Epistemological Properties Research Articles

ПУНКТУАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА ЯЗЫКА И ЕЕ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИЕ: АНГЛИЙСКАЯ И КЫРГЫЗСКАЯ ПУНКТУАЦИЯ В ПОСТРОЕНИИ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ДИСКУРСА

This article describes the role of the punctuation system of language and its components, the formation of punctuation as the development of written communication, English and Kyrgyz punctuation in developing the literary discourse, as well as examples of literary and artistic discourse. Ten basic and generally accepted punctuation marks are considered using the example of literary discourses in the English and Kyrgyz languages. Discourse is defined as a coherent text that has ontological and epistemological properties. Here, an analysis of literary and artistic discourse is carried out; in general, the influence of English and Kyrgyz punctuation on the formation of literary artistic discourse is studied. For linguistic comparison, artistic discourses of a similar extra-linguistic event with a similar social and everyday theme in both compared languages are involved. In general, the ontological and epistemological functions of punctuation marks are applicable. The syntactic, semantic and intonation functions act as the main function and in the updated additional function. As a result, the dual functioning contributes to the establishment of discursive artistic meaning and its theme.

“A Nonexistent Incapacity”

In the 1920s and 1930s, the French colonial phosphate mining company in Gafsa, Tunisia, used X-ray images to decide which of its workers’ injuries were fake and which were real. Through an analysis of X-ray photography in Gafsa, this article argues that a capacious history of capitalism—one connecting wage labor exploitation with other human and nonhuman work—requires methods that do not prioritize what is visible. Rather than asking what X-ray images show diagnostically, this article charts how the creation of visibility and invisibility was a political act, a tactic of capital accumulation, and an arena of contestation. Company administrators and doctors used X-rays to draw biomedical and temporal boundaries around chronic injuries, making them “nonexistent”—and thus noncompensable—despite workers’ claims. This colonial-racial project both reified and remade the company's semantic categories for defining what an injury was. The company mobilized the material and epistemological properties of X-ray light on a photographic negative to erase chronic injury within dark or blurred spaces. The resulting category, a “nonexistent incapacity,” acknowledged both the presence of injury and its disappearance, constructing visibility and invisibility within capitalist relations of production and exploitation. Read this way, Gafsa's X-ray images ultimately outline a political economy of (in)visibility.

LITERARY DISCOURSE, ITS VARIETIES AND PUNCTUATION

The article explores the role of punctuation marks in literary fiction discourse, focusing on their impact on text structuring, meaning formation, and the reader's perception of the work. Discourse is defined as a coherent text with ontological and epistemological properties, and the article distinguishes between the usual and occasional use of punctuation marks in a text. The former provides clarity and unambiguity to the work, while the latter is used to achieve special stylistic effects. Punctuation marks are essential in organizing the semantic structure of the text and contribute to meaning-making by setting accents and emphasizing key points. Overall, punctuation plays an important role in encoding and decoding meaning, helping the author express their ideas and intentions while allowing the reader to interpret them correctly.

What Do We Mean by Corporate Social Irresponsibility? Examining the Concept in the Literature

In this paper, we examine the ontological and epistemological properties of Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSiR), in order to provide an evaluation of its current status as a concept. More specifically, we analyze CSiR definitions, operationalization, related concepts, and empirical evidence in the business and management literature. We find that scholars adopt three different approaches to define CSiR: the stakeholder-based approach, the typification approach, and the reductionist approach. Moreover, our analysis shows that the field of CSiR is being developed with a strong quantitative orientation, and that the phenomenon is explored mostly on the context of large and multinational companies. Based on our findings, we provide a definition of CSiR and recommendations for future research in three main areas: (1) CSiR conceptualization and theory development; (2) methodology and measurement enhancements and (3) exploration of new contexts.

