, are much more strongly situated on the epistemological level of reflection than Siemek was ready to admit, and on the other hand, they offer a weaker (static) model of transcendentalism which — in contrast to the stronger (genetic) Fichte’s model — explores only the impassable limits of transcendental reflection.

Les racines philosophiques du « rester en lien » : la clinique du souci

If suicide remains “the only really serious philosophical problem” (A. Camus), historically a certain number of philosophers have legitimized it while others have condemned it. Among the philosophers who admitted that suicide could be a possibility, some showed understanding and others remained more modest. Kierkegaard's philosophical stance, demonstrating that one can never decide for the other where existential problems are concerned, opens a third way. Following him, Michel Cornu coined the expression “ethics of concern”. That restlessness, etymologically, can be understood at the same time at the epistemological level (lack of a single constituted knowledge, hence the need to resort to a fully interdisciplinary approach of the “suicide” object), but as a relational attitude as well, namely a restlessness vis-à-vis the other, in other words concern for the other. This concept of concern does not exist in philosophical literature as such, but it has been addressed by philosophers. Therefore, it is essential to begin with a differential reflection on the notions of concern, care and solicitude. Then three “philosophies of solicitude” will be developed, those of Heidegger (concern in itself), Ricœur (concern as reciprocity) and Levinas (concern as responsibility). The monitoring devices, which will be widely discussed in other articles of this special issue, are based on philosophical notions borrowed from Heidegger (thoughtful solicitude), or Ricœur (solicitude) and Levinas (responsibility) or Cornu (ethics of concern). In addition, throughout our text we have mentioned a certain number of tensions inherent to these notions themselves, such as that intrinsic to the term solicitude (both care and concern), or peculiar to the authors’ work (substitutive solicitude – thoughtful solicitude for Heidegger), or related to the debate of ideas (solicitude for Ricœur – responsibility for Levinas). Implementing these monitoring devices in clinical practice as well as in the territories will raise other problems, in particular, between benevolence and monitoring, but also between justice and equity, which will be our conclusion.

Narratives of the Fake News Debate in France

The objective of this article is to identify the topical repertoires, the underlying schemas that structure the fake news debate. Attention is focused on the mainstream French press, from the election of Donald Trump to the presidency of the United States on November 8, 2016, until his inauguration on January 20, 2017. The narratives elaborated in and by the French media regarding the dysfunctions of the contemporary information landscape indicate a utopian vision of the role of journalists and reproduce the linear information model. The impact of this doxa is threefold. First, it forwards a certain vision of journalism, based on fact-checking, naively considered to be the solution to the post-truth problem. Journalists are the main victims and at the same time the main perpetrators of this perception. Second, on an epistemological level, it brings back into the agenda the long-ago abandoned concept of masses. Finally, from a political standpoint, the rhetoric on media's superpower is far from promoting the democratic enhancement of societies. By blaming the dysfunctions of social media for the flaws of the information environment, public actors tend to forget to take thorough interest in the reasons that lead people to fall prey to fake news. For more informations about the copyright protection, see : https://iafor.org/iafor-publications-and-license-agreement/

KONSEP JIWA DALAM TRADISI KEILMUAN ISLAM

This article disccuses about soul concept in Islamic tradition of science. Soul is one of the main theme in mataphysical philosophy that become into a long debate between scientists both Muslim and Western. When it viewed from western tradition of science, mind stands in the high level that become the only benchmark to elaborate the meaning of soul. Due to it`s appraoach through mind, so western scientists just can understand souls problem from the side of empirical ratio by elaborating common principals and psychological symtomps. Usually in the hypothetical conclusions from ones` or reseachers` expereinces. That is what make vary of pshycological flows come up in the western tradition of science, it is cannot be apart from the point of view of flows founder in understanding souls only through mind dan impricial expereinces. Fundamental differences in Islam is in the soul’s placement in the ontology domain that has a thigt relationship with the God as the creator. The mind existence is as a logic theorem for the God existence. The soul’s explanation become wider because the revelation talks about it. In Al-quran and prophet traditions, soul at first as seminal concept, then developed it`s definition among Muslim scientists, philosopher, and sufis. Different perspective in understanding the meaning of soul among Muslims is the focus in this paper. Differences that come up only at the level of epistemology which in principle remains the same meaning, namely to know the position of humans as a creature that has a close relationship with God as Creator. Scientifically to know the nature of the soul, and by application as a servant to God.