Experience of Self-Knowledge Through the Definitions "Doubt" and "Skepticism": Philosophical Analysis

Relevance. One of the social properties that set relationships between individuals is trust. There is need to have “personal knowledge” (M. Polanyi) for an individual regulating human relationships through evaluation, assessment. Personal knowledge is basing on doubt and skeptical relationship to this kind of knowledge that is important factor defined social trustful relationships.The purpose of the study is philosophical analysis of the definitions "doubt" and "skepticism" in the epistemological study for developing trust to own experience.Objectives include the following: define meaningful context of "trust" category in personal knowledge through definitions "doubt" and "skepticism"; explain relationship of the definitions "doubt" and "skepticism" and trust on the philosophical level; examine the epistemological properties – doubt and skepticism – as characteristics to trust appearance.Methodology. In the process of study we used different approaches: for explanation the content of the definitions "doubt", "skepticism", "trust" we used socio-philosophical epistemological principles; for applying these definitions to individual we used phenomenological approach; elements of hermeneutic approach could provide analysis of the definitions and show their relationships.Results. In the study we tried to define differences and connection between definitions "doubt", "skepticism", and their impact on individual trust to own knowledge and epistemological process. Trust has practical function in social relationship between individuals: when individual finds out uncertainty, distractors then he can place a position and do a certain social act (in the article we used the definition "intellectual audacity" that can be appeared in two categories – doubt and skepticism).Conclusions. One form of the individual attitude to the world is rationalism and irrationalism appearing in social action, through, for instance, in trust. Trust is a way of epistemology on the world. Relationships between three definitions – trust, doubt, skepticism – in the end, give a certain problem in discovering truth, but through these definitions individual can keep a social rhizome (individuality, certain position). "Doubt" and "skepticism" define epistemology and have selective properties that are like intellectual inoculations defining a level of trust to themselves and their knowledge. Tension between three definitions orientate individual for a straight line of behavior – self-criticism of knowledge that can be an main point to build "personal knowledge" of individual and his attitude to society.

Beliefs, knowledge and finite provinces of meaning: the case for science and the arts

Purpose This paper aims to build around an abductive argument: the epistemological value of the Arts-derived knowledge is equivalent and may be supplementary to that of science, contributing to the literature on the epistemological mistrust between both systems of knowledge. Design/methodology/approach This essay proposes a conceptual model – a tool, in Kuhn’s terms – grounded on the sociology of knowledge (Berger and Luckmann, 1967; Schütz, 1951), to frame the apprehension of reality from a social perspective, and the philosophical pragmatism (Peirce, 2012), considering the fixation of beliefs as the seminal concept that leads to the legitimation of knowledge in society. The proposed conceptual model guides analysis on the epistemological value of the knowledge derived from the Arts and supports reflection on the commonalities between both finite provinces of meaning. Findings Reproducibility, doxastic grounding, community/membership, intersubjectivity and evidence are criteria identified as commonalities between the Arts and Science. Acceptance and legitimation across finite provinces of meaning emerge to produce minimally acceptable objectivity, made possible by the mutual validation of impressions. Research limitations/implications The discussion on greater levels of aesthetic appreciation has been eclipsed by the authors’ intention to find specific epistemological properties of knowledge derived from the Arts. Practical implications As practitioners in applied social science, management researchers are supposed to have mastery over how to apply what they know. So, the findings suggest participation (becoming accepted, first of all) in communities of practice, learning from and contributing to distinct finite provinces of meaning. The role of organizations in the understanding of knowledge derived from the Arts and its application might be that of a protagonist, promoting creativity and innovation through openness to new perspectives on knowledge. Originality/value This essay rescues knowledge as not a justified true belief, but the result of fixed beliefs continuously and socially legitimated. This rescue escapes previous attempts that appeal to Gettier-type counterexamples. A conceptual model was proposed to frame knowledge from a philosophical and sociological perspective and represent a methodological contribution of this essay. The proposition of third-order interdisciplinarity, also represents a contribution, of conceptual nature.

Historia Urbana Y Arquitectura En La Educación Superior chicana/Urban History and Architecture in chicana/o Higher Education, Synopsis (English) and Article (Spanish)

ABSTRACTThis article initiates investigation of relationships across architecture, design, and socialization in Chicana/o higher education - i.e., curricular, instructional, and administrative practices that link Chicana/o communities to post-secondary education - and is basic to subsequent studies that tie ontological and epistemological properties of Chicana/o higher education to structural and ideological projects in the Los Angeles region. Two inter-related projects are introduced here: 1) a curricular economy of the region’s 3 California State Universities - i.e., CSU Long Beach, CSU Dominguez Hills, and CSU Los Angeles, and 2) examination of these institutions’ role in Chicana/o higher education, viz., regional labor markets.

Implementation of Heidegger’s Angst into Buddhist Problem of Suffering: On How Buddhist Discourse Engenders and Epistemological Problem and How to Approach to it with Western Ontology

El discurso budista de los primeros tiempos reconoce el problema del dukkha (sufrimiento) y sostiene que su causa se puede eliminar. Este artículo intenta demostrar cómo la afirmación budista de que se puede eliminar el dukkha no cierra, ya que genera complicaciones epistemológicas dentro del discurso budista e intenta demostrar que sustituir el concepto budista de dukkha por el concepto de Angst de Heidegger podría resolver este problema. Se argumenta que la solución propuesta por las cuatro verdades nobles de la tradición budista de los primeros tiempos contradice las propiedades e implicaciones ontológicas y epistemológicas del concepto de dukkha, y, en consecuencia, estas propiedades de dukkha se deberían revisar. Como solución, se propone que Angst aborda el problema del sufrimiento de manera más eficiente al no generar tales complicaciones epistemológicas al tiempo que conserva la filosofía y la cosmovisión del discurso budista ya que facilita con precisión la perspectiva budista.

Philosophy in Reality: Scientific Discovery and Logical Recovery

Three disciplines address the codified forms and rules of human thought and reasoning: logic, available since antiquity; dialectics as a process of logical reasoning; and semiotics which focuses on the epistemological properties of the extant domain. However, both the paradigmatic-historical model of knowledge and the logical-semiotic model of thought tend to incorrectly emphasize the separation and differences between the respective domains vs. their overlap and interactions. We propose a sublation of linguistic logics of objects and static forms by a dynamic logic of real physical-mental processes designated as the Logic in Reality (LIR). In our generalized logical theory, dialectics and semiotics are recovered from reductionist interpretations and reunited in a new synthetic paradigm centered on meaning and its communication. Our theory constitutes a meta-thesis composed of elements from science, logic and philosophy. We apply the theory to gain new insights into the structure and role of semiosis, information and communication and propose the concept of ‘ontolon’ to define the element of reasoning as a real dynamic process. It is part of a project within natural philosophy, which will address broader aspects of the dynamics of the growth of civilizations and their potential implications for the information society.

Electronic government: Towards e-democracy or democracy at risk?

Electronic government (e-Government) is a research field that studies the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the public sector. Such initiatives are often associated with promises of transformational government, which is more efficient and utilizes modern technology to increase democratic engagement. However, research shows that several e-Government initiatives fail to deliver the promised benefits and attract a large portion of citizens. Some researchers argue that many initiatives have been driven by technology rather than by the core values of government, which has resulted in weakened democracy. Against this backdrop, the purpose of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of risk in the e-Government field. Through a literature study, research papers were analyzed and divided into categories based on their unit of analysis, and ontological and epistemological properties. Four themes were identified in the material: IT security, user adoption, implementation barriers, and policy and democracy. This paper concludes by suggesting these themes would provide a suitable point of departure for a risk management framework in e-Government. Thus, future research should explore ways to converge these different strands of literature in multi-disciplinary research.

О ПОНЯТИИ ЛАНДШАФТНОСТИ

We discuss the concept and term of landscapity (fr. рaysageite, germ. Landschaftlichkeit, russ. ландшафтность), which is not so long ago appeared in the conceptual apparatus and the lexicon of geographers, architects, philosophers. The concept of landscapity arises as a kind of semantic expansion of the concept of landscape, resulted from a) historically established epistemological properties of the concept of landscape, b) the current situation of postmodern with its accompanying proliferation of the concept of landscape, c) understanding of the landscape as a supercomplex phenomenon of existence. Those new methodical, methodological and epistemological aspects, the possibilities of landscape geography, which can be formed on the basis of the concept of landscapity, are shown on specific examples, as follows: interpretation of the landscape as a machine in the understanding of G. Deleuze and F. Guattari and the use of the concept of landscape in the exact sciences; theoretical-multiple understanding of the landscape; extremely complex, does not fit into the established tradition of geographical science, existential and axiological contexts of modern landscape studies, in particular, the difficulty of methodically unified (joint) consideration of such landscape antipodes as cultural landscape and landscapoid.

Epistemological closed questions: A reply to Greco

ABSTRACT According to G.E. Moore’s ‘Open Question’ argument (OQA), moral facts cannot be reduced or analyzed in non-normative natural terms. Does the OQA apply equally in the epistemic domain? Does Moore’s argument have the same force against reductionist accounts of epistemic facts and concepts? In a recent article, Daniel Greco has argued that it does. According to Greco (2015), an epistemological version of the OQA is just as promising as its moral cousin, because the relevant questions in epistemology are just as ‘open’ as those in ethics. In this paper, I offer a two-part reply to Greco. First, I argue that his argument in favor of the openness of epistemology is not persuasive. Second, I offer a case against the openness of epistemology. Unlike claims linking natural and moral properties, claims linking natural and epistemological properties do give rise to closed questions. An epistemological OQA is therefore not as promising as its moral cousin.