Realism, Constructivism, and Intuitionism. Outline of an Unorthodox Hybrid Theory

In this paper, I will suggest an unorthodox hybrid theory of ethical justification that combines, on an ontological level, a realist approach with constructivist elements. On an epistemological level, the realist part of the theory will be squared with an intuitionist account. Eventually, the suggested hybrid theory will take the form of an intuitionist ethics of persons. I will start with briefly sketching the ontological shape of the relevant concept of person whereby I will extensively draw on Kant and endorse a realist reading of his ethical theory (2.). Subsequently, I will explain why and how constructivist elements must complement the picture (3.). Then, I will focus on the epistemological shape of the theory. In particular, I will suggest an intuitionist reading of Kant’s doctrine of “the fact of reason” (4.). Next, I will briefly comment on classical intuitionism and on Bernard William’s notion of convergence in ethics (5.). Subsequently, I will compare my approach with Robert Audi’s attempt to refine a Rossian type of intuitionism (6.). Finally, I will revisit the charge of dogmatism that has traditionally been raised against intuitionism (7.).

Under What Conditions May Western Science and Indigenous Knowledge Be Jointly Used and What Does This Really Entail? Insights from a Western Perspectivist Stance

ABSTRACT The potential for jointly using or integrating Western science and indigenous knowledge, especially in such fields as environmental management, is a hotly debated topic nowadays. However, the difficulties involved in such a task are not always fully understood and co-management experiences achieved only partially the expected outcomes. In this contribution, I show how a sound combination of the two bodies of knowledge would be possible only if there is a way to accommodate different interpretations of reality and knowledge criteria. The issue should then be faced at the epistemological level too, discussing the possibility and implications of a genuine epistemic pluralism. With reference, among others, to Feyerabend’s later writings, here I illustrate some possible insights for addressing the matter that a Western perspectivist stance could provide.

SUMBER-SUMBER PENDIDIKAN ISLAM (Penalaran, Pengalaman, Intuisi, Ilham dan Wahyu)

Islam with western science differ in assessing either the truth or the source, so the inequality of knowledge paradigm used will produce a way of thinking different perspective. Islam supported by revelation will certainly have a different attitude to Western civilization that sees revelation as something that is not scientific. In the epistemological level, the difference is clearly visible perspective when faced with the question of the sources of knowledge. The word is taken from the knowledge of the English language "Knowledge" which means knowledge, where as human knowledge is so advanced as to the real thing (empirical) is called science, so science can be defined with the knowledge about things that are real.

From bitter to sweet: Continuing the conversation on Indigenous food sovereignty through sharing stories, engaging communities, and embracing culture

The desire to undertake a special issue on Indigenous Food arose during a conversation that took place between the co-editors following a panel on the same topic at the annual conference of the Native American Indigenous Studies Association in 2015. The panel contained a mixture of conversations that focused on the meanings and relationships of Indigenous peoples with land and food; the efforts and importance of re-knowing and re-defining those relationships through stories centred around community and family; and the ways in which settler colonialism operates to undermine Indigenous food sovereignty at both the structural and epistemological levels.

Разработка численного алгоритма генерации порождающих систем и поиска оптимальных из них

This article overviews models of the epistemological level of generative systems and their properties. The necessity to apply given systems and the theoretical basis of their formation are stated. A mathematical formalism of systemological methodology is applied for systems problem solving. The author gives a detailed description of the developed numerical algorithm of the generation and search of optimal generative systems. The author's algorithm provides execution of requirements shown to meaningful submasks and corresponding generative systems in systemology. It also fulfills the requirement for optimal generative systems. This article features the results of the algorithm testing on the data system with probability distribution functions. In work the comparative analysis of generative systems with various parameters is carried out, as well as comparison of the results got by means of the author's algorithm with the results given by other authors are presented. On the basis of obtained results was drawn a conclusion that efficiency of the offered algorithm.

Epistemologi Islam: Kedudukan Wahyu sebagai Sumber Ilmu

Modern science dominated by idealism, rationalism, and empiricism has brought an acute humanity crisis. At the epistemology level, religion provides knowledge which guarantees human values, beyond ration and empirical findings. This paper aims at exploring texts of al-Qur’an as a source of knowledge. The methodology construction starts from seeing it as a paradigm-placing the holy text as an open corpus critically analyzed from linguistics, literary, and historical points of views.