Discipline context shapes meaningful teaching: a case study of academic law

The relationship between academic disciplines and teaching has been thoroughly investigated. However, most studies define disciplines by their epistemological properties and thereby overlook contextual and local interpretations of disciplines. This case study, based on in-depth interviews with nine academic lawyers, examines the interrelatedness between discipline, teaching and context. It identifies discipline characteristics and shared understandings of teaching in a specific context. The results imply that teaching is shaped by its disciplinary context and thus support literature stating that discipline matters for teaching. However, the analysis also reveals that discipline does not easily translate into teaching. The study emphasises local differences – what is perceived meaningful for law teachers in one context differs in others. Thus, this study dismisses the notion of disciplines as unitary entities. Further, the article discusses the dangers of categorising statements about teaching without considering context.

Epistemological motivations for anti-realism

Anti-realism is often claimed to be preferable to realism on epistemological grounds: while realists have difficulty explaining how we can ever know claims if we are realists about it, anti-realism faces no analogous problem. This paper focuses on anti-realism about normativity to investigate this alleged advantage to anti-realism in detail. I set up a framework in which a version of anti-realism explains a type of modal reliability that appears to be epistemologically promising, and plausibly explains the appearance of an epistemological advantage to realism. But, I argue, this appearance is illusory, and on closer investigation the anti-realist view does not succeed in explaining the presence of familiar epistemological properties for normative belief like knowledge or the absence of defeat. My conclusion on the basis of this framework is that there is a tension in the anti-realist view between the urge to idealize the conditions in which normative beliefs ground normative facts, and a robust kind of reliability that normative belief can have if the anti-realist resists these idealizations.

Médiations thérapeutiques et processus de symbolisation : de l’expérience sensible à la modélisation

AimTherapeutic mediations are frequently used in mental health services. However, only a small number of studies are designed to assess their effectiveness and try to analyze their effects. In this paper we propose a summary of the research in this area in order to develop a general theory of therapeutic mediation from a psychoanalytic point of view. This topic is also discussed from the viewpoint of the qualitative analysis of the processes involved and the modeling of psychotherapies. MethodOur analyses are underpinned by the theoretical framework of the School of Lyon, which differs from art therapy by the fact that it takes into account the effects of associativity and the different modes of transference. A reflection on the therapeutic framework and group dynamics is also proposed to cast light on mediation processes. ResultsFour assumptions concerning the processes underpinning therapeutic mediation are proposed. First (1) there is a spontaneous tendency of the psychic reality to “print” its mark in its environment in order to self-represent it own processes in an externalized manner. These processes concern essentially (2) non-symbolized psychic elements that will return during the therapeutic sessions and will be “projected” into the mediation. These non-symbolized elements will be expressed (3) according to the ongoing, sensory aspects of the mediation, which can take place only if (4) the properties of the mediation echo the characteristics of the psychic reality in the form of a “resonance” between the psyche and the subject of the mediation. DiscussionTheories on mediation processes also need quantitative and qualitative assessments of the effects of the mediation and its mode of action. Nevertheless, these evaluations also need to consider the particularity of the psychic reality. The risk is otherwise that of distorting clinical reality and producing a surface analysis giving a false image of clinical practice far removed from “ecological” institutional aspects. Thus, to move from experience to modeling of these processes, what is needed is meta-models – taking the form of grids – corresponding to specific epistemological properties. ConclusionCurrent developments of theories and evaluations in the domain of therapeutic mediation are improving our understanding of reasons for the effectiveness of these settings, and also help clinicians to improve the reflexivity inherent in this practice.

How to Measure the Intervention Process? An Assessment of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Data Collection in the Process Evaluation of Organizational Interventions.

Organizational interventions aiming at improving employee health and wellbeing have proven to be challenging to evaluate. To analyze intervention processes two methodological approaches have widely been used: quantitative (often questionnaire data), or qualitative (often interviews). Both methods are established tools, but their distinct epistemological properties enable them to illuminate different aspects of organizational interventions. In this paper, we use the quantitative and qualitative process data from an organizational intervention conducted in a national postal service, where the Intervention Process Measure questionnaire (N = 285) as well as an extensive interview study (N = 50) were used. We analyze what type of knowledge about intervention processes these two methodologies provide and discuss strengths and weaknesses as well as potentials for mixed methods evaluation methodologies.

The Use of Fictional Stories in Science Exhibits: The Emperor Who Only Believed His Own Eyes

AbstractThe authors explore how fictional narratives (stories) can be used as a learning tool in the context of informal science environments and specifically science centers. They base their argument on an analysis of the theoretical, structural and epistemological properties of stories and how those can serve to establish a story as a cognitive tool. They offer an example of an application of these properties to a story‐based learning design called “The Emperor who only Believed his own Eyes” in the context of a large, public science center, and specifically an exhibition about “senses”. This paper focuses on the idea of a “hack,” a museum sanctioned strategy for exploring the potential and implications of narrative‐based design as a way to reinterpret science exhibits in a way that can engage young users in content exploration and offer recommendations for future research.

대순사상에 나타난 인간 주체(主體)에 관한 연구: 인존(人尊) 개념을 중심으로

‘In-Jon(人尊)’ is one of a concept which constitute the mainstay of Daesoon thought. To be superficial, the concept is appeared to be limited at a area of anthropology, but In-Jon is a large concept which includes ontology and epistemology. Because the essence of human being is connected with God and the such possibility is related to the mission of human being’s subject who exists in world. Advanced researches to analysis of in-jon tend to focus on rise of human status but this study do on universal subject not particular subject. This is to elaborate the point of issue. The point of view as rise of human status overlooks problem of relationship between human entities. who ingenerate hierarchy. In-jon is the universal subject of philosophical subject concepts which western philosophy have taken as main problem since Descartes. So we have to consider In-jon to be conceptual continuity concerning stream of history of ideas and communicate with ideas. A precedent study on ‘injon’ concept has weak conceptual analysis, which only emphasizes the greatness of mankind as compared with others. But that can’t reveal In-jon based on the Daesoon thought. So I try to engraft the concept on development of subject ideas to get academic objectivity. In-jon is great in having universal subject to expand the authority of God to all creation. That is the last goal which subject can reaches through the development. Considering this regard the research direction of this study is very encouraging and significant. Western philosophy has important philosopher of the three, Descartes, Kant, Hegel. Those are a spectrum who show an aspect of subject ideas. The subject idea has become the middle of philosophical system since Descartes in modern. It is the right and necessary process to philosophy because human being has spirit or reason connected with God. So In-jon in Daesoon thought is academic concept comprising ontological and epistemological properties. So I try to analyse In-jon through that and have In-jon join the ranks of mainstream academics in this paper.

The Radicalism of Truth‐insensitive Epistemology: Truth's Profound Effect on the Evaluation of Belief

Many philosophers claim that interesting forms of epistemic evaluation are insensitive to truth in a very specific way. Suppose that two possible agents believe the same proposition based on the same evidence. Either both are justified or neither is; either both have good evidence for holding the belief or neither does. This does not change if, on this particular occasion, it turns out that only one of the two agents has a true belief. Epitomizing this line of thought are thought experiments about radically deceived “brains in vats.” It is widely and uncritically assumed that such a brain is equally justified as its normally embodied human “twin.” This “parity” intuition is the heart of truth‐insensitive theories of core epistemological properties such as justification and rationality. Rejecting the parity intuition is considered radical and revisionist. In this paper, I show that exactly the opposite is true. The parity intuition is idiosyncratic and widely rejected. A brain in a vat is not justified and has worse evidence than its normally embodied counterpart. On nearly every ordinary way of evaluating beliefs, a false belief is significantly inferior to a true belief. Of all the evaluations studied here, only blamelessness is truth‐insensitive.

Experiments: Why and How?

An experiment, in the standard scientific sense of the term, is a procedure in which some object of study is subjected to interventions (manipulations) that aim at obtaining a predictable outcome or at least predictable aspects of the outcome. The distinction between an experiment and a non-experimental observation is important since they are tailored to different epistemic needs. Experimentation has its origin in pre-scientific technological experiments that were undertaken in order to find the best technological means to achieve chosen ends. Important parts of the methodological arsenal of modern experimental science can be traced back to this pre-scientific, technological tradition. It is claimed that experimentation involves a unique combination of acting and observing, a combination whose unique epistemological properties have not yet been fully clarified.